State Educational Institution

of the Higher Professional Education

VOLGOGRAD STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

of Federal Agency for Public Health and Social Development

Pharmacology Department

MULTIPLE-CHOICE TESTS

PHARMACOLOGY

VOLOGOGRAD

2006

ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ

ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

ВОЛГОГРАДСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ

МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО АГЕНСТВА ПО ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЮ И

СОЦИАЛЬНОМУ РАЗВИТИЮ

КАФЕДРА ФАРМАКОЛОГИИ

В.А. КОСОЛАПОВ, М.В. ЧЕРНИКОВ, О.Ю. ГРЕЧКО,

И.Н. ИЕЖИЦА, А.Ф. КУЧЕРЯВЕНКО

ТЕСТОВЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ПО ФАРМАКОЛОГИИ

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

Под редакцией Член-корреспондента РАМН, заслуженного деятеля науки

РФ, доктора медицинских наук, профессора А.А. Спасова и кандидата

филологических наук В.В. Жура

Рекомендовано к печати

УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКИМ ОБЪЕДИНЕНИЕМ ПО МЕДИЦИНСКОМУ И

ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКОМУ ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ ВУЗОВ РОССИИ

В КАЧЕСТВЕ УЧЕБНОГО ПОСОБИЯ ДЛЯ ИНОСТРАННЫХ СТУДЕНТОВ

МЕДИЦИНСКИХ ВУЗОВ, ОБУЧАЮЩИХСЯ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

ОТ ________ УМО-_____

Волгоград 2006

УДК 615(07)

ТЕСТОВЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ПО ФАРМАКОЛОГИИ:

Учебное пособие / В.А. КОСОЛАПОВ, М.В. ЧЕРНИКОВ, О.Ю. ГРЕЧКО, И.Н.

ИЕЖИЦА, А.Ф. КУЧЕРЯВЕНКО / Под ред. АА. Спасова, В.В Жура. –

Волгоград, 2005. –___с.

РЕЦЕНЗЕНТЫ:

Зав. кафедрой фармакологии и биофармации ФУВ ВолгМУ,

д.м.н., профессор И.Н. Тюренков

Зав. кафедрой фармакологии фармацевтического факультета Московской

медицинской академии им. Сеченова, профессор, д.м.н. Р.Н. Аляутдин

Зав. кафедрой фармакологии Саратовского медицинского университета,

д.м.н., профессор А.А. Свистунов

 
4
Contents 
 
Chapter  Pages 
(1)  GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY...............................................................................................5 
PART I PHARMACOKINETICS........................................................................................................................................ 5 
PART II PHARMACODYNAMICS.................................................................................................................................... 8 
(2)  AGENTS, CONTROLLING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM................. 12 
PART I LOCAL ANESTHETICS.............................................................................................................................................. 12 
PART II CHOLINOMIMETIC DRUGS...................................................................................................................................... 16 
PART III CHOLINORECEPTOR BLOCKING DRUGS................................................................................................................. 19 
PART IV ADRENORECEPTOR ACTIVATING DRUGS...............................................................................................................24 
PART V ADRENORECEPTOR ANTAGONIST DRUGS............................................................................................................... 29 
(3)  AGENTS, CONTROLLING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM........................ 34 
PART I HYPNOTIC DRUGS................................................................................................................................................... 34 
PART II ANTISEIZURE DRUGS............................................................................................................................................. 38 
PART III ANTIPARKINSONIAN AGENTS................................................................................................................................41 
PART IV ETHYL ALCOHOL..................................................................................................................................................44 
PART V NARCOTIC ANALGESICS.........................................................................................................................................46 
PART VI NON-NARCOTIC ANALGESICS............................................................................................................................... 49 
PART VII ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS.................................................................................................................................... 51 
PART VIII ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENTS................................................................................................................................ 54 
PART IX ANXIOLYTIC AGENTS........................................................................................................................................... 57 
PART X CNS STIMULANTS................................................................................................................................................. 60 
PART XI DRUGS OF ABUSE................................................................................................................................................. 63 
PART XII GENERAL ANESTHETICS......................................................................................................................................65 
(4)  ORGANOTROPIC AGENTS..................................................................................................................................68 
PART I DRUGS ACTING ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.............................................................................................................. 68 
PART II DRUGS USED IN GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES...................................................................................................... 70 
PART III DRUGS ACTING ON HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM........................................................................................................73 
PART IV DRUGS USED IN DISORDERS OF COAGULATION..................................................................................................... 74 
PART V DRUGS USED FOR TREATMENT OF HEART FAILURE................................................................................................ 76 
PART VI ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENTS.................................................................................................................................. 78 
PART VII DRUGS FOR ANGINA PECTORIS TREATMENT....................................................................................................... 80 
PART VIII ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS...............................................................................................................................83 
PART IX HYPERTENSIVE (ANTI-HYPOTENSIVE) DRUGS. DRUGS INFLUENCING CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW. ANTI-MIGRAINE 
AGENTS
................................................................................................................................................................................85 
(5)  METABOLIC PROFILE DRUGS.......................................................................................................................... 88 
PART I HYPOTHALAMIC & PITUITARY HORMONES, THYROID & ANTITHYROID DRUGS..................................................... 88 
PART II PANCREATIC HORMONES & ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS............................................................................................... 91 
PART III THE GONADAL HORMONES & INHIBITORS........................................................................................................... 93 
PART IV GLUCOCORTICOID, STEROIDAL & NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS.............................................. 95 
PART V IMMUNOTROPIC & ANTIALLERGIC AGENTS.......................................................................................................... 98 
PART VI VITAMINS, VITAMIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS, ANTIVITAMINS, ENZYMES & ANTIENZYMES...................................... 104 
PART VII ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC DRUGS & DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF GOUT.................................................. 110 
PART VIII AGENTS THAT AFFECT BONE MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS.................................................................................. 114 
PART IX MINERALOCORTICOID, MINERALOCORTICOID ANTAGONISTS, DIURETICS, PLASMA EXPANDERS...................... 120 
(6)  CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS....................................................................................................................... 124 
PART I ANTIBIOTICS.................................................................................................................................................... 124 
PART II SYNTHETIC ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS....................................................................................................... 129 
PART III ANTIPROTOZOAL AND ANTHELMINTIC DRUGS................................................................................... 132 
PART IV ANTIVIRAL AGENTS. AGENTS FOR CHEMOTHERAPY OF CANCER.................................................. 135 
 

(1) GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

PART I PHARMACOKINETICS

001. Pharmacokinetics is:

a) The study of biological and therapeutic effects of drugs

b) The study of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs

c) The study of mechanisms of drug action

d) The study of methods of new drug development

002. What does “pharmacokinetics” include?

a) Complications of drug therapy

b) Drug biotransformation in the organism

c) Influence of drugs on metabolism processes

d) Influence of drugs on genes

002. What does “pharmacokinetics” include?

a) Pharmacological effects of drugs

b) Unwanted effects of drugs

c) Chemical structure of a medicinal agent

d) Distribution of drugs in the organism

003. What does “pharmacokinetics” include?

a) Localization of drug action

b) Mechanisms of drug action

c) Excretion of substances

d) Interaction of substances

004. The main mechanism of most drugs absorption in GI tract is:

a) Active transport (carrier-mediated diffusion)

b) Filtration (aqueous diffusion)

c) Endocytosis and exocytosis

d) Passive diffusion (lipid diffusion)

005. What kind of substances can’t permeate membranes by passive diffusion?

a) Lipid-soluble

b) Non-ionized substances

c) Hydrophobic substances

d) Hydrophilic substances

006. A hydrophilic medicinal agent has the following property:

a) Low ability to penetrate through the cell membrane lipids

b) Penetrate through membranes by means of endocytosis

c) Easy permeation through the blood-brain barrier

d) High reabsorption in renal tubules

007. What is implied by «active transport»?

a) Transport of drugs trough a membrane by means of diffusion

b) Transport without energy consumption

c) Engulf of drug by a cell membrane with a new vesicle formation

d) Transport against concentration gradient

008. What does the term “bioavailability” mean?

a) Plasma protein binding degree of substance

b) Permeability through the brain-blood barrier

c) Fraction of an uncharged drug reaching the systemic circulation following any route administration

d) Amount of a substance in urine relative to the initial doze

009. The reasons determing bioavailability are:

a) Rheological parameters of blood

b) Amount of a substance obtained orally and quantity of intakes

c) Extent of absorption and hepatic first-pass effect

d) Glomerular filtration rate

010. Pick out the appropriate alimentary route of administration when passage of drugs through liver is minimized:

a) Oral

b) Transdermal

c) Rectal

d) Intraduodenal

011. Which route of drug administration is most likely to lead to the first-pass effect?

a) Sublingual

b) Oral

c) Intravenous

d) Intramuscular

012. What is characteristic of the oral route?

a) Fast onset of effect

b) Absorption depends on GI tract secretion and motor function

c) A drug reaches the blood passing the liver

d) The sterilization of medicinal forms is obligatory

013. Tick the feature of the sublingual route:

a) Pretty fast absorption

b) A drug is exposed to gastric secretion

c) A drug is exposed more prominent liver metabolism

d) A drug can be administrated in a variety of doses

014. Pick out the parenteral route of medicinal agent administration:

a) Rectal

b) Oral

c) Sublingual

d) Inhalation

015. Parenteral administration:

a) Cannot be used with unconsciousness patients

b) Generally results in a less accurate dosage than oral administration

c) Usually produces a more rapid response than oral administration

d) Is too slow for emergency use

016. What is characteristic of the intramuscular route of drug administration?

a) Only water solutions can be injected

b) Oily solutions can be injected

c) Opportunity of hypertonic solution injections

d) The action develops slower, than at oral administration

017. Intravenous injections are more suitable for oily solutions:

a) True

b) False

018. Correct statements listing characteristics of a particular route of drug administration include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Intravenous administration provides a rapid response

b) Intramuscular administration requires a sterile technique

c) Inhalation provides slow access to the general circulation

d) Subcutaneous administration may cause local irritation

019. Most of drugs are distributed homogeneously.

a) True

b) False

020. Biological barriers include all except:

a) Renal tubules

b) Cell membranes

c) Capillary walls

d) Placenta

021. What is the reason of complicated penetration of some drugs through brain-blood barrier?

a) High lipid solubility of a drug

b) Meningitis

c) Absence of pores in the brain capillary endothelium

d) High endocytosis degree in a brain capillary

022. The volume of distribution (Vd) relates:

a) Single to a daily dose of an administrated drug

b) An administrated dose to a body weight

c) An uncharged drug reaching the systemic circulation

d) The amount of a drug in the body to the concentration of a drug in plasma

023. For the calculation of the volume of distribution (Vd) one must take into account:

a) Concentration of a substance in plasma

b) Concentration of substance in urine

c) Therapeutical width of drug action

d) A daily dose of drug

024. A small amount of the volume of distribution is common for lipophylic substances easy penetrating through barriers and

widely distributing in plasma, interstitial and cell fluids:

a) True

b) False

025. The term “biotransformation” includes the following:

a) Accumulation of substances in a fat tissue

b) Binding of substances with plasma proteins

c) Accumulation of substances in a tissue

d) Process of physicochemical and biochemical alteration of a drug in the body

026. Biotransformation of the drugs is to render them:

a) Less ionized

b) More pharmacologically active

c) More lipid soluble

d) Less lipid soluble

027. Tick the drug type for which microsomal oxidation is the most prominent:

a) Lipid soluble

b) Water soluble

c) Low molecular weight

d) High molecular weight

028. Pick out the right statement:

a) Microsomal oxidation always results in inactivation of a compound

b) Microsomal oxidation results in a decrease of compound toxicity

c) Microsomal oxidation results in an increase of ionization and water solubility of a drug

d) Microsomal oxidation results in an increase of lipid solubility of a drug thus its excretion from the organism is facilitated

029. Stimulation of liver microsomal enzymes can:

a) Require the dose increase of some drugs

b) Require the dose decrease of some drugs

c) Prolong the duration of the action of a drug

d) Intensify the unwanted reaction of a drug

030. Metabolic transformation (phase 1) is:

a) Acetylation and methylation of substances

b) Transformation of substances due to oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis

c) Glucuronide formation

d) Binding to plasma proteins

031. Biotransformation of a medicinal substance results in:

a) Faster urinary excretion

b) Slower urinary excretion

c) Easier distribution in organism

d) Higher binding to membranes

032. Conjugation is:

a) Process of drug reduction by special enzymes

b) Process of drug oxidation by special oxidases

c) Coupling of a drug with an endogenous substrate

d) Solubilization in lipids

033. Which of the following processes proceeds in the second phase of biotransformation?

a) Acetylation

b) Reduction

c) Oxidation

d) Hydrolysis

034. Conjugation of a drug includes the following EXCEPT:

a) Glucoronidation

b) Sulfate formation

c) Hydrolysis

d) Methylation

035. Metabolic transformation and conjugation usually results in an increase of a substance biological activity:

a) True

b) False

036. In case of liver disorders accompanied by a decline in microsomal enzyme activity the duration of action of some drugs

is:

a) Decreased

b) Enlarged

c) Remained unchanged

d) Changed insignificantly

037. Half life (t ½) is the time required to:

a) Change the amount of a drug in plasma by half during elimination

b) Metabolize a half of an introduced drug into the active metabolite

c) Absorb a half of an introduced drug

d) Bind a half of an introduced drug to plasma proteins

038. Half life (t ½) doesn’t depend on:

a) Biotransformation

b) Time of drug absorption

c) Concentration of a drug in plasma

d) Rate of drug elimination

039. Elimination is expressed as follows:

a) Rate of renal tubular reabsorption

b) Clearance speed of some volume of blood from substance

c) Time required to decrease the amount of drug in plasma by one-half

d) Clearance of an organism from a xenobiotic

040. Elimination rate constant (K

elim

) is defined by the following parameter:

a) Rate of absorption

b) Maximal concentration of a substance in plasma

c) Highest single dose

d) Half life (t ½)

041. The most rapid eliminated drugs are those with high glomerular filtration rate and actively secreted but aren’t passively

reabsorbed:

a) True

b) False

042. Systemic clearance (CL

) is related with:

a) Only the concentration of substances in plasma

b) Only the elimination rate constant

c) Volume of distribution, half life and elimination rate constant

d) Bioavailability and half life

PART II PHARMACODYNAMICS

001. Pharmacodynamics involves the study of following EXCEPT:

a) Biological and therapeutic effects of drugs

b) Absorption and distribution of drugs

c) Mechanisms of drug action

d) Drug interactions

002. Pharmacodynamics involves the study of following?

a) Mechanisms of drug action

b) Biotransformation of drugs in the organism

c) Distribution of drugs in the organism

d) Excretion of drug from the organism

003. Pharmacodynamics involves the following?

a) Information about main mechanisms of drug absorption

b) Information about unwanted effects

c) Information about biological barriers

d) Information about excretion of a drug from the organism

004. Pick out the answer which is the most appropriate to the term “receptor”

a) All types of ion channels modulated by a drug

b) Enzymes of oxidizing-reducing reactions activated by a drug

c) Active macromolecular components of a cell or an organism which a drug molecule has to combine with in

order to elicit its specific effect

d) Carriers activated by a drug

005. What does “affinity” mean?

a) A measure of how tightly a drug binds to plasma proteins

b) A measure of how tightly a drug binds to a receptor

c) A measure of inhibiting potency of a drug

d) A measure of bioavailability of a drug

006. Target proteins which a drug molecule binds are:

a) Only receptors

b) Only ion channels

c) Only carriers

d) All of the above

007. An agonist is a substance that:

a) Interacts with the receptor without producing any effect

b) Interacts with the receptor and initiates changes in cell function, producing various effects

c) Increases concentration of another substance to produce effect

d) Interacts with plasma proteins and doesn’t produce any effect

008. If an agonist can produce maximal effects and has high efficacy it’s called:

a) Partial agonist

b) Antagonist

c) Agonist-antagonist

d) Full agonist

009. If an agonist can produce submaximal effects and has moderate efficacy it’s called:

a) Partial agonist

b) Antagonist

c) Agonist-antagonist

d) Full agonist

010. An antagonist is a substance that:

a) Binds to the receptors and initiates changes in cell function, producing maximal effect

b) Binds to the receptors and initiates changes in cell function, producing submaximal effect

c) Interacts with plasma proteins and doesn’t produce any effect

d) Binds to the receptors without directly altering their functions

011. A competitive antagonist is a substance that:

a) Interacts with receptors and produces submaximal effect

b) Binds to the same receptor site and progressively inhibits the agonist response

c) Binds to the nonspecific sites of tissue

d) Binds to one receptor subtype as an agonist and to another as an antagonist

012. The substance binding to one receptor subtype as an agonist and to another as an antagonist is called:

a) Competitive antagonist

b) Irreversible antagonist

c) Agonist-antagonist

d) Partial agonist

013. Irreversible interaction of an antagonist with a receptor is due to:

a) Ionic bonds

b) Hydrogen bonds

c) Covalent bonds

d) All of the above

014. Mechanisms of transmembrane signaling are the following EXCEPT:

a) Transmembrane receptors that bind and stimulate a protein tyrosine kinase

b) Gene replacement by the introduction of a therapeutic gene to correct a genetic effect

c) Ligand-gated ion channels that can be induced to open or close by binding a ligand

d) Transmembrane receptor protein that stimulates a GTP-binding signal transducer protein (G-protein) which in turn

generates an intracellular second messenger

015. Tick the second messenger of G-protein-coupled (metabotropic) receptor:

a) Adenylyl cyclase

b) Sodium ions

c) Phospholipase C

d) cAMP

016. Tick the substance which changes the activity of an effector element but doesn’t belong to second messengers:

a) cAMP

b) cGMP

c) G–protein

d) Calcium ions

017. The increase of second messengers’ (cAMP, cGMP, Ca

etc.) concentration leads to:

a) Inhibition of intracellular protein kinases and protein phosphorylation

b) Proteinkinases activation and protein phosphorylation

c) Blocking of interaction between a receptor and an effector

d) Antagonism with endogenous ligands

018. Tick the substances whose mechanisms are based on interaction with ion channels

a) Sodium channel blockers

b) Calcium channel blockers

c) Potassium channels activators

d) All of the above

019. All of the following statements about efficacy and potency are true EXCEPT:

a) Efficacy is usually a more important clinical consideration than potency

b) Efficacy is the maximum effect of a drug

c) Potency is a comparative measure, refers to the different doses of two drugs that are needed to produce the same

effect

d) The ED

is a measure of drug’s efficacy

020. Give the definition for a therapeutical dose:

a) The amount of a substance to produce the minimal biological effect

b) The amount of a substance to produce effects hazardous for an organism

c) The amount of a substance to produce the required effect in most patients

d) The amount of a substance to accelerate an increase of concentration of medicine in an organism

021. Pick out the correct definition of a toxic dose:

a) The amount of substance to produce the minimal biological effect

b) The amount of substance to produce effects hazardous for an organism

c) The amount of substance to produce the necessary effect in most of patients

d) The amount of substance to fast creation of high concentration of medicine in an organism

022. Which effect may lead to toxic reactions when a drug is taken continuously or repeatedly?

a) Refractoriness

b) Cumulative effect

c) Tolerance

d) Tachyphylaxis

023. What term is used to describe a more gradual decrease in responsiveness to a drug, taking days or weeks to develop?

a) Refractoriness

b) Cumulative effect

c) Tolerance

d) Tachyphylaxis

024. What term is used to describe a decrease in responsiveness to a drug which develops in a few minutes?

a) Refractoriness

b) Cumulative effect

c) Tolerance

d) Tachyphylaxis

025. Tachyphylaxis is:

a) A drug interaction between two similar types of drugs

b) Very rapidly developing tolerance

c) A decrease in responsiveness to a drug, taking days or weeks to develop

d) None of the above

026. Drug resistance is a term used to describe the loss of effectiveness of antimicrobial or antitumour drugs. This

consideration is:

a) True

b) False

027. Tolerance and drug resistance can be a consequence of:

a) Drug dependence

b) Increased metabolic degradation

c) Depressed renal drug excretion

d) Activation of a drug after hepatic first-pass

028. Tolerance and drug resistance can be a consequence of:

a) Change in receptors, loss of them or exhaustion of mediators

b) Increased receptor sensitivity

c) Decreased metabolic degradation

d) Decreased renal tubular secretion

029. Tolerance develops because of:

a) Diminished absorption

b) Rapid excretion of a drug

c) Both of the above

d) None of the above

030. Dependence is often associated with tolerance to a drug, a physical abstinence syndrome, and psychological

dependence (craving). This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

031. The situation when failure to continue administering the drug results in serious psychological and somatic disturbances is

called?

a) Tachyphylaxis

b) Sensibilization

c) Abstinence syndrome

d) Idiosyncrasy

032. What is the type of drug-to-drug interaction which is connected with processes of absorption, biotransformation,

distribution and excretion?

a) Pharmacodynamic interaction

b) Physical and chemical interaction

c) Pharmaceutical interaction

d) Pharmacokinetic interaction

033. What is the type of drug-to-drug interaction which is the result of interaction at receptor, cell, enzyme or organ level?

a) Pharmacodynamic interaction

b) Physical and chemical interaction

c) Pharmaceutical interaction

d) Pharmacokinetic interaction

034. What phenomenon can occur in case of using a combination of drugs?

a) Tolerance

b) Tachyphylaxis

c) Accumulation

d) Synergism

035. If two drugs with the same effect, taken together, produce an effect that is equal in magnitude to the sum of the effects of

the drugs given individually, it is called as:

a) Antagonism

b) Potentiation

c) Additive effect

d) None of the above

036. What does the term “potentiation” mean?

a) Cumulative ability of a drug

b) Hypersensitivity to a drug

c) Fast tolerance developing

d) Intensive increase of drug effects due to their combination

037. The types of antagonism are:

a) Summarized

b) Potentiated

c) Additive

d) Competitive

038. The term “chemical antagonism” means that:

a) two drugs combine with one another to form an inactive compound

b) two drugs combine with one another to form a more active compound

c) two drugs combine with one another to form a more water soluble compound

d) two drugs combine with one another to form a more fat soluble compound

039. A teratogenic action is:

a) Toxic action on the liver

b) Negative action on the fetus causing fetal malformation

c) Toxic action on blood system

d) Toxic action on kidneys

040. Characteristic unwanted reaction which isn’t related to a dose or to a pharmacodynamic property of a drug is called:

a) Idiosyncrasy

b) Hypersensitivity

c) Tolerance

d) Teratogenic action

041. Idiosyncratic reaction of a drug is:

a) A type of hypersensitivity reaction

b) A type of drug antagonism

c) Unpredictable, inherent, qualitatively abnormal reaction to a drug

d) Quantitatively exaggerated response

042. Therapeutic index (TI) is:

a) A ratio used to evaluate the safety and usefulness of a drug for indication

b) A ratio used to evaluate the effectiveness of a drug

c) A ratio used to evaluate the bioavailability of a drug

d) A ratio used to evaluate the elimination of a drug

(2) AGENTS, CONTROLLING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

PART I Local anesthetics

001. Local anesthetics produce:

a) Analgesia, amnesia, loss of consciousness

b) Blocking pain sensation without loss of consciousness

c) Alleviation of anxiety and pain with an altered level of consciousness

d) A stupor or somnolent state

002. A good local anesthetic agent shouldn’t cause:

a) Local irritation and tissue damage

b) Systemic toxicity

c) Fast onset and long duration of action

d) Vasodilatation

003. Most local anesthetic agents consist of:

a) Lipophylic group (frequently an aromatic ring)

b) Intermediate chain (commonly including an ester or amide)

c) Amino group

d) All of the above

004. Which one of the following groups is responsible for the duration of the local anesthetic action?

a) Intermediate chain

b) Lipophylic group

c) Ionizable group

d) All of the above

005. Indicate the local anesthetic agent, which has a shorter duration of action:

a) Lidocaine

b) Procaine

c) Bupivacaine

d) Ropivacaine

006. Which one of the following groups is responsible for the potency and the toxicity of local anesthetics?

a) Ionizable group

b) Intermediate chain

c) Lipophylic group

d) All of the above

007. Indicate the drug, which has greater potency of the local anesthetic action:

a) Lidocaine

b) Bupivacaine

c) Procaine

d) Mepivacaine

008. Ionizable group is responsible for:

a) The potency and the toxicity

b) The duration of action

c) The ability to diffuse to the site of action

d) All of the above

009. Which one of the following local anesthetics is an ester of benzoic acid?

a) Lidocaine

b) Procaine

c) Ropivacaine

d) Cocaine

010. Indicate the local anesthetic, which is an ester of paraaminobenzoic acid:

a) Mepivacaine

b) Cocaine

c) Procaine

d) Lidocaine

011. Which of the following local anesthetics is an acetanilide derivative?

a) Tetracaine

b) Lidocaine

c) Cocaine

d) Procaine

012. Indicate the local anesthetic, which is a toluidine derivative:

a) Lidocaine

b) Bupivacaine

c) Prilocaine

d) Procaine

013. Which of the following local anesthetics is a thiophene derivative?

a) Procaine

b) Ultracaine

c) Lidocaine

d) Mepivacaine

014. Local anesthetics are:

a) Weak bases

b) Weak acids

c) Salts

d) None of the above

015. For therapeutic application local anesthetics are usually made available as salts for the reasons of:

a) Less toxicity and higher potency

b) Higher stability and greater lipid solubility

c) Less local tissue damage and more potency

d) More stability and greater water solubility

016. Which of the following statements is not correct for local anesthetics?

a) In a tissue they exist either as an uncharged base or as a cation

b) A charged cationic form penetrates biologic membranes more readily than an uncharged form

c) Local anesthetics are much less effective in inflamed tissues

d) Low ph in inflamed tissues decreases the dissociation of nonionized molecules

017. Which one of the following statements about the metabolism of local anesthetics is incorrect?

a) Metabolism of local anesthetics occurs at the site of administration

b) Metabolism occurs in the plasma or liver but not at the site of administration

c) Ester group of anesthetics like procaine, are metabolized systemically by pseudocholinesterase

d) Amides such as lidocaine, are metabolized in the liver by microsomal mixed function oxidases

018. Indicate the anesthetic agent of choice in patient with a liver disease:

a) Lidocaine

b) Bupivacaine

c) Procaine

d) Etidocaine

019. Which of the following local anesthetics is preferable in patient with pseudocholinesterase deficiency?

a) Procaine

b) Ropivacaine

c) Tetracaine

d) Benzocaine

020. The primary mechanism of action of local anesthetics is:

a) Activation of ligand-gated potassium channels

b) Blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels

c) Stimulation of voltage-gated N-type calcium channels

d) Blockade the GABA-gated chloride channels

021. Which of the following local anesthetics is more water-soluble?

a) Tetracaine

b) Etidocaine

c) Procaine

d) Bupivacaine

022. Indicate the local anesthetic, which is more lipid-soluble:

a) Bupivacaine

b) Lidocaine

c) Mepivacaine

d) Procaine

023. The more lipophylic drugs:

a) Are more potent

b) Have longer duration of action

c) Bind more extensively to proteins

d) All of the above

024. Which of the following fibers is the first to be blocked?

a) Type A alpha fibers

b) B and C fibers

c) Type A beta fibers

d) Type A gamma fibers

025. Indicate the function, which the last to be blocked:

a) Pain, temperature

b) Muscle spindles

c) Motor function

d) Touch, pressure

026. Which of the following fibers participates in high-frequency pain transmission?

a) Type A delta and C fibers

b) Type A alpha fibers

c) Type B fibers

d) Type A beta fibers

027. Which of the following local anesthetics is an useful antiarrhythmic agent?

a) Cocaine

b) Lidocaine

c) Bupivacaine

d) Ropivacaine

028. Indicate the route of local anesthetic administration, which is associated with instillation within epidural or subarachnoid

spaces:

a) Topical anesthesia

b) Infiltrative anesthesia

c) Regional anesthesia

d) Spinal anesthesia

029. The choice of a local anesthetic for specific procedures is usually based on:

a) The duration of action

b) Water solubility

c) Capability of rapid penetration through the skin or mucosa with limited tendency to diffuse away from the site of

application

d) All of the above

030. Which of the following local anesthetics is a short-acting drug?

a) Procaine

b) Tetracaine

c) Bupivacaine

d) Ropivacaine

031. Indicate the local anesthetic, which is a long-acting agent:

a) Lidocaine

b) Bupivacaine

c) Procaine

d) Mepivacaine

032. The anesthetic effect of the agents of short and intermediate duration of action can not be prolonged by adding:

a) Epinephrine

b) Norepinephrine

c) Dopamine

d) Phenylephrine

033. A vasoconstrictor does not:

a) Retard the removal of drug from the injection site

b) Hence the chance of toxicity

c) Decrease the blood level

d) Reduce a local anesthetic uptake by the nerve

034. Vasoconstrictors are less effective in prolonging anesthetic properties of:

a) Procaine

b) Bupivacaine

c) Lidocaine

d) Mepivacaine

035. Which of the following local anesthetics is only used for surface or topical anesthesia?

a) Cocaine

b) Tetracaine

c) Procaine

d) Bupivacaine

036. Indicate the local anesthetic, which is mainly used for regional nerve block anesthesia:

a) Dibucaine

b) Bupivacaine

c) Tetracaine

d) Cocaine

037. Which of the following local anesthetics is used for infiltrative and regional anesthesia?

a) Procaine

b) Lidocaine

c) Mepivacaine

d) All of the above

038. Indicate the local anesthetic, which is used for spinal anesthesia:

a) Tetracaine

b) Cocaine

c) Dibucaine

d) Bupivacaine

039. Which of the following local anesthetics is called a universal anesthetic?

a) Procaine

b) Ropivacaine

c) Lidocaine

d) Bupivacaine

040. Most serious toxic reaction to local anesthetics is:

a) Seizures

b) Cardiovascular collapse

c) Respiratory failure

d) All of the above

041. Correct statements concerning cocaine include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Cocaine is often used for nose and throat procedures

b) Limited use because of abuse potential

c) Myocardial depression and peripheral vasodilatation

d) Causes sympathetically mediated tachycardia and vasoconstriction

042. Which of the following local anesthetics is more cardiotoxic?

a) Procaine

b) Bupivacaine

c) Lidocaine

d) Mepivacaine

043. Most local anesthetics can cause:

a) Depression of abnormal cardiac pacemaker activity, excitability, conduction

b) Depression of the strength of cardiac contraction

c) Cardiovascular collapse

d) All of the above

044. Which one of the following local anesthetics causes methemoglobinemia?

a) Prilocaine

b) Procaine

c) Lidocaine

d) Ropivacaine

045. Procaine has all of the following properties EXCEPT:

a) It has ester linkage

b) Its metabolic product can inhibit the action of sulfonamides

c) It readily penetrates the skin and mucosa

d) It is relatively short-acting

046. Correct statements concerning lidocaine include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) It is an universal anesthetic

b) It has esteratic linkage

c) It widely used as an antiarrhythmic agent

d) It is metabolized in liver

047. Which of the following local anesthetics is more likely to cause allergic reactions?

a) Lidocaine

b) Bupivacaine

c) Procaine

d) Ropivacaine

048. Tetracaine has all of the following properties EXCEPT:

a) Slow onset

b) Low potency

c) Long duration

d) High toxicity

049. Correct statements concerning bupivacaine include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) It has low cardiotoxicity

b) It has amide linkage

c) It is a long-acting drug

d) An intravenous injection can lead to seizures

PART II Cholinomimetic drugs

001. Acetylcholine is not a specific neurotransmitter at:

a) Sympathetic ganglia

b) Sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings

c) Parasympathetic ganglia

d) Parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings

002. Muscarinic receptors are located in:

a) Autonomic ganglia

b) Skeletal muscle neuromuscular junctions

c) Autonomic effector cells

d) Sensory carotid sinus baroreceptor zone

003. Indicate the location of M

cholinoreceptor type:

a) Heart

b) Glands

c) Smooth muscle

d) Endothelium

004. The symptoms of mushroom poisoning include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Salivation, lacrimation, nausea, vomiting

b) Dryness of mouth, hyperpyrexia, hallucination

c) Headache, abdominal colic

d) Bradycardia, hypotension and shock

005. Which of the following cholinomimetics activates both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors?

a) Lobeline

b) Pilocarpine

c) Nicotine

d) Bethanechol

006. Indicate a cholinomimetic agent, which is related to direct-acting drugs:

a) Edrophonium

b) Physostigmine

c) Carbachol

d) Isoflurophate

007. Characteristics of carbachol include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) It decreases intraocular pressure

b) It causes mydriasis

c) It exerts both nicotinic and muscarinic effects

d) It is resistant to acethylcholiesterase

008. Acetylcholine is not used in clinical practice because:

a) It is very toxic

b) The doses required are very high

c) It is very rapidly hydrolyzed

d) It is very costly

009. Parasympathomimetic drugs cause:

a) Bronchodilation

b) Mydriasis

c) Bradycardia

d) Constipation

010. Which of the following direct-acting cholinomimetics is mainly muscarinic in action?

a) Bethanechol

b) Carbachol

c) Acetylcholine

d) None of the above

011. Which of the following direct-acting cholinomimetics has the shortest duration of action?

a) Acetylcholine

b) Methacholine

c) Carbachol

d) Bethanechol

012. Bethanechol has all of the following properties EXCEPT:

a) It is extremely resistant to hydrolysis

b) Purely muscarinic in its action

c) It is used for abdominal urinary bladder distention

d) It exerts both nicotinic and muscarinic effects

013. A M-cholinimimetic agent is:

a) Carbachol

b) Pilocarpine

c) Acetylcholine

d) Bethanechol

014. Characteristics of pilocarpine include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) It is a tertiary amine alkaloid

b) It causes miosis and a decrease in intraocular pressure

c) Causes a decrease in secretory and motor activity of gut

d) It is useful in the treatment of glaucoma

015. Which of the following cholinomimetics is a plant derivative with lower potency than nicotine but with a similar spectrum

of action?

a) Lobeline

b) Pilocarpine

c) Carbochol

d) Acetylcholine

016. Which of the following cholinomimetics is indirect-acting?

a) Lobeline

b) Edrophonium

c) Pilocarpine

d) Carbachol

017. The mechanism of action of indirect-acting cholinomimetic agents is:

a) Binding to and activation of muscarinic or nicotinic receptors

b) Inhibition of the hydrolysis of endogenous acetylcholine

c) Stimulation of the action of acetylcholinesterase

d) Releasing acetylcholine from storage sites

018. Indicate a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor:

a) Isoflurophate

b) Carbochol

c) Physostigmine

d) Parathion

019. Which of the following cholinesterase inhibitors is irreversible?

a) Physostigmine

b) Edrophonium

c) Neostigmine

d) Isoflurophate

020. Indicate cholinesterase activator:

a) Pralidoxime

b) Edrophonium

c) Pilocarpine

d) Isoflurophate

021. Isofluorophate increases all of the following effects except:

a) Lacrimation

b) Bronchodilation

c) Muscle twitching

d) Salivation

022. Indicate a cholinesterase inhibitor, which has an additional direct nicotinic agonist effect:

a) Edrophonium

b) Carbochol

c) Neostigmine

d) Lobeline

023. Сholinesterase inhibitors do not produce:

a) Bradycardia, no change or modest fall in blood pressure

b) Increased strength of muscle contraction, especially in muscles weakened by myasthenia gravis

c) Miosis and reduction of intraocular pressure

d) Dramatic hypertension and tachycardia

024. Which of the following cholinomimetics is commonly used in the treatment of glaucoma?

a) Pilocarpine

b) Lobeline

c) Acethylcholine

d) Neostigmine

025. Indicate the organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor, which can be made up in an aqueous solution for ophthalmic use

and retains its activity within a week:

a) Physoctigmine

b) Edrophonium

c) Echothiophate

d) Neostigmine

026. Which of the following cholinomimetics is most widely used for paralytic ileus and atony of the urinary bladder?

a) Lobeline

b) Neostigmine

c) Pilocarpine

d) Echothiophate

027. Chronic long-term therapy of myasthenia is usually accomplished with:

a) Edrophonium

b) Neostigmine

c) Echothiophate

d) Carbachol

028. Which of the following cholinomimetics is a drug of choice for reversing the effects of nondepolarizing neuromuscular

relaxants?

a) Echothiophate

b) Physostigmine

c) Edrophonium

d) Pilocarpine

029. Indicate the reversible cholinesterase inhibitor, which penetrates the blood-brain barrier:

a) Physostigmine

b) Edrophonium

c) Neostigmine

d) Piridostigmine

030. Which of the following cholinomimetics is used in the treatment of atropine intoxication?

a) Neostigmine

b) Carbochol

c) Physostigmine

d) Lobeline

031. The symptoms of excessive stimulation of muscarinic receptors include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Abdominal cramps, diarrhea

b) Increased salivation, excessive bronchial secretion

c) Miosis, bradycardia

d) Weakness of all skeletal muscles

032. The excessive stimulation of muscarinic receptors by pilocarpine and choline esters is blocked competitively by:

a) Edrophonium

b) Atropine

c) Pralidoxime

d) Echothiophate

033. The toxic effects of a large dose of nicotine include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Hypotension and bradycardia

b) Convulsions, coma and respiratory arrest

c) Skeletal muscle depolarization blockade and respiratory paralysis

d) Hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias

034. The dominant initial sights of acute cholinesterase inhibitors intoxication include all of the following except:

a) Salivation, sweating

b) Mydriasis

c) Bronchial constriction

d) Vomiting and diarrhea

035. Which of the following drugs is used for acute toxic effects of organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors?

a) Atropine

b) Pilocarpine

c) Pralidoxime

d) Edrophonium

PART III Cholinoreceptor blocking drugs

001. The group of nicotinic receptor-blocking drugs consists of:

a) Ganglion-blockers

b) Atropine-similar drugs

c) Neuromuscular junction blockers

d) Both a and c

002. M

receptor subtype is located:

a) In the myocardium

b) In sympathetic postganglionic neurons

c) On effector cell membranes of glandular and smooth muscle cells

d) On the motor end plates

003. Which of the following drugs is both a muscarinic and nicotinic blocker?

a) Atropine

b) Benztropine

c) Hexamethonium

d) Succinylcholine

004. Indicate a muscarinic receptor-blocking drug:

a) Scopolamine

b) Pipecuronium

c) Trimethaphan

d) Pilocarpine

005. Which of the following agents is a ganglion-blocking drug?

a) Homatropine

b) Hexamethonium

c) Rapacuronium

d) Edrophonium

006. Indicate the skeletal muscle relaxant, which is a depolarizing agent:

a) Vencuronium

b) Scopolamine

c) Succinylcholine

d) Hexamethonium

007. Which of the following drugs is a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant?

a) Pancuronium

b) Succinylcholine

c) Hexamethonium

d) Scopolamine

008. Indicate the drug, which is rapidly and fully distributed into CNS and has a greater effect than most other antimuscarinic

agents?

a) Atropine

b) Scopolamine

c) Homatropine

d) Ipratropium

009. The effect of the drug on parasympathetic function declines rapidly in all organs EXCEPT:

a) Eye

b) Heart

c) Smooth muscle organs

d) Glands

010. The mechanism of atropine action is:

a) Competitive ganglion blockade

b) Competitive muscarinic blockade

c) Competitive neuromuscular blockade

d) Noncompetitive neuromuscular blockade

011. The tissues most sensitive to atropine are:

a) The salivary, bronchial and sweat glands

b) The gastric parietal cells

c) Smooth muscle and autonomic effectors

d) The heart

012. Atropine is highly selective for:

a) M

receptor subtype

b) M

receptor subtype

c) M

receptor subtype

d) All of the above

013. Which of the following antimuscarinic drugs is often effective in preventing or reversing vestibular disturbances,

especially motion sickness?

a) Atropine

b) Ipratropium

c) Scopolamine

d) Homatropine

014. Atropine causes:

a) Miosis, a reduction in intraocular pressure and cyclospasm

b) Mydriasis, a rise in intraocular pressure and cycloplegia

c) Miosis, a rise in intraocular pressure and cycloplegia

d) Mydriasis, a rise in intraocular pressure and cyclospasm

015. Patients complain of dry or “sandy” eyes when receiving large doses of:

a) Atropine

b) Hexamethonium

c) Pilocarpine

d) Carbachol

016. All of the following parts of the heart are very sensitive to muscarinic receptor blockade except:

a) Atria

b) Sinoatrial node

c) Atrioventricular node

d) Ventricle

017. Atropine causes:

a) Bradycardia, hypotension and bronchoconstriction

b) Tachycardia, little effect on blood pressure and bronchodilation

c) Decrease in contractile strength, conduction velocity through the AV node

d) Tachycardia, hypertensive crisis and bronchodilation

018. Atropine is frequently used prior to administration of inhalant anesthetics to reduce:

a) Muscle tone

b) Secretions

c) Nausea and vomiting

d) All of the above

019. Atropine is now rarely used for the treatment of peptic ulcer because of:

a) Slow gastric empting and prolongation of the exposure of the ulcer bed to acid

b) Low efficiency and necessity of large doses

c) Adverse effects

d) All of the above

020. Which of the following antimuscarinic drugs is a selective M

blocker?

a) Atropine

b) Scopolamine

c) Pirenzepine

d) Homatropine

021. Atropine causes:

a) Spasmolitic activity

b) Intestinal hypermotility

c) Stimulation of contraction in the gut

d) Stimulation of secretory activity

022. Which of the following drugs is useful in the treatment of uterine spasms?

a) Carbachol

b) Vecuronium

c) Atropine

d) Edrophonium

023. Atropine may cause a rise in body temperature (atropine fever):

a) In adults

b) In pregnant women

c) In infants and children

d) All of the above

024. The pharmacologic actions of scopolamine most closely resemble those of:

a) Hexamethonium

b) Atropine

c) Succinylcholine

d) Pilocarpine

025. Compared with atropine, scopolamine has all of the following properties EXCEPT:

a) More marked central effect

b) Less potent in decreasing bronchial, salivary and sweat gland secretion

c) More potent in producing mydriasis and cycloplegia

d) Lower effects on the heart, bronchial muscle and intestines

026. Which of the following drugs is useful in the treatment of Parkinson′s disease?

a) Benztropine

b) Edrophonium

c) Succinylcholine

d) Hexamethonium

027. Indicate the antimuscarinic drug, which is used as a mydriatic:

a) Pilocarpine

b) Neostigmine

c) Homatropine

d) Ipratropium

028. Which of the following agents is used as an inhalation drug in asthma?

a) Atropine

b) Ipratropium

c) Lobeline

d) Homatropine

029. Which of the following agents is most effective in regenerating cholinesterase associated with skeletal muscle

neuromuscular junctions?

a) Suscinilcholine

b) Pralidoxime

c) Pirenzepine

d) Propiverine

030. Indicate an antimuscarinic drug, which is effective in the treatment of mushroom poising:

a) Pralidoxime

b) Pilocarpine

c) Homatropine

d) Atropine

031. Antimuscarinics are used in the treatment of the following disorders EXCEPT:

a) Motion sickness

b) Glaucoma

c) Hyperhidrosis

d) Asthma

032. The atropine poisoning includes all of the following symptoms EXCEPT:

a) Mydriasis, cycloplegia

b) Hyperthermia, dry mouth, hot and flushed skin

c) Agitation and delirium

d) Bradicardia, orthostatic hypotension

033. The treatment of the antimuscarinic effects can be carried out with:

a) Neostigmine

b) Hexametonium

c) Homatropine

d) Acetylcholine

034. Contraindications to the use of antimuscarinic drugs are all of the following except:

a) Glaucoma

b) Myasthenia

c) Bronchial asthma

d) Paralytic ileus and atony of the urinary bladder

035. Hexamethonium blocks the action of acethylcholine and similar agonists at:

a) Muscarinic receptor site

b) Neuromuscular junction

c) Autonomic ganglia

d) Axonal transmission

036. The applications of the ganglion blockers have disappeared because of all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

a) Orthostatic hypotension

b) Lack of selectivity

c) Homeostatic reflexes block

d) Respiratory depression

037. Which of the following agents is a short-acting ganglion blocker?

a) Homatropine

b) Trimethaphane

c) Hexamethonium

d) Pancuronium

038. Indicate the ganglion-blocking drug, which can be taken orally for the treatment of hypertension?

a) Mecamylamine

b) Scopolamine

c) Trimethaphane

d) Vecocuronium

039. The systemic effects of hexamethonium include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Reduction of both peripheral vascular resistance and venous return

b) Partial mydriasis and loss of accommodation

c) Constipation and urinary retention

d) Stimulation of thermoregulatory sweating

040. Ganglion blocking drugs are used for the following emergencies EXCEPT:

a) Hypertensive crises

b) Controlled hypotension

c) Cardiovascular collapse

d) Pulmonary edema

041. Agents that produce neuromuscular blockade act by inhibiting:

a) Interaction of acetylcholine with cholinergic receptors

b) Release of acetylcholine from prejunctional membrane

c) Packaging of acetylcholine into synaptic vesicles

d) Reuptake of acetylcholine into the nerve ending

042. Skeletal muscle relaxation and paralysis can occur from interruption of functions at several sites, including all of the

following EXCEPT:

a) Nicotinic acethylcholine receptors

b) Muscarinic acethylcholine receptors

c) The motor end plate

d) Contractile apparatus

043. Nondepolarisation neuromuscular blocking agents:

a) Block acetylcholine reuptake

b) Prevent access of the transmitter to its receptor and depolarization

c) Block transmission by an excess of a depolarizing agonist

d) All of the above

044. Which of the following drugs has “double-acetylcholine” structure?

a) Rocuronium

b) Carbachol

c) Atracurium

d) Succylcholine

045. Indicate the long-acting neuromuscular blocking agent:

a) Rapacuronium

b) Mivacurium

c) Tubocurarine

d) Rocuronium

046. Which of the following neuromuscular blocking drugs is an intermediate-duration muscle relaxant?

a) Vecuronium

b) Tubocurarine

c) Pancuronium

d) Rapacuronium

047. Indicate the nondepolarizing agent, which has the fastest onset of effect?

a) Succinylcholine

b) Rapacuronium

c) Pancuronium

d) Tubocurarine

048. Indicate the neuromuscular blocker, whose breakdown product readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and may cause

seizures:

a) Pancuronium

b) Succinylcholine

c) Tubocurarine

d) Atracurium

049. Which competitive neuromuscular blocking agent could be used in patients with renal failure?

a) Atracurium

b) Succinylcholine

c) Pipecuronium

d) Doxacurium

050. Indicate the nondepolarizing agent, which has short duration of action:

a) Succinylcholine

b) Tubocurarine

c) Mivacurium

d) Pancuronium

051. Which depolarizing agent has the extremely brief duration of action?

a) Mivacurium

b) Rapacuronium

c) Rocuronium

d) Succinylcholine

052. Neuromuscular blockade by both succinylcholine and mivacurium may be prolonged in patients with:

a) Renal failure

b) An abnormal variant of plasma cholinesterase

c) Hepatic disease

d) Both b and c

053. Depolarizing agents include all of the following properties EXCEPT:

a) Interact with nicotinic receptor to compete with acetylcholine without receptor activation

b) React with the nicotinic receptor to open the channel and cause depolarisation of the end plate

c) Cause desensitization, noncompetive block manifested by flaccid paralysis

d) Cholinesterase inhibitors do not have the ability to reverse the blockade

054. Which of the following neuromuscular blockers causes transient muscle fasciculations?

a) Mivacurium

b) Pancuronium

c) Succinylcholine

d) Tubocurarine

055. Indicate muscles, which are more resistant to block and recover more rapidly:

a) Hand

b) Leg

c) Neck

d) Diaphragm

056. Which neuromuscular blocking agent has the potential to cause the greatest release of histamine?

a) Succylcholine

b) Tubocurarine

c) Pancuronium

d) Rocuronium

057. Which of the following muscular relaxants causes hypotension and bronchospasm?

a) Vecuronium

b) Succinylcholine

c) Tubocurarine

d) Rapacuronium

058. Indicate the neuromuscular blocker, which causes tachycardia:

a) Tubocurarine

b) Atracurium

c) Pancuronium

d) Succinylcholine

059. Which of the following neuromuscular blocking agents cause cardiac arrhythmias?

a) Vecuronium

b) Tubocurarine

c) Rapacuronium

d) Succinylcholine

060. Effects seen only with depolarizing blockade include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Hypercaliemia

b) A decrease in intraocular pressure

c) Emesis

d) Muscle pain

061. Which neuromuscular blocking agent is contraindicated in patients with glaucoma?

a) Tubocurarine

b) Succinylcholine

c) Pancuronium

d) Gallamine

062. Indicate the following neuromuscular blocker, which would be contraindicated in patients with renal failure:

a) Pipecuronium

b) Succinylcholine

c) Atracurium

d) Rapacuronium

063. All of the following drugs increase the effects of depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents EXCEPT:

a) Aminoglycosides

b) Antiarrhythmic drugs

c) Nondepolarizing blockers

d) Local anesthetics

064. Which of the following diseases can augment the neuromuscular blockade produced by nondepolarizing muscle

relaxants?

a) Myasthenia gravis

b) Burns

c) Asthma

d) Parkinsonism

065. Indicate the agent, which effectively antagonizes the neuromuscular blockade caused by nondepolarizing drugs:

a) Atropine

b) Neostigmine

c) Acetylcholine

d) Pralidoxime

PART IV Adrenoreceptor activating drugs

001. Sympathetic stimulation is mediated by:

a) Release of norepinephrine from nerve terminals

b) Activation of adrenoreceptors on postsynaptic sites

c) Release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

d) All of the above

002. Characteristics of epinephrine include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) It is synthesized into the adrenal medulla

b) It is synthesized into the nerve ending

c) It is transported in the blood to target tissues

d) It directly interacts with and activates adrenoreceptors

003. Which of the following sympathomimetics acts indirectly?

a) Epinephrine

b) Norepinephrine

c) Ephedrine

d) Methoxamine

004. Indirect action includes all of the following properties EXCEPT:

a) Displacement of stored catecholamines from the adrenergic nerve ending

b) Inhibition of reuptake of catecholamines already released

c) Interaction with adrenoreceptors

d) Inhibition of the release of endogenous catecholamines from peripheral adrenergic neurons

005. Catecholamine includes following EXCEPT:

a) Ephedrine

b) Epinephrine

c) Isoprenaline

d) Norepinephrine

006. Epinephrine decreases intracellular camp levels by acting on:

a) α

receptor

b) α

receptor

c) beta

receptor

d) beta

receptor

007. Which of the following statements is not correct?

a) ALFA

receptors increase arterial resistence, whereas beta

receptor promote smooth muscle relaxation

b) The skin and splanchic vessels have predominantly alfa

receptors

c) Vessels in a skeletal muscle may constrict or dilate depending on whether alfa

or beta

receptors are activated

d) Skeletal muscle vessels have predominantly alfa

receptors and constrict in the presence of epinephrine and

norepinephrine

008. Direct effects on the heart are determined largely by:

a) Alfa

receptor

b) Alfa

receptor

c) Beta

receptor

d) Beta

receptor

009. Which of the following effects is related to direct beta

-adrenoreceptor stimulation?

a) Bronchodilation

b) Vasodilatation

c) Tachycardia

d) Bradycardia

010. Distribution of alfa adrenoreceptor subtypes is associated with all of the following tissues except those of:

a) Heart

b) Blood vessels

c) Prostate

d) Pupillary dilator muscle

011. Beta adrenoreceptor subtypes is contained in all of the following tissues EXCEPT:

a) Bronchial muscles

b) Heart

c) Pupillary dilator muscle

d) Fat cells

012. In which of the following tissues both alfa and beta

adrenergic stimulation produces the same effect?

a) Blood vessels

b) Intestine

c) Uterus

d) Bronchial muscles

013. The effects of sympathomimetics on blood pressure are associated with their effects on:

a) The heart

b) The peripheral resistance

c) The venous return

d) All of the above

014. A relatively pure alfa agonist causes all of the following effects EXCEPT:

a) Increase peripheral arterial resistance

b) Increase venous return

c) Has no effect on blood vessels

d) Reflex bradycardia

015. A nonselective beta receptor agonist causes all of the following effects EXCEPT:

a) Increase cardiac output

b) Increase peripheral arterial resistance

c) Decrease peripheral arterial resistance

d) Decrease the mean pressure

016. Which of the following statement is not correct?

a) Αlfa agonists cause miosis

b) Αlfa agonists cause mydriasis

c) Beta antagonists decrease the production of aqueous humor

d) Αlfa agonists increase the outflow of aqueous humor from the eye

017. A bronchial smooth muscle contains:

a) Αlfa

receptor

b) Αlfa

receptor

c) Beta

receptor

d) Beta

receptor

018. All of the following agents are beta receptor agonists EXCEPT:

a) Epinephrine

b) Isoproterenol

c) Methoxamine

d) Dobutamine

019. Which of the following drugs causes bronchodilation without significant cardiac stimulation?

a) Isoprenaline

b) Terbutaline

c) Xylometazoline

d) Methoxamine

020. Αlfa-receptor stimulation includes all of the following effects EXCEPT:

a) Relaxation of gastrointestinal smooth muscle

b) Contraction of bladder base, uterus and prostate

c) Stimulation of insulin secretion

d) Stimulation of platelet aggregation

021. Beta

receptor stimulation includes all of the following effects EXCEPT:

a) Increase in contractility

b) Bronchodilation

c) Tachycardia

d) Increase in conduction velocity in the atrioventricular node

022. Beta

receptor stimulation includes all of the following effects EXCEPT:

a) Stimulation of renin secretion

b) Fall of potassium concentration in plasma

c) Relaxation of bladder, uterus

d) Tachycardia

023. Hyperglycemia induced by epinephrine is due to:

a) Gluconeogenesis (beta

)

b) Inhibition of insulin secretion (alfa)

c) Stimulation of glycogenolysis (beta

)

d) All of the above

024. Which of the following effects is associated with beta

-receptor stimulation?

a) Lipolysis

b) Decrease in platelet aggregation

c) Bronchodilation

d) Tachycardia

025. Which of the following statements is not correct?

a) Epinephrine acts on both alfa- and beta-receptors

b) Norepinephrine has a predominantly beta action

c) Methoxamine has a predominantly alfa action

d) Isoprenaline has a predominantly beta action

026. Indicate the drug, which is a direct-acting both alfa- and beta-receptor agonist:

a) Norepinephrine

b) Methoxamine

c) Isoproterenol

d) Ephedrine

027. Which of the following agents is an alfa

alfa

beta

receptor agonist?

a) Methoxamine

b) Albuterol

c) Epinephrine

d) Norepinephrine

028. Indicate the direct-acting sympathomimetic, which is an alfa

alfa

beta

receptor agonist:

a) Isoproterenol

b) Ephedrine

c) Dobutamine

d) Norepinephrine

029. Which of the following agents is an alfa

-selective agonist?

a) Norepinephrine

b) Methoxamine

c) Ritodrine

d) Ephedrine

030. Indicate the alfa

-selective agonist:

a) Xylometazoline

b) Epinephrine

c) Dobutamine

d) Methoxamine

031. Which of the following agents is a nonselective beta receptor agonist?

a) Norepinephrine

b) Terbutaline

c) Isoproterenol

d) Dobutamine

032. Indicate the beta

-selective agonist:

a) Isoproterenol

b) Dobutamine

c) Metaproterenol

d) Epinephrine

033. Which of the following sympathomimetics is a beta

-selective agonist?

a) Terbutaline

b) Xylometazoline

c) Isoproterenol

d) Dobutamine

034. Indicate the indirect-acting sympathomimetic agent:

a) Epinephrine

b) Phenylephrine

c) Ephedrine

d) Isoproterenol

035. Epinephrine produces all of the following effects EXCEPT:

a) Positive inotropic and chronotropic actions on the heart (beta

receptor)

b) Increase peripheral resistance (alfa receptor)

c) Predominance of alfa effects at low concentration

d) Skeletal muscle blood vessel dilatation (beta

receptor)

036. Epinephrine produces all of the following effects EXCEPT:

a) Decrease in oxygen consumption

b) Bronchodilation

c) Hyperglycemia

d) Mydriasis

037. Epinephrine is used in the treatment of all of the following disorders EXCEPT:

a) Bronchospasm

b) Anaphylactic shock

c) Cardiac arrhythmias

d) Open-angle glaucoma

038. Compared with epinephrine, norepinephrine produces all of the following effects EXCEPT:

a) Similar effects on beta

receptors in the heart and similar potency at an alfa receptor

b) Decrease the mean pressure below normal before returning to the control value

c) Significant tissue necrosis if injected subcutaneously

d) Increase both diastolic and systolic blood pressure

039. Norepinephrine produces:

a) Vasoconstriction

b) Vasodilatation

c) Bronchodilation

d) Decresed potassium concentration in the plasma

040. Which of the following direct-acting drugs is a relatively pure alfa agonist, an effective mydriatic and decongestant and

can be used to raise blood pressure?

a) Epinephrine

b) Norepinephrine

c) Phenylephrine

d) Ephedrine

041. Characteristics of methoxamine include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) It is a direct-acting alfa

-receptor agonist

b) It increases heart rate, contractility and cardiac output

c) It causes reflex bradycardia

d) It increases total peripheral resistance

042. Which of the following agents is an alfa

-selective agonist with ability to promote constriction of the nasal mucosa?

a) Xylometazoline

b) Phenylephrine

c) Methoxamine

d) Epinephrine

043. Indicate the sympathomimetic, which may cause hypotension, presumably because of a clonidine-like effect:

a) Methoxamine

b) Phenylephrine

c) Xylometazoline

d) Isoproterenol

044. Isoproterenol is:

a) Both an alfa- and beta-receptor agonist

b) beta

-selective agonist

c) beta

-selective agonist

d) Nonselective beta receptor agonist

045. Isoproterenol produces all of the following effects EXCEPT:

a) Increase in cardiac output

b) Fall in diastolic and mean arterial pressure

c) Bronchoconstriction

d) Tachycardia

046. Characteristics of dobutamine include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) It is a relatively beta

-selective synthetic catecholamine

b) It is used to treat bronchospasm

c) It increases atrioventricular conduction

d) It causes minimal changes in heart rate and systolic pressure

047. Characteristics of salmeterol include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) It is a potent selective beta

agonist

b) It causes uterine relaxation

c) It stimulates heart rate, contractility and cardiac output

d) It is used in the therapy of asthma

048. Characteristics of ephedrine include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) It acts primarily through the release of stored cathecholamines

b) It is a mild CNS stimulant

c) It causes tachyphylaxis with repeated administration

d) It decreases arterial pressure

049. Ephedrine causes:

a) Miosis

b) Bronchodilation

c) Hypotension

d) Bradycardia

050. Compared with epinephrine, ephedrine produces all of the following features EXCEPT:

a) It is a direct-acting sympathomimetic

b) It has oral activity

c) It is resistant to MAO and has much longer duration of action

d) Its effects are similar, but it is less potent

051. Which of the following sympathomimetics is preferable for the treatment of chronic orthostatic hypotension?

a) Epinephrine

b) Norepinephrine

c) Ephedrine

d) Salmeterol

052. Indicate the sympathomimetic drug, which is used in a hypotensive emergency:

a) Xylometazoline

b) Ephedrine

c) Terbutaline

d) Phenylephrine

053. Which of the following sympathomimetics is preferable for the emergency therapy of cardiogenic shock?

a) Epinephrine

b) Dobutamine

c) Isoproterenol

d) Methoxamine

054. Indicate the sympathomimetic agent, which is combined with a local anesthetic to prolong the duration of infiltration

nerve block:

a) Epinephrine

b) Xylometazoline

c) Isoproterenol

d) Dobutamine

055. Which of the following sympathomimetics is related to short-acting topical decongestant agents?

a) Xylometazoline

b) Terbutaline

c) Phenylephrine

d) Norepinephrine

056. Indicate the long-acting topical decongestant agents:

a) Epinephrine

b) Norepinephrine

c) Phenylephrine

d) Xylometazoline

057. Which of the following topical decongestant agents is an alfa

-selective agonist?

a) Phenylephrine

b) Xylometazoline

c) Ephedrine

d) Epinephrine

058. Indicate the sympathomimetic, which may be useful in the emergency management of cardiac arrest:

a) Methoxamine

b) Phenylephrine

c) Epinephrine

d) Xylometazoline

059. Which of the following sympathomimetics is used in the therapy of bronchial asthma?

a) Formoterol

b) Norepinephrine

c) Methoxamine

d) Dobutamine

060. Indicate the agent of choice in the emergency therapy of anaphylactic shock:

a) Methoxamine

b) Terbutaline

c) Norepinephrine

d) Epinephrine

061. Which of the following sympathomimetics is an effective mydriatic?

a) Salmeterol

b) Phenylephrine

c) Dobutamine

d) Norepinephrine

062. The adverse effects of sympathomimetics include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Drug-induced parkinsonism

b) Cerebral hemorrhage or pulmonary edema

c) Myocardial infarction

d) Ventricular arrhythmias

PART V Adrenoreceptor antagonist drugs

001. Which of the following drugs is a nonselective alfa receptor antagonist?

a) Prazosin

b) Phentolamine

c) Metoprolol

d) Reserpine

002. Indicate the alfa

-selective antagonist:

a) Phentolamine

b) Dihydroergotamine

c) Prazosin

d) Labetalol

003. Which of the following agents is an alfa

–selective antagonist?

a) Yohimbine

b) Tamsulosin

c) Tolazoline

d) Prazosin

004. Indicate the irreversible alfa receptor antagonist:

a) Tolazoline

b) Labetalol

c) Prazosin

d) Phenoxybenzamine

005. Which of the following drugs is an nonselective beta receptor antagonist?

a) Metoprolol

b) Atenolol

c) Propranolol

d) Acebutolol

006. Indicate the beta

-selective antagonist:

a) Propranolol

b) Metoprolol

c) Carvedilol

d) Sotalol

007. Which of the following agents is a beta

–selective antagonist?

a) Tolazolin

b) Pindolol

c) Ergotamin

d) Butoxamine

008. Indicate the beta adrenoreceptor antagonist, which has partial beta–agonist activity:

a) Propranolol

b) Metoprolol

c) Pindolol

d) Betaxolol

009. Which of the following drugs is a reversible nonselective alfa, beta antagonist?

a) Labetalol

b) Phentolamine

c) Metoprolol

d) Propranolol

010. Indicate the indirect-acting adrenoreceptor blocking drug:

a) Tolazoline

b) Reserpine

c) Carvedilol

d) Prazosin

011. The principal mechanism of action of adrenoreceptor antagonists is:

a) Reversible or irreversible interaction with adrenoreceptors

b) Depletion of the storage of catecholamines

c) Blockade of the amine reuptake pumps

d) Nonselective MAO inhibition

012. Characteristics of alfa-receptor antagonists include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) They cause a fall in peripheral resistance and blood pressure

b) They cause epinephrine reversal (convert a pressor response to a depressor response)

c) Bronchospasm

d) They may cause postural hypotension and reflex tachycardia

013. Which of the following drugs is an imidazoline derivative and a potent competitive antagonist at both alfa

and alfa

receptors?

a) Prazosin

b) Labetalol

c) Phenoxybenzamine

d) Phentolamine

014. Characteristics of phentolamine include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Reduction in peripheral resistance

b) Stimulation of responses to serotonin

c) Tachycardia

d) Stimulation of muscarinic, H

and H

histamine receptors

015. The principal mechanism of phentolamine-induced tachycardia is:

a) Antagonism of presynaptic alfa

receptors enhances norepinephrine release, which causes cardiac

stimulation via unblocked beta receptors

b) Baroreflex mechanism

c) Direct effect on the heart by stimulation of beta

receptors

d) Inhibition of transmitter reuptake at noradrenergic synapses

016. Nonselective alfa-receptor antagonists are most useful in the treatment of:

a) Asthma

b) Cardiac arrhythmias

c) Pheochromocytoma

d) Chronic hypertension

017. The main reason for using alfa-receptor antagonists in the management of pheochromocytoma is:

a) Inhibition of the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

b) Blockade of alfa

receptors on vascular smooth muscle results in epinephrine stimulation of unblocked alfa

receptors

c) Direct interaction with and inhibition of beta

adrenoreceptors

d) Antagonism to the release of renin

018. Which of the following drugs is useful in the treatment of pheochromocytoma?

a) Phenylephrine

b) Propranolol

c) Phentolamine

d) Epinephrine

019. Indicate adrenoreceptor antagonist agents, which are used for the management of pheochromocytoma:

a) Selective beta

-receptor antagonists

b) Nonselective beta-receptor antagonists

c) Indirect-acting adrenoreceptor antagonist drugs

d) Αlfa-receptor antagonists

020. The principal adverse effects of phentolamine include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Diarrhea

b) Bradycardia

c) Arrhythmias

d) Myocardial ischemia

021. Indicate the reversible nonselective alfa-receptor antagonist, which is an ergot derivative:

a) Ergotamine

b) Prazosin

c) Phenoxybenzamine

d) Carvedilol

022. Indicate an alfa-receptor antagonist, which binds covalently to alfa receptors, causing irreversible blockade of long

duration (14-48 hours or longer):

a) Phentolamine

b) Phenoxybenzamine

c) Ergotamine

d) Prazosin

023. Compared with phentolamine, prazosin has all of the following features EXCEPT:

a) Irreversible blockade of alfa receptors

b) Highly selective for alfa

receptors

c) The relative absence of tachycardia

d) Persistent block of alfa

receptors

024. Which of the following statements is not correct?

a) There are at least three subtypes of alfa

receptors, designated alfa

, alfa

and alfa

b) ALFA

subtype mediates prostate smooth muscle contraction

c) ALFA

subtype mediates vascular smooth muscle contraction

d) ALFA

subtype mediates both vascular and prostate smooth muscle contraction

025. Indicate an alfa

adrenoreceptor antagonist, which has great selectivity for alfa

subtype:

a) Prazosin

b) Tamsulosin

c) Phenoxybenzamine

d) Phentolamine

026. Subtype-selective alfa

receptor antagonists such as tamsulosin, terazosin, alfusosin are efficacious in:

a) Hyperthyroidism

b) Cardiac arrhythmias

c) Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

d) Asthma

027. Indicate an alfa receptor antagonist, which is an efficacious drug in the treatment of mild to moderate systemic

hypertension:

a) Phentolamine

b) Tolazoline

c) Ergotamine

d) Prazosin

028. Which of the following alfa receptor antagonists is useful in reversing the intense local vasoconstriction caused by

inadvertent infiltration of norepinephrine into subcutaneous tissue during intravenous administration?

a) Propranolol

b) Phentolamine

c) Tamsulosin

d) Ergotamine

029. Beta-blocking drugs-induced chronically lower blood pressure may be associated with theirs effects on:

a) The heart

b) The blood vessels

c) The renin-angiotensin system

d) All of the above

030. Characteristics of beta-blocking agents include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) They occupy beta receptors and competitively reduce receptor occupancy by catecholamines or other beta agonists

b) They do not cause hypotension in individuals with normal blood pressure

c) They induce depression and depleted stores of catecholamines

d) They can cause blockade in the atrioventricular node

031. Beta-receptor antagonists have all of the following cardiovascular effects EXCEPT:

a) The negative inotropic and chronotropic effects

b) Acute effects of these drugs include a fall in peripheral resistance

c) Vasoconstriction

d) Reduction of the release of renin

032. Beta-blocking agents have all of the following effects except:

a) Increase plasma concentrations of HDL and decrease of VLDL

b) Bronchoconstriction

c) Decrease of aqueous humor prodaction

d) “membrane-stabilizing” action

033. Beta-receptor antagonists cause:

a) Stimulation of lipolysis

b) Stimulation of gluconeogenesis

c) Inhibition of glycogenolysis

d) Stimulation of insulin secretion

034. Propranolol has all of the following cardiovascular effects EXCEPT:

a) It decreases cardiac work and oxygen demand

b) It reduces blood flow to the brain

c) It inhibits the renin secretion

d) It increases the atrioventricular nodal refractory period

035. Propranolol-induced adverse effects include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Bronchoconstriction

b) “supersensitivity” of beta-adrenergic receptors (rapid withdrawal)

c) Hyperglycemia

d) Sedation, sleep disturbances, depression and sexual dysfunction

036. Propranolol is used in the treatment all of the following diseases EXCEPT:

a) Cardiovascular diseases

b) Hyperthyroidism

c) Migraine headache

d) Bronchial asthma

037. Metoprolol and atenolol:

a) Are members of the beta

-selective group

b) Are nonselective beta antagonists

c) Have intrinsic sympathomimetic activity

d) Have an anesthetic action

038. Which of the following beta receptor antagonists is preferable in patients with asthma, diabetes or peripheral vascular

diseases?

a) Propranolol

b) Metoprolol

c) Nadolol

d) Timolol

039. Indicate a beta receptor antagonist, which has very long duration of action:

a) Metoprolol

b) Propranolol

c) Nadolol

d) Pindolol

040. Indicate a beta

-selective receptor antagonist, which has very long duration of action:

a) Betaxolol

b) Sotalol

c) Nadolol

d) Metoprolol

041. Which of the following drugs is a nonselective beta-blocker without intrinsic sympathomimetic or local anesthetic activity

and used for the treatment of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias?

a) Propranolol

b) Oxprenolol

c) Sotalol

d) Atenolol

042. Indicate a beta receptor antagonist with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity:

a) Propranolol

b) Oxprenolol

c) Metoprolol

d) Carvedilol

043. Pindolol, oxprenolol have all of the following properties EXCEPT:

a) They are nonselective beta antagonists

b) They have no partial agonist activity

c) They are less likely to cause bradycardia and abnormalities in plasma lipids

d) They are effective in hypertension and angina

044. Which of the following drugs has both alfa

-selective and beta-blocking effects?

a) Labetalol

b) Betaxolol

c) Propranolol

d) Timolol

045. Characteristics of carvedilol include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) It is a beta

-selective antagonist

b) It has both alfa

-selective and beta-blocking effects

c) It attenuates oxygen free radical-initiated lipid peroxidation

d) It inhibits vascular smooth muscle mitogenesis

046. Indicate the adrenoreceptor antagonist drug, which is a rauwolfia alkaloid:

a) Prazosin

b) Propranolol

c) Reserpine

d) Phentolamine

047. Characteristics of reserpine include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) It inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into vesicles and MAO

b) It decreases cardiac output, peripheral resistance and inhibits pressor reflexes

c) It may cause a transient sympathomimetic effect

d) It depletes stores of catecholamines and serotonin in the brain

048. Indicate a beta-blocker, which is particularly efficacious in thyroid storm:

a) Pindolol

b) Sotalol

c) Phentolamine

d) Propranolol

049. Beta-receptor blocking drugs are used in the treatment all of the following diseases EXCEPT:

a) Hypertension, ischemic heart disease, cardiac arrhythmias

b) Glaucoma

c) Pheochromocytoma

d) Hyperthyroidism

050. Beta-blocker-induced adverse effects include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Bronchoconstriction

b) Depression of myocardial contractility and excitability

c) “supersensitivity” of beta-receptors associated with rapid withdrawal of drugs

d) Hyperglycemia

(3) AGENTS, CONTROLLING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

PART I Hypnotic drugs

001. Hypnotic drugs are used to treat:

a) Psychosis

b) Sleep disorders

c) Narcolepsy

d) Parkinsonian disorders

002. Hypnotic drugs should:

a) Reduce anxiety and exert a calming effect

b) Induce absence of sensation

c) Produce drowsiness, encourage the onset and maintenance of sleep

d) Prevent mood swings in patients with bipolar affective disorders

003. Which of the following chemical agents are used in the treatment of insomnia?

a) Benzodiazepines

b) Imidazopyridines

c) Barbiturates

d) All of the above

004. Select a hypnotic drug, which is a benzodiazepine derivative:

a) Zolpidem

b) Flurazepam

c) Secobarbital

d) Phenobarbitone

005. Tick a hypnotic agent – a barbituric acid derivative:

a) Flurazepam

b) Zaleplon

c) Thyopental

d) Triazolam

006. Select a hypnotic drug, which is an imidazopyridine derivative:

a) Pentobarbital

b) Temazepam

c) Zolpidem

d) Chloral hydrate

007. Which of the following hypnotic agents is absorbed slowly?

a) Phenobarbital

b) Flurazepam

c) Triazolam

d) Temazepam

008. Which of the following barbiturates is an ultra-short-acting drug?

a) Secobarbital

b) Amobarbital

c) Thiopental

d) Phenobarbital

009. Indicate the barbituric acid derivative, which has 4-5 days elimination half-life:

a) Secobarbital

b) Thiopental

c) Phenobarbital

d) Amobarbital

010. Indicate the hypnotic benzodiazepine, which has the shortest elimination half-life:

a) Temazepam

b) Triazolam

c) Flurazepam

d) Diazepam

011. Which of the following hypnotic drugs is more likely to cause cumulative and residual effects?

a) Zolpidem

b) Temazepam

c) Phenobarbital

d) Triazolam

012. Which of the following hypnotic drugs increases the activity of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme systems?

a) Phenobarbital

b) Zolpidem

c) Flurazepam

d) Zaleplon

013. Hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme induction leads to:

a) Barbiturate tolerance

b) Cumulative effects

c) Development of physical dependence

d) “hangover” effects

014. Hypnotic benzodiazepines are more powerful enzyme inducers than barbiturates.

a) True

b) False

015. Indicate the hypnotic drug, which does not change hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activity?

a) Flurazepam

b) Zaleplon

c) Triazolam

d) All of the above

016. Barbiturates increase the rate of metabolism of:

a) Anticoagulants

b) Digitalis compounds

c) Glucocorticoids

d) All of the above

017. Which of the following agents inhibits hepatic metabolism of hypnotics?

a) Flumasenil

b) Cimetidin

c) Phenytoin

d) Theophylline

018. Which of the following factors can influence the biodisposition of hypnotic agents?

a) Alterations in the hepatic function resulting from a disease

b) Old age

c) Drug-induced increases or decreases in microsomal enzyme activities

d) All of the above

019. Which of the following hypnotics is preferred for elderly patients?

a) Phenobarbital

b) Flurozepam

c) Temazepam

d) Secobarbital

020. Which of the following hypnotics is preferred in patients with limited hepatic function?

a) Zolpidem

b) Amobarbital

c) Flurozepam

d) Pentobarbital

021. Indicate the mechanism of barbiturate action (at hypnotic doses):

a) Increasing the duration of the GABA-gated Cl

channel openings

b) Directly activating the chloride channels

c) Increasing the frequency of Cl

channel opening events

d) All of the above

022. Imidazopyridines are:

a) Partial agonists at brain 5-TH

receptors

b) Selective agonists of the BZ

(omega

) subtype of BZ receptors

c) Competitive antagonists of BZ receptors

d) Nonselective agonists of both BZ

and BZ

receptor subtypes

023. Which of the following hypnotic agents is a positive allosteric modulator of GABA

receptor function?

a) Zaleplon

b) Flurazepam

c) Zolpidem

d) All of the above

024. Indicate a hypnotic drug - a selective agonist at the BZ

receptor subtype:

a) Flurazepam

b) Zolpidem

c) Triazolam

d) Flumazenil

025. Which of the following hypnotic agents is able to interact with both BZ

and BZ

receptor subtypes?

a) Zaleplon

b) Phenobarbital

c) Flurazepam

d) Zolpidem

026. Indicate the competitive antagonist of BZ receptors:

a) Flumazenil

b) Picrotoxin

c) Zolpidem

d) Temazepam

027. Flumazenil blocks the actions of:

a) Phenobarbital

b) Morphine

c) Zolpidem

d) Ethanol

028. Indicate the agent, which interferes with GABA binding:

a) Flurazepam

b) Bicuculline

c) Thiopental

d) Zolpidem

029. Which of the following agents blocks the chloride channel directly?

a) Secobarbital

b) Flumazenil

c) Zaleplon

d) Picrotoxin

030. Which of the following agents is preferred in the treatment of insomnia?

a) Barbiturates

b) Hypnotic benzodiazepines

c) Ethanol

d) Phenothiazide

031. Barbiturates are being replaced by hypnotic benzodiazepines because of:

a) Low therapeutic index

b) Suppression in REM sleep

c) High potential of physical dependence and abuse

d) All of the above

032. Which of the following benzodiazepines is used mainly for hypnosis?

a) Clonozepam

b) Lorazepam

c) Flurazepam

d) Midazolam

033. Indicate the main claim for an ideal hypnotic agent:

a) Rapid onset and sufficient duration of action

b) Minor effects on sleep patterns

c) Minimal “hangover” effects

d) All of the above

034. Which stage of sleep is responsible for the incidence of dreams?

a) REM sleep

b) Slow wave sleep

c) Stage 2NREM sleep

d) All of the above

035. During slow wave sleep (stage 3 and 4 NREM sleep):

a) Dreams occur

b) The secretion of adrenal steroids is at its highest

c) Somnambulism and nightmares occur

d) The secretion of somatotropin is at its lowest

036. All of the hypnotic drugs induce:

a) Increase the duration of REM sleep

b) Decrease the duration of REM sleep

c) Do not alter the duration of REM sleep

d) Increase the duration of slow wave sleep

037. Which of the following hypnotic drugs causes least suppression of REM sleep?

a) Flumazenil

b) Phenobarbital

c) Flurazepam

d) Secobarbital

038. Although the benzodiazepines continue to be the agents of choice for insomnia, they have:

a) The possibility of psychological and physiological dependence

b) Synergistic depression of CNS with other drugs (especially alcohol)

c) Residual drowsiness and daytime sedation

d) All of the above

039. Hypnotic benzodiazepines can cause:

a) A dose-dependent increase in both REM and slow wave sleep

b) Do not change sleep patterns

c) A dose-dependent decrease in both REM and slow wave sleep

d) A dose-dependent increase in REM sleep and decrease in slow wave sleep

040. Which one of the following hypnotic benzodiazepines is more likely to cause rebound insomnia?

a) Triazolam

b) Flurazepam

c) Temazepam

d) All of the above

041. Which of the following hypnotic benzodiazepines is more likely to cause “hangover” effects such as drowsiness,

dysphoria, and mental or motor depression the following day?

a) Temazepam

b) Triazolam

c) Flurazepam

d) None of the above

042. Indicate the hypnotic drug, which binds selectively to the BZ

receptor subtype, facilitating GABAergic inhibition:

a) Thiopental

b) Zolpidem

c) Flurazepam

d) Phenobarbital

043. Which of the following statements is correct for zolpidem?

a) Causes minor effects on sleep patterns

b) The risk of development of tolerance and dependence is less than with the use of hypnotic benzodiazepines

c) Has minimal muscle relaxing and anticonvulsant effects

d) All of the above

044. Which agent exerts hypnotic activity with minimal muscle relaxing and anticonvulsant effects?

a) Flurazepam

b) Triazolam

c) Zaleplon

d) None of the above

045. Zolpidem and zaleplon have effectiveness similar to that of hypnotic benzodiazepines in the management of sleep

disorders.

a) True

b) False

046. Which of the following hypnotic drugs is used intravenously as anesthesia?

a) Thiopental

b) Phenobarbital

c) Flurazepam

d) Zolpidem

047. Indicate the usual cause of death due to overdose of hypnotics:

a) Depression of the medullar respiratory center

b) Hypothermia

c) Cerebral edema

d) Status epilepticus

048. Toxic doses of hypnotics may cause a circulatory collapse as a result of:

a) Blocking alfa adrenergic receptors

b) Increasing vagal tone

c) Action on the medullar vasomotor center

d) All of the above

PART II Antiseizure drugs

001. The mechanism of action of antiseizure drugs is:

a) Enhancement of GABAergic (inhibitory) transmission

b) Diminution of excitatory (usually glutamatergic) transmission

c) Modification of ionic conductance

d) All of the above mechanisms

002. Which of the following antiseizure drugs produces enhancement of GABA-mediated inhibition?

a) Ethosuximide

b) Carbamazepine

c) Phenobarbital

d) Lamotrigine

003. Indicate an antiseizure drug, which has an impotent effect on the T-type calcium channels in thalamic neurons?

a) Carbamazepin

b) Lamotrigine

c) Ethosuximide

d) Phenytoin

004. Which of the following antiseizure drugs produces a voltage-dependent inactivation of sodium channels?

a) Lamotrigine

b) Carbamazepin

c) Phenytoin

d) All of the above

005. Indicate an antiseizure drug, inhibiting central effects of excitatory amino acids:

a) Ethosuximide

b) Lamotrigine

c) Diazepam

d) Tiagabine

006. The drug for partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures is:

a) Carbamazepine

b) Valproate

c) Phenytoin

d) All of the above

007. Indicate an anti-absence drug:

a) Valproate

b) Phenobarbital

c) Carbamazepin

d) Phenytoin

008. The drug against myoclonic seizures is:

a) Primidone

b) Carbamazepine

c) Clonazepam

d) Phenytoin

009. The most effective drug for stopping generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus in adults is:

a) Lamotrigine

b) Ethosuximide

c) Diazepam

d) Zonisamide

010. Select the appropriate consideration for phenytoin:

a) It blocks sodium channels

b) It binds to an allosteric regulatory site on the GABA-BZ receptor and prolongs the openings of the Cl

channels

c) It effects on Ca

currents, reducing the low-threshold (T-type) current

d) It inhibits GABA-transaminase, which catalyzes the breakdown of GABA

011. Phenytoin is used in the treatment of:

a) Petit mal epilepsy

b) Grand mal epilepsy

c) Myoclonic seizures

d) All of the above

012. Dose-related adverse effect caused by phenytoin is:

a) Physical and psychological dependence

b) Exacerbated grand mal epilepsy

c) Gingival hyperplasia

d) Extrapyramidal symptoms

013. Granulocytopenia, gastrointestinal irritation, gingival hyperplasia, and facial hirsutism are possible adverse effects of:

a) Phenobarbital

b) Carbamazepin

c) Valproate

d) Phenytoin

014. The antiseizure drug, which induces hepatic microsomal enzymes, is:

a) Lamotrigine

b) Phenytoin

c) Valproate

d) None of the above

015. The drug of choice for partial seizures is:

a) Carbamazepin

b) Ethosuximide

c) Diazepam

d) Lamotrigine

016. The mechanism of action of carbamazepine appears to be similar to that of:

a) Benzodiazepines

b) Valproate

c) Phenytoin

d) Ethosuximide

017. Which of the following antiseizure drugs is also effective in treating trigeminal neuralgia?

a) Primidone

b) Topiramat

c) Carbamazepine

d) Lamotrigine

018. The most common dose-related adverse effects of carbamazepine are:

a) Diplopia, ataxia, and nausea

b) Gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism

c) Sedation, physical and psychological dependence

d) Hemeralopia, myasthenic syndrome

019. Indicate the drug of choice for status epilepticus in infants and children:

a) Phenobarbital sodium

b) Clonazepam

c) Ethosuximide

d) Phenytoin

020. Barbiturates are used in the emergency treatment of status epilepticus in infants and children because of:

a) They significantly decrease of oxygen utilization by the brain, protecting cerebral edema and ischemia

b) Short onset and duration of action

c) They do not have effect on sleep architecture

d) All of the above

021. Which of the following antiseizure drugs binds to an allosteric regulatory site on the GABA-BZ receptor, increases the

duration of the Cl

channels openings:

a) Diazepam

b) Valproate

c) Phenobarbital

d) Topiramate

022. Adverse effect caused by phenobarbital is:

a) Physical and phychological dependence

b) Exacerbated petit mal epilepsy

c) Sedation

d) All of the above

023. Which of the following antiseizure drugs is a prodrug, metabolized to phenobarbital?

a) Phenytoin

b) Primidone

c) Felbamate

d) Vigabatrin

024. Indicate the antiseizure drug, which is a phenyltriazine derivative:

a) Phenobarbital

b) Clonazepam

c) Lamotrigine

d) Carbamazepin

025. Lamotrigine can be used in the treatment of:

a) Partial seizures

b) Absence

c) Myoclonic seizures

d) All of the above

026. The mechanism of vigabatrin′s action is:

a) Direct action on the GABA receptor-chloride channel complex

b) Inhibition of GABA aminotransferase

c) NMDA receptor blockade via the glycine binding site

d) Inhibition of GABA neuronal reuptake from synapses

027. Indicate an irreversible inhibitor of GABA aminotransferase (GABA-T):

a) Diazepam

b) Phenobarbital

c) Vigabatrin

d) Felbamate

028. Tiagabine:

a) Blocks neuronal and glial reuptake of GABA from synapses

b) Inhibits GABA-T, which catalyzed the breakdown of GABA

c) Blocks the T-type Ca

channels

d) Inhibits glutamate transmission at AMPA/kainate receptors

029. The mechanism of both topiramate and felbamate action is:

a) Reduction of excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission

b) Inhibition of voltage sensitive Na

channels

c) Potentiation of GABAergic neuronal transmission

d) All of the above

030. The drug of choice in the treatment of petit mal (absence seizures) is:

a) Phenytoin

b) Ethosuximide

c) Phenobarbital

d) Carbamazepin

031. The dose-related adverse effect of ethosuximide is:

a) Gastrointestinal reactions, such as anorexia, pain, nausea and vomiting

b) Exacerbated grand mal epilepsy

c) Transient lethargy or fatigue

d) All of the above

032. Valproate is very effective against:

a) Absence seizures

b) Myoclonic seizures

c) Generalized tonic-clonic seizures

d) All of the above

033. The drug of choice in the treatment of myoclonic seizures is:

a) Valproate

b) Phenobarbital

c) Phenytoin

d) Felbamate

034. The reason for preferring ethosuximide to valproate for uncomplicated absence seizures is:

a) More effective

b) Valproate′s idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity

c) Greater CNS depressant activity

d) All of the above

035. The mechanism of valproate action is:

a) Facilitation glutamic acid decarboxylase, the enzyme responsible for GABA synthesis and inhibition of GABA-

aminotransferase, the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of GABA (enhance GABA accumulation)

b) Inhibition of voltage sensitive Na

channels

c) Inhibition of low threshold (T-type) Ca

channels

d) All of the above

036. Indicate the antiseizure drug, which is a sulfonamide derivative, blocking Na

channels and having additional ability to

inhibit T-type Ca

channels:

a) Tiagabine

b) Zonisamide

c) Ethosuximide

d) Primidone

037. Indicate the antiseizure drug – a benzodiazepine receptor agonist:

a) Phenobarbital

b) Phenytoin

c) Carbamazepine

d) Lorazepam

038. Which of the following antiseizure drugs acts directly on the GABA receptor-chloride channel complex?

a) Vigabatrin

b) Diazepam

c) Gabapentin

d) Valproate

039. Benzodiazepine΄s uselfulness is limited by:

a) Tolerance

b) Atropine-like symptoms

c) Psychotic episodes

d) Myasthenic syndrome

040. A long-acting drug against both absence and myoclonic seizures is:

a) Primidone

b) Carbamazepine

c) Clonazepam

d) Phenytoin

041. Which of the following antiseizure drugs may produce teratogenicity?

a) Phenytoin

b) Valproate

c) Topiramate

d) All of the above

042. The most dangerous effect of antiseizure drugs after large overdoses is:

a) Respiratory depression

b) Gastrointestinal irritation

c) Alopecia

d) Sedation

PART III Antiparkinsonian agents

001. Which neurons are involved in parkinsonism?

a) Cholinergic neurons

b) GABAergic neurons

c) Dopaminergic neurons

d) All of the above

002. The pathophysiologic basis for antiparkinsonism therapy is:

a) A selective loss of dopaminergic neurons

b) The loss of some cholinergic neurons

c) The loss of the GABAergic cells

d) The loss of glutamatergic neurons

003. Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in Parkinson′s disease?

a) Acetylcholine

b) Glutamate

c) Dopamine

d) All of the above

004. The concentration of dopamine in the basal ganglia of the brain is reduced in parkinsonism.

a) True

b) False

005. Principal aim for treatment of Parkinsonian disorders is:

a) To restore the normal balance of cholinergic and dopaminergic influences on the basal ganglia with antimuscarinic

drugs

b) To restore dopaminergic activity with levodopa and dopamine agonists

c) To decrease glutamatergic activity with glutamate antagonists

d) All of the above

006. Indicate the drug that induces parkinsonian syndromes:

a) Chlorpromazine

b) Diazepam

c) Triazolam

d) Carbamazepine

007. Which of the following drugs is used in the treatment of Parkinsonian disorders?

a) Phenytoin

b) Selegiline

c) Haloperidol

d) Fluoxetine

008. Select the agent, which is preferred in the treatment of the drug-induced form of parkinsonism:

a) Levodopa

b) Bromocriptine

c) Benztropine

d) Dopamine

009. Which of the following agents is the precursor of dopamine?

a) Bromocriptine

b) Levodopa

c) Selegiline

d) Amantadine

010. The main reason for giving levodopa, the precursor of dopamine, instead of dopamine is:

a) Dopamine does not cross the blood-brain barrier

b) Dopamine may induce acute psychotic reactions

c) Dopamine is intensively metabolized in humans

d) All of the above

011. Indicate a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor:

a) Tolcapone

b) Clozapine

c) Carbidopa

d) Selegiline

012. The mechanism of carbidopa′s action is:

a) Stimulating the synthesis, release, or reuptake of dopamine

b) Inhibition of dopa decarboxilase

c) Stimulating dopamine receptors

d) Selective inhibition of catecol-O-methyltransferase

013. Carbidopa is unable to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, it acts to reduce the peripheral conversion of levodopa to

dopamine.

a) True

b) False

014. When carbidopa and levodopa are given concomitantly:

a) Levodopa blood levels are increased, and drug half-life is lengthened

b) The dose of levodopa can be significantly reduced (by 75%), also reducing toxic side effects

c) A shorter latency period precedes the occurrence of beneficial effects

d) All of the above

015. Which of the following preparations combines carbidopa and levodopa in a fixed proportion?

a) Selegiline

b) Sinemet

c) Tolkapone

d) Biperiden

016. Which of the following statements is correct for levodopa?

a) Tolerance to both beneficial and adverse effects develops gradually

b) Levodopa is most effective in the first 2-5 years of treatment

c) After 5 years of therapy, patients have dose-related dyskinesias, inadequate response or toxicity

d) All of the above

017. Gastrointestinal irritation, cardiovascular effects, including tachycardia, arrhythmias, and orthostatic hypotension, mental

disturbances, and withdrawal are possible adverse effects of:

a) Amantadine

b) Benztropine

c) Levodopa

d) Selegiline

018. Which of the following agents is the most helpful in counteracting the behavioral complications of levodopa?

a) Tolkapone

b) Clozapine

c) Carbidopa

d) Pergolide

019. Which of the following vitamins reduces the beneficial effects of levodopa by enhancing its extracerebral metabolism?

a) Pyridoxine

b) Thiamine

c) Tocopherol

d) Riboflavin

020. Which of the following drugs antagonizes the effects of levodopa because it leads to a junctional blockade of dopamine

action?

a) Reserpine

b) Haloperidol

c) Chlorpromazine

d) All of the above

021. Levodopa should not be given to patients taking:

a) Bromocriptine

b) Monoamine oxydase A inhibitors

c) Carbidopa

d) Nonselective beta-adrenergic antagonists

022. Indicate D

receptor agonist with antiparkinsonian activity:

a) Sinemet

b) Levodopa

c) Bromocriptine

d) Selegiline

023. Which of the following antiparkinsonian drugs has also been used to treat hyperprolactinemia?

a) Benztropine

b) Bromocriptine

c) Amantadine

d) Levodopa

024. Indicate a selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B:

a) Levodopa

b) Amantadine

c) Tolcapone

d) Selegiline

025. Which of the following statements is correct?

a) MAO-A metabolizes dopamine; MAO-B metabolizes serotonin

b) MAO-A metabolizes norepinephrine and dopamine; MAO-B metabolizes serotonin

c) MAO-A metabolizes norepinephrine and serotonin; MAO-B metabolizes dopamine

d) MAO-A metabolizes dopamine; MAO-B metabolizes norepinephrine and serotonin

026. Treatment with selegilin postpones the need for levodopa for 3-9 months and may retard the progression of Parkinson′s

disease.

a) True

b) False

027. The main reason for avoiding the combined administration of levodopa and an inhibitor of both forms of monoamine

oxidase is:

a) Respiratory depression

b) Hypertensive emergency

c) Acute psychotic reactions

d) Cardiovascular collapse and CNS depression

028. Indicate selective catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor, which prolongs the action of levodopa by diminishing its

peripheral metabolism:

a) Carbidopa

b) Clozapine

c) Tolcapone

d) Rasagiline

029. Which of the following antiparkinsonian drugs is an antiviral agent used in the prophylaxis of influenza A

a) Selegiline

b) Sinemet

c) Pergolide

d) Amantadine

030. The mechanism of amantadine action is:

a) Stimulating the glutamatergic neurotransmission

b) Blocking the excitatory cholinergic system

c) Inhibition of dopa decarboxilase

d) Selective inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase

031. Which of the following antiparkinsonism drugs is an anticholinergic agent?

a) Amantadine

b) Selegilin

c) Trihexyphenidyl

d) Bromocriptine

032. Mental confusion and hallucinations, peripheral atropine-like toxicity (e.g. Cycloplegia, tachycardia, urinary retention, and

constipation) are possible adverse effects of:

a) Sinemet

b) Benztropine

c) Tolkapone

d) Bromocriptine

033. Indicate the antiparkinsonism drug which should be avoided in patients with glaucoma:

a) Selegilin

b) Levodopa

c) Bromocriptine

d) Trihexyphenidyl

PART IV Ethyl alcohol

001. Alcohol may cause:

a) CNS depression

b) Vasodilatation

c) Hypoglycemia

d) All of the above

002. Alcohol:

a) Increases body temperature

b) Decreases body heat loss

c) Increases body heat loss

d) Does not affect body temperature

003. It is undesirable to take alcohol before going outdoors when it extremely cold, but it may be harmless to take some after

coming into a warm place from the cold.

a) True

b) False

004. The most common medical complication of alcohol abuse is:

a) Liver failure including liver cirrhosis

b) Tolerance and physical dependence

c) Generalized symmetric peripheral nerve injury, ataxia and dementia

d) All of the above

005. Effect of moderate consumption of alcohol on plasma lipoproteins is:

a) Raising serum levels of high-density lipoproteins

b) Increasing serum concentration of low-density lipoproteins

c) Decreasing the concentration of high-density lipoproteins

d) Raising serum levels of very low-density lipoproteins

006. Which of the following metabolic alterations may be associated with chronic alcohol abuse?

a) Hyperglycemia

b) Increased serum concentration of phosphate

c) Severe loss of potassium and magnesium

d) Decreased serum concentration of sodium

007. Alcohol potentiates:

a) SNS depressants

b) Vasodilatators

c) Hypoglycemic agents

d) All of the above

008. Which of the following drugs is most commonly used for causing a noxious reaction to alcohol by blocking its

metabolism?

a) Naltrexone

b) Disulfiram

c) Diazepam

d) Morphine

009. Which of the following agents is an inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase?

a) Fomepizole

b) Ethanol

c) Disulfiram

d) Naltrexone

010. Indicate the drug, which alters brain responses to alcohol:

a) Naltrexone

b) Disulfiram

c) Amphetamine

d) Chlorpromazine

011. Which of the following agents is an opioid antagonist?

a) Amphetamine

b) Naltrexone

c) Morphine

d) Disulfiram

012. Alcohol causes an acute increase in the local concentrations of:

a) Dopamine

b) Opioid

c) Serotonine

d) All of the above

013. Management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome contains:

a) Restoration of potassium, magnesium and phosphate balance

b) Thiamine therapy

c) Substituting a long-acting sedative-hypnotic drug for alcohol

d) All of the above

014. Indicate the drug, which decreases the craving for alcohol or blunts pleasurable “high” that comes with renewed drinking:

a) Disulfiram

b) Amphetamine

c) Naltrexone

d) Diazepam

015. The symptoms resulting from the combination of disulfiram and alcohol are:

a) Hypertensive crisis leading to cerebral ischemia and edema

b) Nausea, vomiting

c) Respiratory depression and seizures

d) Acute psychotic reactions

016. The combination of disulfiram and ethanol leads to accumulation of:

a) Formaldehyde

b) Acetate

c) Formic acid

d) Acetaldehyde

017. The combination of naltrexone and disulfiram should be avoided since both drugs are potential hepatotoxins.

a) True

b) False

018. Indicate the “specific” modality of treatment for severe methanol poisoning:

a) Dialysis to enhance removal of methanol

b) Alkalinization to counteract metabolic acidosis

c) Suppression of metabolism by alcohol dehydrogenase to toxic products

d) All of the above

019. Which of the following agents may be used as an antidote for ethylene glycol and methanol poisoning?

a) Disulfiram

b) Fomepizol

c) Naltrexone

d) Amphetamine

020. The principal mechanism of fomepizol action is associated with inhibition of:

a) Aldehyde dehydrogenase

b) Acethylholinesterase

c) Alcohol dehydrogenase

d) Monoamine oxidase

PART V Narcotic analgesics

001. Narcotics analgesics should:

a) Relieve severe pain

b) Induce loss of sensation

c) Reduce anxiety and exert a calming effect

d) Induce a stupor or somnolent state

002. Second-order pain is:

a) Sharp, well-localized pain

b) Dull, burning pain

c) Associated with fine myelinated A-delta fibers

d) Effectively reduced by non-narcotic analgesics

003. Chemical mediators in the nociceptive pathway are all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Enkephalins

b) Kinins

c) Prostaglandins

d) Substance P

004. Indicate the chemical mediator in the antinociceptive descending pathways:

a) BETA-endorphin

b) Met- and leu-enkephalin

c) Dynorphin

d) All of the above

005. 5. Which of the following mediators is found mainly in long descending pathways from the midbrain to the dorsal horn?

a) Prostaglandin E

b) Dynorphin

c) Enkephalin

d) Glutamate

006. Select the brain and spinal cord regions, which are involved in the transmission of pain?

a) The limbic system, including the amygdaloidal nucleus and the hypothalamus

b) The ventral and medial parts of the thalamus

c) The substantia gelatinosa

d) All of the above

007. Mu (μ) receptors are associated with:

a) Analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression, physical dependence

b) Spinal analgesia, mydriasis, sedation, physical dependence

c) Dysphoria, hallucinations, respiratory and vasomotor stimulation

d) Analgesia, euphoria, respiratory stimulation, physical dependence

008. Which of the following opioid receptor types is responsible for euphoria and respiratory depression?

a) Kappa-receptors

b) Delta-receptors

c) Mu-receptors

d) All of the above

009. Indicate the opioid receptor type, which is responsible for dysphoria and vasomotor stimulation:

a) Kappa-receptors

b) Delta-receptors

c) Mu-receptors

d) All of the above

010. Kappa and delta agonists:

a) Inhibit postsynaptic neurons by opening K

channels

b) Close a voltage-gated Ca

channels on presynaptic nerve terminals

c) Both a and b

d) Inhibit of arachidonate cyclooxygenase in CNS

011. Which of the following supraspinal structures is implicated in pain-modulating descending pathways?

a) The midbrain periaqueductal gray

b) The hypothalamus

c) The aria postrema

d) The limbic cortex

012. Indicate the neurons, which are located in the locus ceruleus or the lateral tegmental area of the reticular formation:

a) Dopaminergic

b) Serotoninergic

c) Nonadrenergic

d) Gabaergic

013. Which of the following analgesics is a phenanthrene derivative?

a) Fentanyl

b) Morphine

c) Methadone

d) Pentazocine

014. Tick narcotic analgesic, which is a phenylpiperidine derivative:

a) Codeine

b) Dezocine

c) Fentanyl

d) Buprenorphine

015. Which of the following opioid analgesics is a strong mu receptor agonist?

a) Naloxone

b) Morphine

c) Pentazocine

d) Buprenorphine

016. Indicate the narcotic analgesic, which is a natural agonist:

a) Meperidine

b) Fentanyl

c) Morphine

d) Naloxone

017. Select the narcotic analgesic, which is an antagonist or partial mu receptor agonist:

a) Fentanyl

b) Pentazocine

c) Codeine

d) Methadone

018. Which of the following agents is a full antagonist of opioid receptors?

a) Meperidine

b) Buprenorphine

c) Naloxone

d) Butorphanol

019. The principal central nervous system effect of the opioid analgesics with affinity for a mu receptor is:

a) Analgesia

b) Respiratory depression

c) Euphoria

d) All of the above

020. Which of the following opioid analgesics can produce dysphoria, anxiety and hallucinations?

a) Morphine

b) Fentanyl

c) Pentazocine

d) Methadone

021. Indicate the opioid analgesic, which has 80 times analgesic potency and respiratory depressant properties of morphine,

and is more effective than morphine in maintaining hemodynamic stability?

a) Fentanyl

b) Pentazocine

c) Meperidine

d) Nalmefene

022. Which of the following opioid analgesics is used in combination with droperidol in neuroleptanalgesia?

a) Morphine

b) Buprenorphine

c) Fentanyl

d) Morphine

023. Fentanyl can produce significant respiratory depression by:

a) Inhibiting brain stem respiratory mechanisms

b) Suppression of the cough reflex leading to airway obstruction

c) Development of truncal rigidity

d) Both a and c

024. Most strong mu receptor agonists cause:

a) Hypertension

b) Increasing the pulmonary arterial pressure and myocardial work

c) Cerebral vasodilatation, causing an increase in intracranial pressure

d) All of the above

025. Which of the following opioid analgesics can produce an increase in the pulmonary arterial pressure and myocardial

work?

a) Morphine

b) Pentazocine

c) Meperidine

d) Methadone

026. Morphine causes the following effects EXCEPT:

a) Constipation

b) Dilatation of the biliary duct

c) Urinary retention

d) Bronchiolar constriction

027. Therapeutic doses of the opioid analgesics:

a) Decrease body temperature

b) Increase body temperature

c) Decrease body heat loss

d) Do not affect body temperature

028. Which of the following opioid analgesics is used in obstetric labor?

a) Fentanyl

b) Pentazocine

c) Meperidine

d) Buprenorphine

029. Indicate the opioid analgesic, which is used for relieving the acute, severe pain of renal colic:

a) Morphine

b) Naloxone

c) Methadone

d) Meperidine

030. Which of the following opioid analgesics is used in the treatment of acute pulmonary edema?

a) Morphine

b) Codeine

c) Fentanyl

d) Loperamide

031. The relief produced by intravenous morphine in dyspnea from pulmonary edema is associated with reduced:

a) Perception of shortness of breath

b) Patient anxiety

c) Cardiac preload (reduced venous tone) and afterload (decreased peripheral resistance)

d) All of the above

032. Rhinorrhea, lacrimation, chills, gooseflesh, hyperventilation, hyperthermia, mydriasis, muscular aches, vomiting,

diarrhea, anxiety, and hostility are effects of:

a) Tolerance

b) Opioid overdosage

c) Drug interactions between opioid analgesics and sedative-hypnotics

d) Abstinence syndrome

033. The diagnostic triad of opioid overdosage is:

a) Mydriasis, coma and hyperventilation

b) Coma, depressed respiration and miosis

c) Mydriasis, chills and abdominal cramps

d) Miosis, tremor and vomiting

034. Which of the following opioid agents is used in the treatment of acute opioid overdose?

a) Pentazocine

b) Methadone

c) Naloxone

d) Remifentanyl

035. Indicate the pure opioid antagonist, which has a half-life of 10 hours:

a) Naloxone

b) Naltrexone

c) Tramadol

d) Pentazocine

036. In contrast to morphine, methadone:

a) Causes tolerance and physical dependence more slowly

b) Is more effective orally

c) Withdrawal is less severe, although more prolonged

d) All of the above

037. Which of the following opioid analgesics is a partial mu receptor agonist?

a) Morphine

b) Methadone

c) Buprenorphine

d) Sufentanyl

038. Indicate a partial mu receptor agonist, which has 20-60 times analgesic potency of morphine, and a longer duration of

action:

a) Pentazocine

b) Buprenorphine

c) Nalbuphine

d) Naltrexone

039. Which of the following opioid analgesics is a strong kappa receptor agonist and a mu receptor antagonist?

a) Naltrexone

b) Methadone

c) Nalbuphine

d) Buprenorphine

040. Which of the following drugs has weak mu agonist effects and inhibitory action on norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake

in the CNS?

a) Loperamide

b) Tramadol

c) Fluoxetine

d) Butorphanol

PART VI Non-narcotic analgesics

001. Non-narcotic analgesics are mainly effective against pain associated with:

a) Inflammation or tissue damage

b) Trauma

c) Myocardial infarction

d) Surgery

002. Non-narcotic agents cause:

a) Respiratory depression

b) Antipyretic effect

c) Euphoria

d) Physical dependence

003. Non-narcotic analgesics are all of the following drugs EXCEPT:

a) Paracetamol

b) Acetylsalicylic acid

c) Butorphanol

d) Ketorolac

004. Select the non-narcotic drug, which is a paraaminophenol derivative:

a) Analgin

b) Aspirin

c) Baclophen

d) Paracetamol

005. Which of the following non-narcotic agents is salicylic acid derivative?

a) Phenylbutazone

b) Ketamine

c) Aspirin

d) Tramadol

006. Tick pirazolone derivative:

a) Methylsalicylate

b) Analgin

c) Paracetamol

d) Ketoralac

007. Which one of the following non-narcotic agents inhibits mainly cyclooxygenase (COX) in CNS?

a) Paracetamol

b) Ketorolac

c) Acetylsalicylic acid

d) Ibuprofen

008. Most of non-narcotic analgetics have:

a) Anti-inflammatory effect

b) Analgesic effect

c) Antipyretic effect

d) All of the above

009. Indicate the non-narcotic analgesic, which lacks an anti-inflammatory effect:

a) Naloxone

b) Paracetamol

c) Metamizole

d) Aspirin

010. Correct statements concerning aspirin include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) It inhibits mainly peripheral COX

b) It does not have an anti-inflammatory effect

c) It inhibits platelet aggregation

d) It stimulates respiration by a direct action on the respiratory center

011. For which of the following conditions could aspirin be used prophylactically?

a) Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema

b) Peptic ulcers

c) Thromboembolism

d) Metabolic acidosis

012. All of the following are undesirable effects of aspirin EXCEPT:

a) Gastritis with focal erosions

b) Tolerance and physical addiction

c) Bleeding due to a decrease of platelet aggregation

d) Reversible renal insufficiency

013. Characteristic findinds of salicylism include:

a) Headache, mental confusion and drowsiness

b) Tinnitus and difficulty in hearing

c) Hyperthermia, sweating, thirst, hyperventilation, vomiting and diarrhea

d) All of the above

014. Analgin usefulness is limited by:

a) Agranulocytosis

b) Erosions and gastric bleeding

c) Methemoglobinemia

d) Hearing impairment

015. Methemoglobinemia is possible adverse effect of:

a) Aspirin

b) Paracetamol

c) Analgin

d) Ketorolac

016. Correct the statements concerning ketorolac include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) It inhibits COX

b) It is as effective as morphine for a short-term relief from moderate to severe pain

c) It has a high potential for physical dependence and abuse

d) It does not produce respiratory depression

017. Indicate the nonopioid agent of central effect with analgesic activity:

a) Reserpine

b) Propranolol

c) Clopheline

d) Prazosin

018. Select the antiseizure drug with an analgesic component of effect:

a) Carbamazepine

b) Ethosuximide

c) Phenytoin

d) Clonazepam

019. Which of the following nonopioid agents is an antidepressant with analgesic activity?

a) Fluoxetine

b) Moclobemide

c) Tranylcypramine

d) Amitriptyline

020. Tick mixed (opioid/non-opioid) agent:

a) Paracetamol

b) Tramadol

c) Sodium valproate

d) Butorphanol

PART VII Antipsychotic agents

001. Neuroleptics are used to treat:

a) Neurosis

b) Psychosis

c) Narcolepsy

d) Parkinsonian disorders

002. Most antipsychotic drugs:

a) Strongly block postsynaptic d

receptor

b) Stimulate postsynaptic D

receptor

c) Block NMDA receptor

d) Stimulate 5-HT

receptor

003. Which of the following dopaminergic systems is most closely related to behavior?

a) The hypothalamic-pituitary system

b) The extrapyramidal system

c) The mesolimbic and mesofrontal systems

d) The chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla

004. Hyperprolactinemia is caused by blockade of dopamine in:

a) The chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla

b) The pituitary

c) The extrapiramidal system

d) The mesolimbic and mesofrontal systems

005. Parkinsonian symptoms and tarditive dyskinesia are caused by blockade dopamine in:

a) The nigrostriatal system

b) The mesolimbic and mesofrontal systems

c) The chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla

d) The tuberoinfundibular system

006. Extrapyramidal reactions can be treated by:

a) Levodopa

b) Benztropine mesylate

c) Bromocriptine

d) Dopamine

007. Which of the following statements is true?

a) D

postsynaptic receptors are located in striatum

b) D

pre- and postsynaptic receptors are located in striatum and limbic areas

c) D

postsynaptic receptors are located in frontal cortex, mesolimbic system

d) All of the above

008. Which of the following antipsychotic drugs is typical?

a) Clozapine

b) Quetiapine

c) Haloperidol

d) Olanzapine

009. Indicate the atypical antipsychotic drug:

a) Haloperidol

b) Clozapine

c) Thioridazine

d) Thiothixene

010. Atypical antipsychotic agents (such as clozapine) differ from typical ones:

a) In reduced risks of extrapyramidal system dysfunction and tardive dyscinesia

b) In having low affinity for D

and D

dopamine receptors

c) In having high affinity for D

dopamine receptors

d) All of the above

011. Tardive dyskinesia is the result of:

a) Degeneration of dopaminergic and cholinergic fibers

b) Hyperactive dopaminergic state in the presence of dopamine blockers

c) Degeneration of histaminergic fibers

d) Supersensitivity of cholinergic receptors in the caudate-putamen

012. Which of the following antipsychotic drugs has high affinity for D

and 5-HT

receptors?

a) Clozapine

b) Fluphenazine

c) Thioridazine

d) Haloperidole

013. Indicate the antipsychotic drug, which is a phenothiazine aliphatic derivative:

a) Thiothixene

b) Risperidone

c) Chlorpromazine

d) Clozapine

014. Indicate the antipsychotic drug, which is a butyrophenone derivative:

a) Droperidol

b) Thioridazine

c) Sertindole

d) Fluphenazine

015. Indicate the antipsychotic drug, which is a thioxanthene derivative:

a) Haloperidol

b) Clozapine

c) Chlorpromazine

d) Thiothixene

016. Indicate the antipsychotic agent – a dibenzodiazepine derivative:

a) Fluphenazine

b) Clozapine

c) Risperidone

d) Droperidol

017. The strong antiemetic effect of the phenothiazine derivatives is due to dopamine receptor blockade:

a) In the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla

b) Of the receptors in the stomach

c) The medullar vomiting centre

d) All of the above

018. Phenothiazine derivatives are able to:

a) Alter temperature-regulating mechanisms producing hypothermia

b) Decrease levels of prolactin

c) Increase corticotrophin release and secretion of pituitary growth hormone

d) Decrease appetite and weight

019. Most phenothiazine derivatives have:

a) Antihistaminic activity

b) Anticholinergic activity

c) Antidopaminergic activity

d) All of the above

020. Indicate the antipsychotic drug having significant peripheral alpha-adrenergic blocking activity:

a) Haloperidol

b) Chlorpromazine

c) Clozapine

d) Risperidone

021. Indicate the antipsychotic drug having a muscarinic-cholinergic blocking activity:

a) Chlorpromazine

b) Clorprothixene

c) Risperidone

d) Haloperidol

022. Indicate the antipsychotic drug having H

-antihistaminic activity:

a) Clozapine

b) Chlorpromazine

c) Olanzapine

d) All of the above

023. Parkinson′s syndrome, acute dystonic reactions, tardive dyskinesia, antimuscarinic actions, orthostatic hypotension,

galactorrhea are possible adverse effects of:

a) Haloperidol

b) Clozapine

c) Chlorpromazine

d) Risperidone

024. Orthostatic hypotension can occur as a result of:

a) The central action of phenothiazines

b) Inhibition of norepinephrine uptake mechanisms

c) Alpha adrenoreceptor blockade

d) All of the above

025. Adverse peripheral effects, such as loss of accommodation, dry mouth, tachycardia, urinary retention, constipation are

related to:

a) Alpha adrenoreceptor blockade

b) Muscarinic cholinoreceptor blockade

c) Supersesitivity of the dopamine receptor

d) Dopamine receptor blockade

026. Which of the following phenothiazine derivatives is a potent local anesthetic?

a) Fluphenazine

b) Thioridazine

c) Chlorpromazine

d) None of the above

027. Which of the following phenothiazine derivatives may produce cardiac toxicity, including ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac

conduction block, and sudden death?

a) Thioridazine

b) Chlorpromazine

c) Perphenazine

d) Fluphenazine

028. Which of the following antipsychotic agents is preferable in patients with coronary and cerebrovascular disease?

a) Chlorpromazine

b) Fluphenazine

c) Haloperidol

d) Perphenazine

029. Which of the following antipsychotic agents is used in combination with an opioid drug fentanyl in neuroleptanalgesia?

a) Haloperidol

b) Droperidol

c) Chlorpromazine

d) Clozapine

030. The mechanism of haloperidol antipsychotic action is:

a) Blocking D

receptors

b) Central alpha-adrenergic blocking

c) Inhibition of norepinephrine uptake mechanisms

d) All of the above

031. Which of the following statements is correct for clozapine?

a) Has potent anticholinergic activity

b) Has high affinity for D

and D

dopamine receptors

c) Produces significant extrapyramidal toxicity

d) Is related to typical antipsychotic agents

032. Which of the following antipsychotic drugs has the high risk of potentially fatal agranulocytosis and risk of seizures at

high doses?

a) Haloperidol

b) Risperidone

c) Clozapine

d) Chlorpromazine

033. Which of the following antipsychotic drugs has high affinity for D

and 5-HT

receptors?

a) Droperidol

b) Clozapine

c) Thiothixene

d) Risperidone

034. Lithium carbonate is useful in the treatment of:

a) Petit mal seizures

b) Bipolar disorder

c) Neurosis

d) Trigeminal neuralgia

035. The drug of choice for manic-depressive psychosis is:

a) Imipramine

b) Chlordiazepoxide

c) Isocarboxazid

d) Lithium carbonate

036. The lithium mode of action is:

a) Effect on electrolytes and ion transport

b) Effect on neurotransmitters

c) Effect on second messengers

d) All of the above

037. Which of the following statements is correct for lithium?

a) Stimulate dopamine and beta-adrenergic receptors

b) Decrease catecholamine-related activity

c) Stimulate the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity

d) Decrease cholinergic activity

038. Which of the following adverse effects is associated with lithium treatment?

a) Cardiovascular anomalies in the newborn

b) Thyroid enlargement

c) Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

d) All of the above

PART VIII Antidepressant agents

001. The principal mechanism of action of antidepressant agents is:

a) Stabilization of dopamine and beta-adrenergic receptors

b) Inhibition of the storage of serotonin and epinephrine in the vesicles of presynaptic nerve endings

c) Blocking epinephrine or serotonin reuptake pumps

d) Stimulation of alfa

-norepinephrine receptors

002. Which of the following agents is related to tricyclic antidepressants?

a) Nefazodon

b) Amitriptyline

c) Fluoxetine

d) Isocarboxazid

003. Indicate the second-generation heterocyclic drug:

a) Maprotiline

b) Imipramine

c) Phenelzine

d) Fluoxetine

004. Which of the following agents is related to the third-generation heterocyclic antidepressants?

a) Amitriptyline

b) Maprotiline

c) Nefazodone

d) Tranylcypromine

005. Which of the following antidepressants is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor?

a) Phenelzine

b) Desipramine

c) Maprotiline

d) Fluoxetine

006. Which of the following antidepressant agents is a selective inhibitor of norepinephrine reuptake?

a) Fluvoxamine

b) Maprotiline

c) Amitriptyline

d) Tranylcypromine

007. Indicate the antidepressant, which blocks the reuptake pumps for serotonin and norepinephrine:

a) Amitriptyline

b) Fluoxetine

c) Maprotiline

d) Phenelzine

008. Which of the following antidepressants is an unselective MAO blocker and produces extremely long-lasting inhibition of

the enzyme?

a) Moclobemide

b) Tranylcypramine

c) Selegiline

d) Fluoxetine

009. Indicate the irreversible MAO inhibitor, which is a hydrazide derivative:

a) Moclobemide

b) Selegiline

c) Tranylcypramine

d) Phenelzine

010. Which of the following MAO inhibitors has amphetamine-like activity and is related to nonhydrazide derivatives:

a) Phenelzine

b) Moclobemide

c) Tranylcypramine

d) All of the above

011. Which of the following antidepressants is a selective short-acting MAO-A inhibitor?

a) Maprotiline

b) Amitriptyline

c) Moclobemide

d) Selegiline

012. Monoamine Oxydase A:

a) Is responsible for norepinephrine, serotonin, and tyramine metabolism

b) Is more selective for dopamine

c) Metabolizes norepinephrine and dopamine

d) Deaminates dopamine and serotonin

013. Which synapses are involved in depression?

a) Dopaminergic synapses

b) Serotoninergic synapses

c) Cholinergic synapses

d) All of the above

014. Block of which type of Monoamine Oxydase might be more selective for depression?

a) MAO-A

b) MAO-B

c) Both MAO-A and MAO-B

d) MAO-C

015. The principal mechanism of MAO inhibitor action is:

a) Blocking the amine reuptake pumps, which permits to increase the concentration of the neurotransmitter at the

receptor site

b) Blocking a major degradative pathway for the amine neurotransmitters, which permits more amines to

accumulate in presynaptic stores

c) Inhibition the storage of amine neurotransmitters in the vesicles of presynaptic nerve endings

d) Antagonism of alfa

-norepinephrine receptors

016. The irreversible MAO inhibitors have a very high risk of developing:

a) Respiratory depression

b) Cardiovascular collapse and CNS depression

c) Hypertensive reactions to tyramine ingested in food

d) Potentially fatal agranulocytosis

017. The most dangerous pharmacodynamic interaction is between MAO inhibitors and:

a) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

b) Tricyclics

c) Sympathomimetics

d) All of the above

018. Serotonin syndrome is a result of:

a) Increased stores of monoamine

b) Significant accumulation of amine neurotransmitters in the synapses

c) Both a and b

d) Depleted stores of biogenic amines

019. The therapeutic response to antidepressant drugs is usually over a period of:

a) 2-3 days

b) 2-3 weeks

c) 24 hours

d) 2-3 month

020. Which of the following antidepressants may have latency period as short as 48 hours?

a) Tranylcypromine

b) Imipramine

c) Fluoxetine

d) Amitrityline

021. Which of the following features do MAO inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have in common?

a) Act postsynaptically to produce their effect

b) Can precipitate hypotensive crises if certain foods are ingested

c) Increase levels of biogenic amines

d) Are useful for the manic phase of bipolar disorder

022. Tricyclic antidepressants are:

a) Highly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

b) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

c) Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

d) Mixed norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors

023. Which of the following autonomic nervous system effects is common for tricyclic antidepressants?

a) Antimuscarinic action

b) Antihistaminic action

c) Alfa adrenoreceptor-blocking action

d) All of the above

024. Indicate an effective antidepressant with minimal autonomic toxicity:

a) Amitrityline

b) Fluoxetine

c) Imipramine

d) Doxepin

025. Fluoxetine has fewer adverse effects because of:

a) Mixed norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibition

b) Depleted stores of amine neurotransmitters

c) Minimal binding to cholinergic, histaminic, and alfa-adrenergic receptors

d) All of the above

026. Which of the following tricyclic and heterocyclic antidepressants has the greatest sedation?

a) Doxepin

b) Amitriptyline

c) Trazodone

d) All of the above

027. Which of the following tricyclic and heterocyclic agents has the least sedation?

a) Protriptyline

b) Trazodone

c) Amitriptyline

d) Mitrazapine

028. Indicate a tricyclic or a heterocyclic antidepressant having greatest antimuscarinic effects:

a) Desipramine

b) Amitriptyline

c) Trazodone

d) Mirtazapine

029. Indicate a tricyclic or a heterocyclic antidepressant having least antimuscarinic effects:

a) Trazodone

b) Buprorion

c) Mirtazapine

d) All of the above

030. Which of the following antidepressants has significant alfa

-adrenoreceptor antagonism?

a) Amitriptyline

b) Nefazodone

c) Mirtazapine

d) Doxepin

031. Indicate the main claim for an ideal antidepressant agent:

a) A faster onset of action

b) Fewer adverse sedative and autonomic effects

c) Fewer toxicity when overdoses are taken

d) All of the above

032. Sedation, peripheral atropine-like toxicity (e.g. Cycloplegia, tachycardia, urinary retention, and constipation), orthostatic

hypotension, arrhythmias, weight gain and sexual disturbances are possible adverse effects of:

a) Sertaline

b) Amitriptyline

c) Phenelsine

d) Bupropion

033. Which of the following drugs is least likely to be prescribed to patients with prostatic hypertrophy, glaucoma, coronary

and cerebrovascular disease?

a) Amitriptyline

b) Paroxetine

c) Bupropion

d) Fluoxetine

034. Indicate the antidepressant agent, which is a phenyltolylpropylamine derivative:

a) Paroxetine

b) Maprotiline

c) Fluoxetine

d) Amitriptyline

035. The mechanism of fluoxetine action includes:

a) Selective inhibition of serotonine uptake in the CNS

b) Little effect on central norepinephrine or dopamine function

c) Minimal binding to cholinergic, histaminic, and alfa-adrenergic receptors

d) All of the above

036. Which of the following antidepressants is used for treatment of eating disorders, especially buliemia?

a) Amitriptyline

b) Fluoxetine

c) Imipramine

d) Tranylcypromine

037. Sertaline and paroxetine are similar to fluoxetine in the mechanism of action and therapeutic use, sertaline is less likely

to interact adversely with other drugs.

a) True

b) False

038. A highly selective serotonine reuptake inhibitor is:

a) Sertaline

b) Paroxetine

c) Fluoxetine

d) All of the above

PART IX Anxiolytic agents

001. Anxiolytics are used to treat:

a) Neurosis

b) Psychosis

c) Narcolepsy

d) Bipolar disorders

002. Anxiolytic agents should:

a) Relieve pain

b) Reduce anxiety and exert a calming effect

c) Improve mood and behavior in patient with psychotic symptoms

d) Produce drowsiness, encourage the onset and maintenance of a state of sleep

003. Anxiolytics are also useful for:

a) Treatment of epilepsy and seizures

b) Insomnia

c) Muscle relaxation in specific neuromuscular disorders

d) All of the above

004. Indicate the agents of choice in the treatment of most anxiety states:

a) Barbiturates

b) Benzodiazepines

c) Lithium salts

d) Phenothiazines

005. The choice of benzodiazepines for anxiety is based on:

a) A relatively high therapeutic index

b) Availability of flumazenil for treatment of overdose

c) A low risk of physiologic dependence

d) All of the above

006. Which of the following anxiolitics is a benzodiazepine derivative:

a) Buspirone

b) Clordiazepoxide

c) Meprobamate

d) Chloral hydrate

007. Indicate the benzodiazepine, which has the shortest elimination half-life:

a) Quazepam

b) Triazolam

c) Diazepam

d) Clorazepate

008. Which of the following benzodiazepines has the shortest duration of action?

a) Triazolam

b) Clorazepate

c) Prazepam

d) Clordiazepoxide

009. Which of the following benzodiazepines is less likely to cause cumulative and residual effects with multiple doses?

a) Clorazepate

b) Quazepam

c) Lorazepam

d) Prazepam

010. Anxiolytic dosage reduction is recommended:

a) In patients taking cimetidine

b) In patients with hepatic dysfunction

c) In elderly patients

d) All of the above

011. Which of the following benzodiazepines is preferred for elderly patients?

a) Clorazepate

b) Clordiazepoxide

c) Triazolam

d) Prazepam

012. Which of the following anxiolytics is preferred in patient with limited hepatic function?

a) Buspirone

b) Quazepam

c) Diazepam

d) Chlordiazepoxide

013. Indicate the mechanism of hypnotic benzodiazepine action:

a) Increasing the duration of the GABA-gated Cl

channel openings

b) Directly activating the chloride channels

c) Increasing the frequency of Cl

channel opening events

d) All of the above

014. Which of the following anxiolytics is a partial agonist of brain 5-HT

receptors?

a) Buspirone

b) Alprozolam

c) Chlorazepat

d) Lorazepam

015. Indicate the competitive antagonist of BZ receptors:

a) Flumazenil

b) Buspirone

c) Picrotoxin

d) Diazepam

016. Indicate the agent, which interferes with GABA binding:

a) Chlordiazepoxide

b) Bicuculline

c) Thiopental

d) Picrotoxin

017. Antianxiety agents have:

a) Sedative and hypnotic activity

b) Muscle relaxing and anticonvulsant effects

c) Amnesic properties

d) All of the above

018. Which of the following disadvantages does not limit using benzodiazepines as antianxiety agents?

a) Tendency to develop psychologic dependence

b) A high risk of drug interactions based on liver enzyme induction

c) Synergic CNS depression with concomitant use of other drugs

d) The formation of active metabolites

019. Indicate the anxiolitic agent, which relieves anxiety without causing marked sedative effects:

a) Diazepam

b) Chlordiazepoxid

c) Buspirone

d) Clorazepate

020. Which of the following anxiolytics has minimal abuse liability?

a) Oxazepam

b) Buspirone

c) Flumazenil

d) Alprazolam

021. In contrast to benzodiazepines, buspirone:

a) Interact directly with gabaergic system

b) Has more marked hypnotic, anticonvulsant, or muscle relaxant properties

c) Causes less psychomotor impairment and does not affect driving skills

d) Has maximal abuse liability

022. Which of the following sedative-hypnotic drugs does not potentiate the CNS depressant effects of ethanol,

phenothiazines, or tricyclic antidepressants?

a) Buspirone

b) Phenobarbital

c) Diazepam

d) Chloralhydrate

023. Limitation of buspirone is:

a) A low therapeutic index

b) An extremely slow onset of action

c) A high potential of development of physical dependence

d) Impairment of mentation or motor functions during working hours

024. Which drugs may be used as antianxiety agents?

a) BETA-blocking drugs

b) Clonidine - a partial agonist of alfa

receptors

c) Tricyclic antidepressants

d) All of the above

025. Which of the following benzodiazepines is more likely to cause “hangover” effects such as drowsiness, dysphoria, and

mental or motor depression the following day?

a) Oxazepam

b) Triazolam

c) Clorazepat

d) Lorazepam

026. Additive CNS depression can be predicted if benzodiazepines are used with:

a) Ethanol

b) Morphine

c) Clorpromazine

d) All of the above

027. Which dosage of benzodiazepines for 60-90 days may produce severe withdrawal symptoms?

a) 50-60 mg/d

b) Less than 400 mg/d

c) More than 800 mg/d

d) Less than 40 mg/d

028. Restlessness, anxiety, orthostatic hypotension, generalized seizures, severe tremor, vivid hallucination, and psychosis

are possible symptoms of:

a) Tolerance

b) Withdrawal

c) Drug interactions between barbiturate and diazepam

d) None of the above

029. Flumazenil is used to:

a) Reverse the CNS depressant effects of hypnotic benzodiazepines overdose

b) Hasten recovery following use of hypnotic benzodiazepines in anesthetic and diagnostic procedure

c) Reverse benzodiazepine-induced respiratory depression

d) All of the above

030. Flumazenil given intravenously:

a) Has intermediate onset and duration of action about 2 hours

b) Acts rapidly but has a short half-life

c) Has an effect lasting 3-5 hours

d) Has duration of action longer than 6 hours

PART X CNS stimulants

001. Agents, stimulating CNS are all of the following except:

a) Fluoxetine

b) Clozapine

c) Nootropil

d) Sydnocarb

002. Which of the following CNS stimulants are the agents of selective effect?

a) Analeptics

b) General tonics

c) Psychostimulants

d) Actoprotectors

003. Indicate CNC stimulating drugs, which are the agents of general action:

a) Nootropic agents

b) Analeptics

c) Psychostimulants

d) Antidepressants

004. Which of the following agents belongs to psychostimulants?

a) Meridil

b) Camphor

c) Piracetam

d) Pantocrin

005. Indicate the nootropic agent:

a) Sydnocarb

b) Eleuterococci extract

c) Fluoxetine

d) Piracetam

006. Which of the following agents is a respiratory analeptic?

a) Piracetam

b) Sydnocarb

c) Bemegride

d) Pantocrin

007. Indicate the CNC stimulating drug, which belongs to adaptogens:

a) Amphetamine

b) Eleuterococci extract

c) Caffeine

d) Sydnocarb

008. Actoprotectors are:

a) Stimulators, improving physical efficiency

b) Cognition enhancers, improving the highest integrative brain function

c) Stimulants, raising non-specific resistance towards stresses

d) Agents, stimulating the bulbar respiratory and vasomotor centers

009. Adaptogens cause:

a) Improvment of efficiency using physical loads and acceleration of recovery after the load

b) Stimulation of respiratory and vasomotor centers

c) Temporary relief of the feeling of tiredness, facilitating the professional work and fighting somnolence

d) Increased resistance towards stress situations and adaptation to extreme conditions

010. Indicate the CNS stimulants, which mitigate conditions of weakness or lack of tone within the entire organism or in

particular organs?

a) Psychostimulants

b) Analeptics

c) General tonics

d) Antidepressants

011. Which of the following agents is a general tone-increasing drug of plant origin?

a) Meridil

b) Eleuterococci′s extract

c) Pantocrin

d) Caffeine

012. Indicate a general tone-increasing drug, which is an agent of animal origin?

a) Pantocrin

b) Amphetamine

c) Sydnocarb

d) Camphor

013. Amphetamine:

a) Is a powerful stimulant of the CNS

b) Stimulates the medullar respiratory center and has an analeptic action

c) Increases motor and speech activity, mood, decreases a sense of fatigue

d) All of the above

014. The mechanism of amphetamine action is related to:

a) Direct catecholamiergic agonist action

b) Inhibition of monoamine oxydase

c) Increasing a release of catecholaminergic neurotransmitters

d) All of the above

015. Indicate the CNS stimulant, which is a piperidine derivative:

a) Meridil

b) Amphetamine

c) Caffeine

d) Sydnophen

016. Which of the following CNS psychostimulants is a sydnonymine derivative?

a) Caffeine

b) Sydnocarb

c) Meridil (methylphenidate hydrochloride)

d) Amphetamine

017. Sydnocarb causes:

a) Decreased sense of fatigue, it facilitates the professional work and fights somnolence

b) The feeling of prosperity, relaxation and euphoria

c) Influx of physical and mental forces, locomotive and speech excitation

d) Peripheral sympathomimetic action

018. Indicate the psychostimulant, which is a methylxantine derivative:

a) Caffeine

b) Sydnocarb

c) Amphetamine

d) Meridil

019. Which of the following psychostimulants acts centrally mainly by blocking adenosine receptors?

a) Meridil

b) Caffeine

c) Amphetamine

d) Sydnophen

020. Principal properties of caffeine include all of the following EXEPT:

a) Cardiac analeptic (increase the rate and the force of the cardiac contraction)

b) Adaptogenic (rise non-specific resistance towards stresses and adapt to extraordinary challenges)

c) Psychoanaleptic (decrease the feeling of tiredness, facilitates the professional work and fights somnolence)

d) Respiratory analeptic (stimulate the bulbar respiratory center)

021. Caffeine can produce all of the following effects except:

a) Coronary vasodialation

b) Relaxation of bronchial and biliary tract smooth muscles

c) Vasodialation of cerebral vessels

d) Reinforcement of the contractions and increase of the striaated muscle work

022. Caffeine does not cause:

a) Inhibition of gastric secretion

b) Hyperglycemia

c) Moderate diuretic action

d) Increase in free fatty acids

023. Therapeutic uses of caffeine include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Cardiovascular collapse and respiratory insufficiency

b) Migraine

c) Somnolence

d) Gastric ulceration

024. Adverse effects of caffeine include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Arrhythmias

b) Insomnia

c) Hypotension

d) Psychomotor excitation

025. Principal properties of cordiamine include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Cardiac analeptic

b) Respiratory analeptic

c) Coronarodilatator

d) Significant abuse potential

026. Сharacteristics of cordiamine include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) It stimulates the CNS and facilitates the movement coordination

b) It is a respiratory analeptic of mixed action (stimulates both the medullar respiratory center and chemoreceptor of

carotid sinus zone)

c) It decreases the aortic and coronary flow

d) It counteracts the central depression produced by other drugs (barbiturates)

027. Cordiamine is useful in the treatment of:

a) Hypotension

b) Coronary insufficiency

c) Respiratory insufficiency

d) All of the above

028. Respiratory and cardiac analeptics are all of the following agents EXCEPT:

a) Cordiamine

b) Bemegride

c) Caffeine

d) Camphor

029. Bemegride:

a) Stimulates the medullar respiratory center (central effect)

b) Stimulates hemoreceptors of carotid sinus zone (reflector action)

c) Is a mixed agent (both central and reflector effects)

d) Is a spinal analeptic

030. Which of the following CNS stimulants belongs to nootropics?

a) Camphor

b) Pantocrin

c) Sydnocarb

d) Piracetam

031. Characteristics of nootropics include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Selective influence on the brain

b) Improvement the ability to communicate with peers

c) Decline in the highest integrative brain functions

d) Increase in energetic exchange of the brain cells

032. Which of the following statements concerning nootropics is not correct?

a) They improve the highest integrative brain functions (memory, learning, understanding, thinking and the capacity for

concentration)

b) They stimulate the bulbar respiratory center

c) They stimulate existing neuronal synapses to optimum performance (adaptive capacity)

d) They stimulate existing neuronal synapses to damaging influences, such as disturbances of the energy and

neurotransmitter metabolism or ischemia (protective capacity)

033. Features of piracetam include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) It is a GABA derivative

b) It does not influence the neuro-vegetative function

c) Improvement begins in the 3′rd week

d) It has a high potential of toxicity

034. Piracetam can produce all of the following effects EXCEPT:

a) Antipsychotic

b) Anticonvulsant

c) Psychometabolic

d) Antihypoxic

035. Piracetam is widely used for the treatment of:

a) Senile dementia

b) Asthenia

c) Chronic alcoholism

d) All of the above

036. Indicate the CNS stimulant, which is used in pediatric medicine, as it improves the communication with the child,

increases the ability to study and communication with peers, improves school-performance?

a) Meridil

b) Piracetam

c) Bemegride

d) Amphetamine

037. Which of the following CNS stimulants is used for the cerebral stroke treatment?

a) Pantocrin

b) Sydnocarb

c) Piracetam

d) Caffeine

PART XI Drugs of abuse

001. Psychologic dependence is:

a) Decreased responsiveness to a drug following repeated exposure

b) A combination of certain drug-specific symptoms that occur on sudden discontinuation of a drug

c) Compulsive drug-seeking behavior

d) All of the above

002. Tolerance is associated with:

a) An ability to compensate for the drug effect

b) Increased disposition of the drug after chronic use

c) Compensatory changes in receptors, effector enzymes, or membrane actions of the drug

d) All of the above

003. Addiction is associated with the existence of:

a) Psychological dependence

b) Physiological dependence

c) Tolerance

d) All of the above

004. Substances causing narco- and glue sniffings are all of the following EXCEPT :

a) Stimulants

b) Antipsychotic drugs

c) Psychedelics

d) Sedative drugs

005. Which of the following abused drugs do not belong to sedative agents?

a) Barbiturates

b) Tranquilizers

c) Cannabinoids

d) Opioids

006. Psychedelics are all of following agents EXCEPT:

a) Cocaine

b) LSD

c) Marijuana

d) Volatile substances (glues, solvents, volatile nitrites and nitrous oxide)

007. In contrast to morphine, heroin is:

a) Used clinically

b) More addictive and fast-acting

c) More effective orally

d) Less potent and long-acting

008. Symptoms of opioid withdrawal begin 8-10 hours after the last dose.

a) True

b) False

009. The acute course of opioid withdrawal may last:

a) 3-4 days

b) 7-10 days

c) 3-4 weeks

d) 26-30 weeks

010. Indicate the sedative-hypnotic agent, which has the highest abuse potential:

a) Buspirone

b) Diazepam

c) Phenobarbital

d) Zolpidem

011. Characteristics of barbiturate intoxication (2-3 dose) include all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Pleasant feelings of the “blow” in the head, vertigo, myasthenia, stupor

b) Perceptual distortion of surroundings, disorders of thinking, behavior

c) Locomotive, speech excitation, sharp swings from a cheerful mood to an aggressive state

d) Sleep with the subsequent weakness and headaches

012. Barbiturate abstinent syndrome is shown by:

a) Crisis by 3 day of abstention

b) Anxiety, mydriasis, myasthenia, muscular convulsions, vomiting, diarrhea

c) Psychosis as delirium (color visual and auditory hallucinations)

d) All of the above

013. Which one of the following tranquilizers belongs to strong euphorizing agents?

a) Mebicarum

b) Buspirone

c) Diazepam

d) Chlordiazepoxide

014. Tranquilizers intoxication (5-10 tablets) features include:

a) Euphoria, burst of energy, increase in motor activity, wave warmth all over the body

b) Visual hallucinations, a distorted feelling of time and space

c) Physical bliss, body lightness, a wish to fly, motionlessness

d) Synaesthesia (the sounds can be tensed, the colors can be heard)

015. Which of the following abused drugs is related to stimulants?

a) Cocaine

b) Amphetamine

c) Caffeine

d) All of the above

016. Cocaine exerts its central action by:

a) Inhibiting phosphodiesterase

b) Increasing a release of catecholaminergic neurotransmitters, including dopamine

c) Inhibiting dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake

d) Altering serotonin turnover

017. “Crack” is a derivative of:

a) Opium

b) LSD

c) Cocaine

d) Cannabis

018. Cocaine intoxication appears by:

a) Short clouding of consciousness, lightness of body and a feeling of flight

b) Wave warmth all over the body, physical bliss, motionlessness

c) Clear consciousness, improved mood, influx of physical and spiritual forces, locomotive and speech excitation,

reappraisal of personality

d) All of the above

019. Which of the following stimulants is related to psychedelics?

a) “ecstasy” (methylenedioxymethamphetamine)

b) Cocaine

c) “crack” (cocaine free base)

d) Caffeine

020. Cocaine may cause:

a) Powerful vasoconstrictive reactions resulting in myocardial infarctions

b) The multiple brain perfusion defects

c) Spontaneous abortion during pregnancy

d) All of the above

021. Characteristics of cocaine abstinent syndrome include all of the following phases EXCEPT:

a) Feeling of depression, irritability, confusion, insomnia (the first 3 days)

b) Depression, apathy, excessive appetite, a wish to sleep (the subsequent 1-2 days)

c) Psychosis as color visual and auditory hallucinations (for 3 day)

d) New attack of depression, anxiety, irritability, dullness, intense thirst for cocaine (after 1-5 days improvement)

022.

Overdoses of cocaine are usually rapidly fatal from:

a) Respiratory depression

b) Arrhythmias

c) Seizures

d) All of the above

023. Which of the following agents is related to hallucinogens?

a) Heroin

b) LSD

c) Cocaine

d) Opium

024. LSD produces:

a) Mood swings

b) Impaired memory, difficulty in thinking, poor judgment

c) Perceptual distortion

d) All of the above

025. LSD decreases in brain:

a) 5-HT

receptor densities

b) GABA

-benzodiazepine receptor densities

c) Adrenergic receptor densities

d) D

receptor densities

026. Which of the following agents is related to cannabis?

a) Heroin

b) Ecstasy

c) Hashish

d) Crack

027. The early stage of cannabis intoxication is characterized by:

a) Euphoria, uncontrolled laugher

b) Alteration of time sense, depersonalization

c) Sharpened vision

d) All of the above

028. Which of the following physiologic signs is a characteristic of cannabis intoxication?

a) Bradycardia

b) Reddening of the conjunctiva

c) Miosis

d) Nausea and vomiting

029. Industrial solvent inhalation causes:

a) Quick intoxication, lasting only 5-15 minutes

b) Euphoria, relaxed “drunk” feeling

c) Disorientation, slow passage of time and possible hallucinations

d) All of the above

030. Indicate the drugs of choice for reversing the withdrawal syndrome:

a) Benzodiazepines

b) Neuroleptics

c) Antidepressants

d) All of the above

PART XII General anesthetics

001. The state of “general anesthesia” usually includes:

a) Analgesia

b) Loss of consciousness, inhibition of sensory and autonomic reflexes

c) Amnesia

d) All of the above

002. Inhaled anesthetics and intravenous agents having general anesthetic properties:

a) Directly activate GABA

receptors

b) Facilitate GABA action but have no direct action on GABA

receptors

c) Reduce the excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission

d) Increase the duration of opening of nicotine-activated potassium channels

003. Indicate the anesthetic, which is an inhibitor of NMDA glutamate receptors:

a) Thiopental

b) Halothane

c) Ketamine

d) Sevoflurane

004. An ideal anesthetic drug would:

a) Induces anesthesia smoothly and rapidly and secure rapid recovery

b) Posses a wide margin of safety

c) Be devoid of adverse effects

d) All of the above

005. Which of the following general anesthetics belongs to inhalants?

a) Thiopental

b) Desfluran

c) Ketamine

d) Propofol

006. Indicate the anesthetic, which is used intravenously:

a) Propofol

b) Halothane

c) Desflurane

d) Nitrous oxide

007. Which of the following inhalants is a gas anesthetic?

a) Halothane

b) Isoflurane

c) Nitrous oxide

d) Desflurane

008. Sevoflurane has largely replaced halothane and isoflurane as an inhalation anesthetic of choice because:

a) Induction of anesthesia is achieved more rapidly and smoothly

b) Recovery is more rapid

c) It has low post- anesthetic organ toxicity

d) All of the above

009. The limitation of sevoflurane is:

a) High incidence of coughing and laryngospasm

b) Chemically unstable

c) Centrally mediated sympathetic activation leading to a rise of BP and HR

d) Hepatotoxicity

010. Which of the following inhalants lacks sufficient potency to produce surgical anesthesia by itself and therefore is

commonly used with another inhaled or intravenous anesthetic?

a) Halothane

b) Sevoflurane

c) Nitrous oxide

d) Desflurane

011. Which of the following inhaled anesthetics has rapid onset and recovery?

a) Nitrous oxide

b) Desflurane

c) Sevoflurane

d) All of the above

012. Indicate the inhaled anesthetic, which reduces arterial pressure and heart rate:

a) Isoflurane

b) Halothane

c) Desflurane

d) Nitrous oxide

013. Which of the following inhaled anesthetics causes centrally mediated sympathetic activation leading to a rise in blood

pressure and heart rate?

a) Desflurane

b) Sevoflurane

c) Nitrous oxide

d) Isofurane

014. Indicated the inhaled anesthetic, which decreases the ventilatory response to hypoxia:

a) Sevoflurane

b) Nitrous oxide

c) Desflurane

d) Halothane

015. Which of the following inhaled anesthetics is an induction agent of choice in patient with airway problems?

a) Desfurane

b) Nitrous oxide

c) Halothane

d) None of the above

016. Indicate the inhaled anesthetic, which causes the airway irritation:

a) Nitrous oxide

b) Sevoflurane

c) Halothane

d) Desflurane

017. Which of the following inhaled anesthetics increases cerebral blood flow least of all?

a) Sevoflurane

b) Nitrous oxide

c) Isoflurane

d) Desflurane

018. Indicate the inhaled anesthetic, which should be avoided in patients with a history of seizure disorders:

a) Enflurane

b) Nitrous oxide

c) Sevoflurane

d) Desflurane

019. Which of the following inhaled anesthetics can produce hepatic necrosis?

a) Soveflurane

b) Desflurane

c) Halothane

d) Nitrous oxide

020. Indicated the inhaled anesthetic, which may cause nephrotoxicity:

a) Halothane

b) Soveflurane

c) Nitrous oxide

d) Diethyl ether

021. Which of the following inhaled anesthetics decreases metheonine synthase activity and causes megaloblastic anemia?

a) Desflurane

b) Halothane

c) Nitrous oxide

d) Soveflurane

022. Unlike inhaled anesthetics, intravenous agents such as thiopental, etomidate, and propofol:

a) Have a faster onset and rate of recovery

b) Provide a state of conscious sedation

c) Are commonly used for induction of anesthesia

d) All of the above

023. Indicate the intravenous anesthetic, which is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate:

a) Fentanyl

b) Thiopental

c) Midazolam

d) Ketamine

024. Indicate the intravenous anesthetic, which is a benzodiazepine derivative:

a) Midazolam

b) Thiopental

c) Ketamin

d) Propofol

025. Which of the following agents is used to accelerate recovery from the sedative actions of intravenous benzodiazepines?

a) Naloxone

b) Flumazenil

c) Ketamine

d) Fomepizole

026. Neuroleptanalgesia has all of the following properties EXCEPT:

a) Droperidol and fentanyl are commonly used

b) It can be used with nitrous oxide to provide neuroleptanesthesia

c) Hypertension is a common consequence

d) Confusion and mental depression can occur as adverse effects

027. Which of the following intravenous anesthetics has antiemetic actions?

a) Thiopental

b) Propofol

c) Ketamine

d) Fentanyl

028. Indicate the intravenous anesthetic, which causes minimal cardiovascular and respiratory depressant effects:

a) Propofol

b) Thiopental

c) Etomidate

d) Midazolam

029. Indicate the intravenous anesthetic, which produces dissociative anesthesia:

a) Midazolam

b) Ketamine

c) Fentanyl

d) Thiopental

030. Ketamine anesthesia is associated with:

a) Cardiovascular stimulation

b) Increased cerebral blood flow, oxygen consumption and intracranial pressure

c) Disorientation, sensory and perceptual illusions, and vivid dreams following anesthesia

d) All of the above

(4) ORGANOTROPIC AGENTS

PART I Drugs acting on respiratory system

001. Following drugs directly activate the respiratory center EXCEPT:

a) Bemegride

b) Caffeine

c) Aethymizole

d) Cytiton

002. The mechanism of Cytiton action is:

a) Direct activation of the respiratory center

b) The reflex mechanism

c) The mixed mechanism

d) None of the above

003. Indicate the drug belonging to antitussives of narcotic type of action:

a) Glaucine hydrochloride

b) Aethylmorphine hydrochloride

c) Tusuprex

d) Libexine

004. Tick out the drug belonging to non-narcotic antitussives:

a) Libexine

b) Tusuprex

c) Codeine

d) Aethylmorphine hydrochloride

005. Indicate the expectorant with the reflex mechanism:

a) Sodium benzoate

b) Derivatives of Ipecacucnha and Thermopsis

c) Trypsin

d) Ambroxol

006. Tick the antitussive agent with a peripheral effect:

a) Codeine

b) Tusuprex

c) Libexine

d) Glaucine hydrochloride

007. Chymotrypsin is an agent containing free sulfhydryl groups. It’s:

a) True

b) False

008. All of these drugs contain free sulfhydryl groups EXCEPT:

a) Acetylcysteine

b) Ambroxol

c) Bromhexin

d) Trypsin

009. Which of the following drugs is proteolytic enzyme?

a) Potassium iodide

b) Desoxiribonuclease

c) Carbocysteine

d) Acetylcysteine

010. All of the following drugs destroy disulfide bonds of proteoglycans, which causes depolymerization and reduction of

viscosity of sputum, EXCEPT:

a) Acetylcysteine

b) Ambroxol

c) Desoxiribonuclease

d) Bromhexin

011. Which of these groups of drugs is used for asthma treatment?

a) Methylxanthines

b) M-cholinoblocking agents

c) Beta

- stimulants

d) All of above

012. Tick the drug belonging to non-selective beta

-adrenomimics:

a) Salbutamol

b) Isoprenaline

c) Salmeterol

d) Terbutaline

013. Select the side-effect characteristic for non-selective beta

-adrenomimics:

a) Depression of the breathing centre

b) Tachycardia

c) Peripheral vasoconstriction

d) Dry mouth

014. Pick out the bronchodilator drug related to xanthine:

a) Atropine

b) Orciprenaline

c) Adrenaline

d) Theophylline

015. Pick out the bronchodilator drug belonging to sympathomimics:

a) Isoprenaline

b) Ephedrine

c) Atropine

d) Salbutamol

016. The property of prolonged theophyllines is the prevention of night asthmatic attacks. It’s:

a) True

b) False

017. The mechanism of methylxanthines action is:

a) Inhibition of the enzyme phosphodiesterase

b) Beta

-adrenoreceptor stimulation

c) Inhibition of the production of inflammatory cytokines

d) Inhibition of M-cholinoreceptors

018. Which of the following M-cholinoblocking agents is used especially as an anti-asthmatic?

a) Atropine

b) Ipratropium

c) Platiphylline

d) Metacin

019. Indicate the side effect of Theophylline:

a) Bradycardia

b) Increased myocardial demands for oxygen

c) Depression of respiratory centre

d) Elevation of the arterial blood pressure

020. All of the following drugs are inhaled glucocorticoids EXCEPT:

a) Triamcinolone

b) Beclometazone

c) Sodium cromoglycate

d) Budesonide

021. Choose the drug belonging to membranestabilizing agents:

a) Zileutin

b) Sodium cromoglycate

c) Zafirlucast

d) Montelucast

022. Tick the drug which is a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor:

a) Budesonide

b) Sodium cromoglycate

c) Zileutin

d) Beclometazone

023. Zileutin prevents the production of leukotrienes. This statement is:

a) True

b) False

024. Indicate the drug which is a leucotriene receptor antagonist:

a) Sodium cromoglycate

b) Zafirlucast

c) Zileutin

d) Triamcinolone

025. Zafirlucast prevents aspirin-sensitive asthma. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

PART II Drugs used in gastrointestinal diseases

001. Tick the main approach of peptic ulcer treatment:

a) Neutralization of gastric acid

b) Eradication of Helicobacter pylori

c) Inhibition of gastric acid secretion

d) All the above

002. Gastric acid secretion is under the control of the following agents EXCEPT:

a) Histamine

b) Acetylcholine

c) Serotonin

d) Gastrin

003. Indicate the drug belonging to proton pump inhibitors:

a) Pirenzepine

b) Ranitidine

c) Omeprazole

d) Trimethaphan

004. All of the following agents intensify the secretion of gastric glands EXCEPT:

a) Pepsin

b) Gastrin

c) Histamine

d) Carbonate mineral waters

005. Which of the following drugs is an agent of substitution therapy?

a) Gastrin

b) Hydrochloric acid

c) Hystamine

d) Carbonate mineral waters

006. Choose the drug which is a H2-receptor antagonist:

a) Omeprazole

b) Pirenzepine

c) Carbenoxolone

d) Ranitidine

007. All of the following drugs are proton pump inhibitors EXCEPT:

a) Pantoprozole

b) Omeprazole

c) Famotidine

d) Rabeprazole

008. Indicate the drug belonging to M1-cholinoblockers:

a) Cimetidine

b) Ranitidine

c) Pirenzepin

d) Omeprazole

009. Which of the following drugs may cause reversible gynecomastia?

a) Omeprazole

b) Pirenzepine

c) Cimetidine

d) Sucralfate

010. Cimetidine has no effect on hepatic drug metabolism. It’s

a) True

b) False

011. Tick the drug forming a physical barrier to HCL and Pepsin:

a) Ranitidine

b) Sucralfate

c) Omeprazole

d) Pirenzepine

012. Which drug is an analog of prostaglandin E

a) Misoprostole

b) De-nol

c) Sucralfate

d) Omeprazole

013. Select the drug stimulating the protective function of the mucous barrier and the stability of the mucous membrane

against damaging factors:

a) De-nol

b) Sucralfate

c) Misoprostol

d) Omeprazole

014. Antacids are weak bases that react with gastric hydrochloric acid to form salt and water. It’s

a) True

b) False

015. Most of drugs are antacids EXCEPT:

a) Misoprostol

b) Maalox

c) Mylanta

d) Almagel

016. Indicate the drug that cause metabolic alkalosis:

a) Sodium bicarbonate

b) Cimetidine

c) Pepto-Bismol

d) Carbenoxolone

017. Choose the drug that causes constipation:

a) Sodium bicarbonate

b) Aluminium hydroxide

c) Calcium carbonate

d) Magnesium oxide

018. All of the following drugs stimulate appetite EXCEPT:

a) Vitamins

b) Bitters

c) Fepranone

d) Insulin

019. Ethyl alcohol is an agent decreasing appetite. It’s:

a) True

b) False

020. Select an anorexigenic agent affecting serotoninergic system:

a) Fenfluramine

b) Fepranone

c) Desopimone

d) Masindole

021. All of the following drugs intensify gastrointestinal motility EXCEPT:

a) Papaverine

b) Metoclopramide

c) Domperidone

d) Cisapride

022. Metoclopramide is a potent dopamine antagonist.It’s

a) True

b) False

023. Choose an emetic drug of central action:

a) Ipecacuanha derivatives

b) Promethazine

c) Tropisetron

d) Apomorphine hydrochloride

024. Tick the mechanism of Metoclopramide antiemetic action:

a) H

and H

-receptor blocking effect

b) M-cholinoreceptor stimulating effect

c) D

-dopamine and 5-HT

-serotonin receptor blocking effect

d) M-cholinoblocking effect

025. Select the emetic agent having a reflex action:

a) Ipecacuanha derivatives

b) Apomorphine hydroclorid

c) Chlorpromazine

d) Metoclopramide

026. All of the following drugs are antiemetics EXCEPT:

a) Metoclopramide

b) Ondansetron

c) Chlorpromazine

d) Apomorphine hydrochloride

027. Indicate an antiemetic agent which is related to neuroleptics:

a) Metoclopramide

b) Nabilone

c) Tropisetron

d) Prochlorperazine

028. All of these drugs reduce intestinal peristalsis EXCEPT:

a) Loperamide

b) Cisapride

c) Methyl cellulose

d) Magnesium aluminium silicate

029. Indicate the laxative drug belonging to osmotic laxatives:

a) Docusate sodium

b) Bisacodyl

c) Phenolphthalein

d) Sodium phosphate

030. The mechanism of stimulant purgatives is:

a) Increasing the volume of non-absorbable solid residue

b) Increasing motility and secretion

c) Altering the consistency of the feces

d) Increasing the water content

031. Choose the drug irritating the gut and causing increased peristalsis:

a) Phenolphthalein

b) Methyl cellulose

c) Proserine

d) Mineral oil

032. All of the following drugs stimulate bile production and bile secretion EXCEPT:

a) Chenodiol

b) Cholenszyme

c) Oxaphenamide

d) Cholosas

033. Tick the stimulant of bile production of vegetable origin:

a) Oxaphenamide

b) Papaverine

c) Cholenzyme

d) Cholosas

034. Select the drug which inhibits peristalsis:

a) Castor oil

b) Bisacodyl

c) Loperamide

d) Sorbitol

035. Choose the drug affecting the biliary system and relaxing Oddy sphincter:

a) Cholosas

b) Oxaphenamide

c) No-spa

d) Cholenzyme

PART III Drugs acting on hematopoietic system

001. Following drugs stimulate erythrogenesis EXCEPT:

a) Iron dextran

b) Vitamine B

c) Methotrexate

d) Folic acid

002. Choose the drug depressing erythrogenesis:

a) Radioactive phosphorus 32

b) Ferrous sulfate

c) Molgramostim

d) Folic acid

003. Which drug does not influence leucopoiesis?

a) Filgrastim

b) Erythropoetin

c) Doxorubicin

d) Methotrexate

004. Iron deficiency anemia leads to pallor, fatigue, dizziness, exertional dyspnea and other symptoms of tissue ischemia. It’s:

a) True

b) False

005. All of the following drugs used for iron deficiency anemia EXCEPT:

a) Ferrous sulfate

b) Folic acid

c) Ferrous gluconate

d) Ferrous fumarate

006. Tick the drug for parenteral iron therapy:

a) Ferrous sulfate

b) Fercoven

c) Ferrous lactate

d) Ferrous fumarate

007. Indicate the drug which increases absorption of iron from intestine:

a) Cyanocobalamin

b) Folic acid

c) Ascorbic acid

d) Erythropoetin

008. The drugs used for oral administration EXCLUDE:

a) Ferrous sulfate

b) Fercoven

c) Ferrous lactate

d) Ferrous fumarate

009. Pernicious anemia is developed due to deficiency of:

a) Erythropoetin

b) Vitamin B

c) Iron

d) Vitamin B

010. Select the drug used for pernicious anemia:

a) Ferrous lactate

b) Cyanocobalamin

c) Iron dextran

d) Ferrous gluconate

011. An adverse effect of oral iron therapy is:

a) Anemia

b) Thrombocytopenia

c) Headache

d) Constipation

012. Choose the drug which contains cobalt atom:

a) Folic acid

b) Iron dextran

c) Cyanocobalamine

d) Ferrous gluconate

013. Tick the drug used in aplastic anemia:

a) Fercoven

b) Cyanocobalamine

c) Epoetin alpha

d) Folic acid

014. Folic acid is recommended for treatment of megaloblastic anemia. This statement is:

a) True

b) False

015. Select the drug of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor:

a) Filgrastim

b) Methotrexate

c) Erythropoetin

d) Doxorubicin

PART IV Drugs used in disorders of coagulation

001. All of the following physiologic reactions are involved in the control of bleeding EXCEPT:

a) Platelet adhesion reaction

b) Platelet release reaction

c) Activation of the antifibrinolytic system

d) Triggering of the coagulation process

002. Which of the following substances is synthesized within vessel walls and inhibits thrombogenesis?

a) Thromboxane A

(TXA

)

b) Prostacyclin (PGI

)

c) Prostaglandin ((PGE)

d) None of the above

003. All of the following groups of drugs are for thrombosis treatment EXCEPT:

a) Anticoagulant drugs

b) Antifibrinolitic drugs

c) Fibrinolitic drugs

d) Antiplatelet drugs

004. Pick out the drug belonging to anticoagulants of direct action:

a) Aspirin

b) Heparin

c) Dicumarol

d) Phenprocoumon

005. Which of the following drugs has low-molecular weight?

a) Dicumarol

b) Enoxaparin

c) Phenprocoumon

d) Heparin

006. Indicate the drug belonging to antagonists of heparin:

a) Aspirin

b) Dicumarol

c) Dalteparin

d) Protamine sulfate

007. Tick the drug used as an oral anticoagulant:

a) Heparin

b) Daltreparin

c) Dicumarol

d) Enoxaparin

008. All of the following drugs are indirect acting anticoagulants EXCEPT:

a) Dicumarol

b) Warfarin

c) Dalteparin

d) Phenindione

009. Which of the following drugs belongs to coumarin derivatives?

a) Heparin

b) Enoxaparin

c) Dalteparin

d) Warfarin

010. Heparin is effective when administred orally. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

011. All of these drugs are antiplatelet agents EXCEPT:

a) Aspirin

b) Urokinase

c) Ticlopidine

d) Clopidogrel

012. The use of heparin is recommended for treatment of deep venous thrombosis. This statement is:

a) True

b) False

013. Mechanism of aspirin action is:

a) Converts inactive plasminogen into active plasmin

b) Inhibits COX and thus thromboxane synthesis

c) Enhances the interaction between antitrombin III and both thrombin and the factors involved in the intrinsic clotting

cascade

d) Inhibits the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex

014. Which doses of Aspirin may be more effective in inhibiting Tromboxane A

a) Low

b) High

015. Which of the following drugs is an inhibitor of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors?

a) Aspirin

b) Clopidogrel

c) Ticlopidine

d) Abciximab

016. Ticlopidine is an inhibitor of ADP-induced platelet aggregation. It’s:

a) True

b) False

017. Which of the following drugs is fiibrinolytic?

a) Ticlopidine

b) Streptokinase

c) Aspirin

d) Warfarin

018. Mechanism of urokinase action is an inhibition of Thromboxane A

. This statement is:

a) True

b) False

019. Fibrinolytic drugs are used for following EXCEPT:

a) Central deep venous thrombosis

b) Multiple pulmonary emboli

c) Heart failure

d) Acute myocardial infarction

020. Indicate the drug belonging to fibrinoliytic inhibitors:

a) Aminocapronic acid

b) Ticlopidine

c) Streptokinase

d) Vitamin K

021. Aminocapronic acid is a drug of choice for treatment of:

a) Acute myocardial infarction

b) Bleeding from fibrinolytic therapy

c) Heart failure

d) Multiple pulmonary emboli

022. Tranexamic acid is an analog of aminocapronic acid. It’s:

a) True

b) False

PART V Drugs used for treatment of heart failure

001. All of the following are normally involved in the pathogenesis of heart failure EXCEPT:

a) A cardiac lesion that impairs cardiac output

b) An increase in peripheral vascular resistance

c) A decrease in preload

d) An increase in sodium and water retention

002. All of the following are compensatory mechanisms that occur during the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure

EXCEPT:

a) An increase in ventricular end-diastolic volume

b) An increase in the concentration of plasma catecholamines

c) An increase in vagal tone

d) Increased activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

003. All of the following are recommended at the initial stages of treating patients with heart failure EXCEPT:

a) Reduced salt intake

b) Verapamil

c) ACE inhibitors

d) Diuretics

004. All of the following agents belong to cardiac glycosides EXCEPT:

a) Digoxin

b) Strophantin K

c) Amrinone

d) Digitoxin

005. The non-glycoside positive inotropic drug is:

a) Digoxin

b) Strophantin K

c) Dobutamine

d) Digitoxin

006. Sugar molecules in the structure of glycosides influence:

a) Cardiotonic action

b) Pharmacokinetic properties

c) Toxic properties

d) All of the above

007. Aglycone is essential for:

a) Plasma protein binding

b) Half-life

c) Cardiotonic action

d) Metabolism

008. Choose the derivative of the plant Foxglove (Digitalis):

a) Digoxin

b) Strophantin K

c) Dobutamine

d) Amrinone

009. All of the following statements regarding cardiac glycosides are true EXCEPT:

a) They inhibit the Na+/K+-ATPase and thereby increase intracellular Ca++ in myocardial cells

b) They cause a decrease in vagal tone

c) Children tolerate higher doses of digitalis than do adults

d) The most frequent cause of digitalis intoxication is concurrent administration of diuretics that deplete K+

010. An important action of digitalis is to increase vagal tone. It’s:

a) True

b) False

011. Digoxin is thought to increase intracellular concentrations of calcium in myocardial cells by indirectly slowing the action of

the sodium-calcium exchanger. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

012. Compare the half-life of digoxin and the half-life of digitoxin:

a) Digoxin is greater than digitoxin

b) Digitoxin is greater than digoxin

013. All of the following statements regarding cardiac glycosides are true EXCEPT:

a) They inhibit the activity of the Na+/K+-ATPase

b) They decrease intracellular concentrations of calcium in myocytes

c) They increase vagal tone

d) They have a very low therapeutic index

014. All of the following statements regarding cardiac glycosides are true EXCEPT:

a) Digoxin is a mild inotrope

b) Digoxin increases vagal tone

c) Digoxin has a longer half-life than digitoxin

d) Digoxin acts by inhibiting the Na+/K+ ATPase

015. The most cardiac manifestation of glycosides intoxication is:

a) Atrioventricular junctional rhythm

b) Second-degree atrioventricular blockade

c) Ventricular tachycardia

d) All the above

016. The manifestations of glycosides intoxication are:

a) Visual changes

b) Ventricular tachyarrhythmias

c) Gastrointestinal disturbances

d) All the above

017. For digitalis-induced arrhythmias the following drug is favored:

a) Verapamil

b) Amiodarone

c) Lidocaine

d) Propanolol

018. In very severe digitalis intoxication the best choice is to use:

a) Lidocaine

b) Digibind (Digoxin immune fab)

c) Oral potassium supplementation

d) Reducing the dose of the drug

019. All of the following statements regarding cardiac glycoside-induced ventricular tachyarrhythmias are true EXCEPT:

a) Lidocaine is a drug of choice in treatment

b) Digibind should be used in life-threatening cases

c) They occur more frequently in patients with hyperkalemia than in those with hypokalemia

d) They are more likely to occur in patients with a severely damaged heart

020. This drug is a selective beta-1 agonist:

a) Digoxin

b) Dobutamine

c) Amrinone

d) Dopamine

021. Tolerance to this inotropic drug develops after a few days:

a) Amrinone

b) Amiodarone

c) Dobutamine

d) Adenosine

022. This drug inhibits breakdown of cAMP in vascular smooth muscle:

a) Digoxin

b) Dobutamine

c) Amrinone

d) Dopamine

023. This drug is useful for treating heart failure because it increases the inotropic state and reduces afterload:

a) Amiodarone

b) Amrinone

c) Propanolol

d) Enalapril

024. This drug acts by inhibiting type III cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase:

a) Amiodarone

b) Milrinone

c) Propanolol

d) Enalapril

025. All of the following statements regarding inhibitors of type III phosphodiesterase are true EXCEPT:

a) They raise cAMP concentrations in cardiac myocytes

b) They reduce afterload

c) They show significant cross-tolerance with beta-receptor agonists

d) They are associated with a significant risk for cardiac arrhythmias

026. All of the following drugs are used in the treatment of severe congestive heart failure EXCEPT:

a) Verapamil

b) Digoxin

c) Dobutamine

d) Dopamine

027. Drugs most commonly used in chronic heart failure are:

a) Cardiac glycosides

b) Diuretics

c) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

d) All the above

028. All of the following statements concerning angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are true EXCEPT:

a) They act by inhibiting the ability of renin to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

b) Enalapril is a prodrug that is converted to an active metabolite

c) They reduce secretion of aldosterone

d) They can produce hyperkalemia in combination with a potassium-sparing diuretic

029. All of the following effects of ACE inhibitors may be useful in treating heart failure EXCEPT:

a) They decrease afterload

b) They increase circulating catecholamine levels

c) They reduce reactive myocardial hypertrophy

d) They increase myocardial beta-1 adrenergic receptor density

030. All of the following statements concerning the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in the treatment of

heart failure are true EXCEPT:

a) They improve hemodynamics by decreasing afterload

b) They can increase plasma cholesterol levels

c) They may slow the progression of heart failure by preventing myocardial and vascular remodeling

d) They are effective first-line agents in the treatment of chronic heart failure

PART VI Antiarrhythmic agents

001. This drug is a Class IA antiarrhythmic drug:

a) Sotalol

b) Propranolol

c) Verapamil

d) Quinidine

002. This drug is a Class IC antiarrhythmic drug:

a) Flecainide

b) Sotalol

c) Lidocaine

d) Verapamil

003. This drug is a Class IC antiarrhythmic drug:

a) Flecainide

b) Sotalol

c) Lidocaine

d) Verapamil

004. This drug is a Class II antiarrhythmic drug:

a) Flecainide

b) Propranolol

c) Lidocaine

d) Verapamil

005. This drug is a Class III antiarrhythmic drug:

a) Flecainide

b) Sotalol

c) Lidocaine

d) Verapamil

006. This drug prolongs repolarization:

a) Flecainide

b) Sotalol

c) Lidocaine

d) Verapamil

007. This drug is a Class IV antiarrhythmic drug:

a) Flecainide

b) Sotalol

c) Lidocaine

d) Verapamil

008. This drug is used in treating supraventricular tachycardias:

a) Digoxin

b) Dobutamine

c) Amrinone

d) Dopamine

009. This drug is associated with Torsades de pointes.

a) Flecainide

b) Sotalol

c) Lidocaine

d) Verapamil

010. This drug has beta-adrenergic blocking activity:

a) Flecainide

b) Sotalol

c) Lidocaine

d) Verapamil

011. This drug is useful in terminating atrial but not ventricular tachycardias:

a) Flecainide

b) Sotalol

c) Lidocaine

d) Verapamil

012. This is a drug of choice for acute treatment of ventricular tachycardias:

a) Flecainide

b) Sotalol

c) Lidocaine

d) Verapamil

013. The calcium channel blockers have direct negative inotropic effects because they reduce the inward movement of

calcium during the action potential. Thic consideration is:

a) True

b) False

014. Common unwanted effects of the dihydropyridines are due to vasodilation. It’s:

a) True

b) False

015. Verapamil is a more potent vasodilator than nifedipine. This statement is:

a) True

b) False

016. This drug is contraindicated in patients with moderate to severe heart failure:

a) Nifedipine

b) Verapamil

c) Both of the above

d) None of the above

017. This drug is an effective bronchodilator:

a) Nifedipine

b) Verapamil

c) Both of the above.

d) None of the above

018. This drug is used intravenously to terminate supraventricular tachycardias:

a) Nifedipine

b) Verapamil

c) Both of the above

d) None of the above

019. This drug has a little or no direct effect on chronotropy and dromotropy at normal doses

a) Nifedipine

b) Diltiazem

c) Verapamil

d) All of the above

020. Verapamil has a significant effect on automaticity in the SA node. It’s:

a) True

b) False

021. This drug acts by inhibiting slow calcium channels in the SA and AV nodes:

a) Quinidine

b) Adenosine

c) Flecainide

d) Diltiazem

022. All of the following statements regarding verapamil are true EXCEPT:

a) It blocks L-type calcium channels

b) It increases heart rate

c) It relaxes coronary artery smooth muscle

d) It depresses cardiac contractility

023. All of the following calcium channel blockers are useful in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias EXCEPT:

a) Bepridil

b) Diltiazem

c) Verapamil

d) Nifedipine

024. All of the following are common adverse effects of calcium channel blockers EXCEPT:

a) Skeletal muscle weakness

b) Dizziness

c) Headache

d) Flushing

025. Tick the adverse reactions characteristic for lidocaine:

a) Agranulocytosis, leucopenia

b) Extrapyramidal disorders

c) Hypotension, paresthesias, convulsions

d) Bronchospasm, dyspepsia

PART VII Drugs for Angina Pectoris treatment

001. Angina pectoris is:

a) Severe constricting chest pain, often radiating from the precordium to the left shoulder and down the arm,

due to insufficient blood supply to the heart that is usually caused by coronary disease

b) An often fatal form of arrhythmia characterized by rapid, irregular fibrillar twitching of the ventricles of the heart instead

of normal contractions, resulting in a loss of pulse

c) The cardiovascular condition in which the heart ability to pump blood weakens

d) All of the above

002. All these drug groups useful in angina both decrease myocardial oxygen requirement (by decreasing the determinations

of oxygen demand) and increase myocardial oxygen delivery (by reversing coronary arterial spasm), EXCEPT:

a) Nitrates and nitrite drugs (Nitroglycerin, Isosorbide dinitrate)

b) Calcium channel blockers (Nifedipine, Nimodipine)

c) Beta-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs (Atenolol, Metoprolol)

d) Potassium channel openers (Minoxidil)

003. This drug group useful in angina decreases myocardial oxygen requirement (by decreasing the determinations of oxygen

demand) and does not increase myocardial oxygen delivery (by reversing coronary arterial spasm):

a) Nitrates and nitrite drugs (Nitroglycerin, Isosorbide dinitrate)

b) Myotropic coronary dilators (Dipyridamole)

c) Potassium channel openers (Minoxidil)

d) Beta-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs (Atenolol, Mtoprolol)

004. This drug group useful in angina increase myocardial oxygen delivery (by reversing coronary arterial spasm) and does

not decrease myocardial oxygen requirement (by decreasing the determinations of oxygen demand):

a) Beta-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs (Atenolol, Metoprolol):

b) Myotropic coronary dilators (Dipyridamole)

c) Calcium channel blockers (Nifedipine, Nimodipine)

d) Potassium channel openers (Minoxidil)

005. Which of the following statements concerning nitrate mechanism of action is True?

a) Therapeutically active agents in this group are capable of releasing nitric oxide (NO) in to vascular smooth muscle

target tissues

b) Nitric oxide (NO) is an effective activator of soluble guanylyl cyclase and probably acts mainly through this mechanism

c) Nitrates useful in angina decrease myocardial oxygen requirement (by decreasing the determinations of oxygen

demand) and increase myocardial oxygen delivery (by reversing coronary arterial spasm)

d) All of the above

006. Which of the following nitrates and nitrite drugs are long-acting?

a) Nitroglycerin, sublingual

b) Isosorbide dinitrate, sublingual (Isordil, Sorbitrate)

c) Amyl nitrite, inhalant (Aspirols, Vaporole)

d) Sustac

007. Which of the following nitrates and nitrite drugs is a short-acting drug?

a) Nitroglycerin, 2% ointment (Nitrol)

b) Nitroglycerin, oral sustained-release (Nitrong)

c) Amyl nitrite, inhalant (Aspirols, Vaporole)

d) Sustac

008. Which of the following nitrates and nitrite drugs is used for prevention of angina attack?

a) Nitroglycerin, 2% ointment (Nitrol)

b) Nitroglycerin, oral sustained-release (Nitrong)

c) Isosorbide mononitrate (Ismo)

d) All of the above

009. Duration of nitroglycerin action (sublingual) is:

a) 10-30 minutes

b) 6-8 hours

c) 3-5 minutes

d) 1.5-2 hours

010. The following statements concerning mechanism of nitrate beneficial clinical effect are true, EXCEPT?

a) Decreased myocardial oxygen requirement

b) Relief of coronary artery spasm

c) Improved perfusion to ischemic myocardium

d) Increased myocardial oxygen consumption

011. Side effect of nitrates and nitrite drugs are, EXCEPT:

a) Orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia

b) GI disturbance

c) Throbbing headache

d) Tolerance

012. The following statements concerning mechanism of calcium channel blockers’ action are true, EXCEPT:

a) Therapeutically active agents in this group are capable of releasing nitric oxide (NO) in vascular smooth

muscle target tissues

b) Calcium channel blockers bind to L-type calcium channel sites

c) Calcium channel blockers useful in angina decrease myocardial oxygen requirement (by decreasing the

determinations of oxygen demand) and increase myocardial oxygen delivery (by reversing coronary arterial spasm)

d) Calcium channel blockers decrease transmembrane calcium current associated in smooth muscle with long-lasting

relaxation and in a cardiac muscle with a reduction in contractility

013. Which of the following antianginal agents is a calcium channel blocker?

a) Nitroglycerin

b) Dipyridamole

c) Minoxidil

d) Nifedipine

014. Which of the following cardiovascular system effects refers to a calcium channel blocker?

a) The reduction of peripheral vascular resistance

b) The reduction of cardiac contractility and, in some cases, cardiac output

c) Relief of coronary artery spasm

d) All of the above

015. Main clinical use of calcium channel blockers is:

a) Angina pectoris

b) Hypertension

c) Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias

d) All of the above

016. Which of the following antianginal agents is a myotropic coronary dilator:

a) Dipyridamole

b) Validol

c) Atenolol

d) Alinidine

017. Which of the following antianginal agents is a beta-adrenoceptor-blocking drug:

a) Dipyridamole

b) Validol

c) Atenolol

d) Alinidine

018. The following agents are cardioselective beta1-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs labeled for use in angina, EXCEPT:

a) Metoprolol

b) Talinolol

c) Atenolol

d) Propranolol

019. Which of the following statements concerning beta-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs are true:

a) These agents decrease transmembrane calcium current associated in a smooth muscle with long-lasting relaxation

and in a cardiac muscle with a reduction in contractility

b) These agents has a moderate reflex and vascular dilative action caused by the stimulation of sensitive nerve endings

c) Beneficial effects of these agents are related primarily to their hemodynamic effects – decreased heart rate,

blood pressure, and contractility – which decrease myocardial oxygen requirements at rest and during

exercise

d) These agents increase the permeability of K channels, probably ATP-dependent K channels, that results in stabilizing

the membrane potential of excitable cells near the resting potential

020. Which of the following antianginal agents refers to reflex coronary dilators:

a) Dipyridamole

b) Validol

c) Atenolol

d) Alinidine

021. Which of the following statements concerning Validol is true:

a) Validol has a moderate reflex and vascular dilative action caused by the stimulation of sensitive nerve endings

b) At sublingual administration the effect is produced in five minutes and 70 % of the preparation is released in 3 minutes

c) It is used in cases of angina pectoris, motion sickness, nausea, vomiting when seasick or airsick and headaches due

to taking nitrates

d) All of the above

022. Which of the following antianginal agents is the specific bradycardic drug:

a) Dipyridamole

b) Validol

c) Atenolol

d) Alinidine

023. Following statements concerning specific bradycardic agents (Falipamil, Alinidine) are true, EXCEPT:

a) Bradycardic drugs have a moderate reflex and vascular dilative action caused by the stimulation of sensitive

nerve endings

b) The predominant effect of bradycardic drugs is a decrease in heart rate without significant changes in arterial pressure

c) The protective effect of bradycardic drugs is likely due to a reduced O

demand

d) Specific bradycardic agents are used in the management of a wide range of cardiovascular disorders, including sinus

tachyarrhythmias and angina pectoris

024. Which of the following statements concerning Dipyridamole is true?

a) Dipyridamole is an agent that blocks the reabsorption and breakdown of adenosine that results in an increase of

endogenous adenosine and vasodilatation

b) The drug causes relative hypoperfusion of myocardial regions served by coronary arteries with haemodynamically

significant stenoses

c) Dipyridamole is a platelet aggregation inhibitor

d) All of the above

025. Which of the following antianginal agents is a potassium channel opener:

a) Dipyridamole

b) Validol

c) Atenolol

d) Minoxidil

026. Which of the following statements concerning potassium channel openers is true?

a) These agents decrease transmembrane calcium current associated in a smooth muscle with long-lasting relaxation

and in a cardiac muscle with a reduction in contractility

b) These agents has a moderate reflex and vascular dilative action caused by the stimulation of sensitive nerve endings

c) Beneficial effects of these agents are related primarily to their hemodynamic effects – decreased heart rate, blood

pressure, and contractility – which decrease myocardial oxygen requirements at rest and during exercise

d) These agents increase the permeability of K channels, probably ATP-dependent K channels, that results in

stabilizing the membrane potential of excitable cells near the resting potential

PART VIII Antihypertensive drugs

001. This drug reduces blood pressure by acting on vasomotor centers in the CNS:

a) Labetalol

b) Clonidine

c) Enalapril

d) Nifedipine

002. All of the following are central acting antihypertensive drugs EXCEPT:

a) Methyldopa

b) Clonidine

c) Moxonidine

d) Minoxidil

003. A ganglioblocking drug for hypertension treatment is:

a) Hydralazine

b) Tubocurarine

c) Trimethaphan

d) Metoprolol

004. Pick out the sympatholythic drug:

a) Labetalol

b) Prazosin

c) Guanethidine

d) Clonidine

005. Tick the drug with nonselective beta-adrenoblocking activity:

a) Atenolol

b) Propranolol

c) Metoprolol

d) Nebivolol

006. Choose the selective blocker of beta-1 adrenoreceptors:

a) Labetalol

b) Prazosin

c) Atenolol

d) Propranolol

007. Pick out the drug – an alpha and beta adrenoreceptors blocker:

a) Labetalol

b) Verapamil

c) Nifedipine

d) Metoprolol

008. This drug inhibits the angiotensin-converting enzyme:

a) Captopril

b) Enalapril

c) Ramipril

d) All of the above

009. This drug is a directly acting vasodilator:

a) Labetalol

b) Clonidine

c) Enalapril

d) Nifedipine

010. Pick out the diuretic agent for hypertension treatment:

a) Losartan

b) Dichlothiazide

c) Captopril

d) Prazosin

011. This drug blocks alpha-1 adrenergic receptors:

a) Prazosin

b) Clonidine

c) Enalapril

d) Nifedipine

012. This drug activates alpha-2 adrenergic receptors:

a) Labetalol

b) Phentolamine

c) Clonidine

d) Enalapril

013. This drug is an inhibitor of renin synthesis:

a) Propranolol

b) Enalapril

c) Diazoxide

d) Losartan

014. This drug is a non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist:

a) Clonidine

b) Captopril

c) Losartan

d) Diazoxide

015. This drug is a potassium channel activator:

a) Nifedipine

b) Saralasin

c) Diazoxide

d) Losartan

016. All of the following statements regarding angiotensin II are true EXCEPT:

a) It is a peptide hormone

b) It stimulates the secretion of aldosterone

c) Angiotensin I is almost as potent as angiotensin II

d) It is a potent vasoconstrictor

017. This drug is contraindicated in patients with bronchial asthma:

a) Propranolol

b) Clonidine

c) Enalapril

d) Nifedipine

018. This drug is converted to an active metabolite after absorption:

a) Labetalol

b) Clonidine

c) Enalapril

d) Nifedipine

019. This drug routinely produces some tachycardia:

a) Propranolol

b) Clonidine

c) Enalapril

d) Nifedipine

020. All of the following statements regarding vasodilators are true EXCEPT:

a) Hydralazine causes tachycardia

b) Nifedipine is a dopamine receptor antagonist

c) Nitroprusside dilates both arterioles and veins

d) Minoxidil can cause hypertrichosis

021. All of the following statements regarding verapamil are true EXCEPT:

a) It blocks L-type calcium channels

b) It increases heart rate

c) It relaxes coronary artery smooth muscle

d) It depresses cardiac contractility

022. Choose the unwanted effects of clonidine:

a) Parkinson’s syndrome

b) Sedative and hypnotic effects

c) Agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia

d) Dry cough and respiratory depression

023. The reason of beta-blockers administration for hypertension treatment is:

a) Peripheral vasodilatation

b) Diminishing of blood volume

c) Decreasing of heart work

d) Depression of vasomotor center

024. An endogenous vasoconstrictor that can stimulate aldosterone release from suprarenal glands:

a) Angiotensinogen

b) Angiotensin I

c) Angiotensin II

d) Angiotensin-converting enzyme

025. Choose the group of antihypertensive drugs which diminishes the metabolism of bradykinin:

a) Ganglioblockers

b) Alfa-adrenoblockers

c) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

d) Diuretics

026. Hydralazine (a vasodilator) can produce:

a) Seizures, extrapyramidal disturbances

b) Tachycardia, lupus erhythromatosis

c) Acute hepatitis

d) Aplastic anemia

027. Choose the vasodilator which releases NO:

a) Nifedipine

b) Hydralazine

c) Minoxidil

d) Sodium nitroprusside

028. The reason of diuretics administration for hypertension treatment is:

a) Block the adrenergic transmission

b) Diminishing of blood volume and amount of Na+ ions in the vessels endothelium

c) Depression of rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

d) Depression of the vasomotor center

029. Tick the diuretic agent – aldosterone antagonist:

a) Furosemide

b) Spironolactone

c) Dichlothiazide

d) Captopril

030. Tick the diuretic agent having a potent and rapid effect:

a) Furosemide

b) Spironolactone

c) Dichlothiazide

d) Indapamide

PART IX Hypertensive (anti-hypotensive) drugs. Drugs influencing cerebral blood flow. Anti-migraine agents

001. The main principle of shock treatment is:

a) To increase the arterial pressure

b) To increase the peripheral vascular resistance

c) To increase the cardiac output

d) To improve the peripheral blood flow

002. Pick out the drug which increases cardiac output:

a) Noradrenalin

b) Methyldopa

c) Phenylephrine

d) Angiotensinamide

003. Tick the synthetic vasoconstrictor having an adrenomimic effect:

a) Noradrenalin

b) Adrenalin

c) Phenylephrine

d) Angiotensinamide

004. Indicate the vasoconstrictor of endogenous origin:

a) Ephedrine

b) Phenylephrine

c) Xylomethazoline

d) Angiotensinamide

005. Which type of receptors can be activated by angiotensinamide:

a) Adrenergic receptors

b) Cholinergic receptors

c) Dopaminergic receptors

d) Angiotensin’s receptors

006. General unwanted effects of vasoconstrictors is:

a) Increase of arterial pressure

b) Increase of cardiac output

c) Decrease of peripheral blood flow

d) Increase of blood volume

007. For increasing blood pressure in case of low cardiac output the following agents must be used:

a) Ganglioblockers

b) Vasoconstrictors

c) Positive inotropic drugs

d) Diuretics

008. Tick the positive inotropic drug of glycoside structure:

a) Dopamine

b) Digoxin

c) Dobutamine

d) Adrenalin

009. Tick the positive inotropic drug of non-glycoside structure:

a) Digitoxin

b) Digoxin

c) Dobutamine

d) Strophanthin

010. Dopamine at low doses influences mainly:

a) Alfa-adrenoreceptors (leads to peripheral vasoconstriction)

b) Dopamine receptors (leads to vasodilation of renal and mesenterial vessels)

c) Beta-1 adrenoreceptors (leads to enhanced cardiac output)

d) All of the above

011. Dopamine at medium doses influences mainly:

a) Alfa-adrenoreceptors (leads to peripheral vasoconstriction)

b) Dopamine receptors (leads to vasodilation of renal and mesenterial vessels)

c) Beta-1 adrenoreceptors (leads to enhanced cardiac output)

d) All of the above

012. Dopamine in high doses influences mainly the:

a) Alfa-adrenoreceptors (leads to peripheral vasoconstriction)

b) Dopamine’s receptors (leads to vasodilation of renal and mesenterial vessels)

c) Beta-1 adrenoreceptors (leads to enhancing of cardiac output)

d) All of the above

013. Tick the group of drugs for treatment of shock with hypovolaemia (reduced circulating blood volume):

a) Positive inotropic drugs

b) Vasoconstrictors

c) Plasmoexpanders

d) Analeptics and tonics

014. Tick the group of drugs for chronic hypotension treatment:

a) Positive inotropic drugs

b) Vasoconstrictors

c) Plasmoexpanders

d) Analeptics and tonics

015. Indicate the group of drugs influencing the cerebral flow:

a) Ca-channel blockers

b) Derivatives of GABA

c) Derivatives of Vinca minor plant

d) All the above

016. Tick the drug influencing the blood flow which is related to antiplatelet agents:

a) Heparin

b) Aspirin

c) Pyracetam

d) Tanakan

017. Which of the following drugs is related to anticoagulants and may be useful in disorders of cerebral circulation?

a) Aspirin

b) Cinnarizine

c) Nicergoline

d) Heparin

018. Indicate the drugs which are Ca-channel blockers influencing the brain blood flow:

a) Aminalon, Picamilon

b) Nimodipine, Cinnarizine

c) Heparin, Warfarin

d) Vinpocetine, Nicergoline

019. Indicate the drugs influencing the blood flow in the brain - derivatives of GABA:

a) Aminalon, Picamilon

b) Nimodipine, Cinnarizine

c) Heparin, Warfarin

d) Vinpocetine, Nicergoline

020. Indicate the drug - Vinca minor alcaloid:

a) Nicergoline

b) Warfarin

c) Cinnarizine

d) Vinpocetine

021. Tick the drug – a derivative of Ergot:

a) Nicergoline

b) Warfarin

c) Cinnarizine

d) Vinpocetine

022. Indicate the nootropic agent useful in disorders of brain circulation:

a) Aspirin

b) Pyracetam

c) Warfarin

d) All the above

023. What is the main action of GABA derivatives in disorders of brain circulation?

a) Decrease of vessel permeability

b) Stimulation of the metabolic processes in neurons

c) Brain vessel constriction

d) Intracranial pressure increase

024. Choose the appropriate mechanism of vinpocetine action:

a) It dilates cerebral vessels and improves blood supply

b) It constricts cerebral vessels and decreases blood supply

c) It stimulates GABA-receptors and thus increases cerebral metabolic processes

d) It constricts peripheral vessels and increases blood pressure

025. Antiaggregants are used in disorders of brain circulation for:

a) Stimulation of the metabolic processes in neurons

b) Dilation of cerebral vessels

c) Improving the microcirculation in cerebral tissue

d) All the above

026. Migraine is a disorder connected with:

a) Thrombosis of cerebral vessels

b) Brain hemorrhage

c) Dysfunction of regulation of cerebral vessel tonus

d) Malignant growth in brain

027. Main agents for acute migraine attack treatment are Ergot and indol derivatives and NSAID’s. The consideration is:

a) True

b) False

028. The following Indol derivative is used for treatment of acute migraine attack:

a) Paracetamol

b) Sumatriptan

c) Ergotamine

d) Metoclopramide

029. The following Ergot derivative is used for treatment of acute migraine attack:

a) Paracetamol

b) Sumatriptan

c) Ergotamine

d) Metoclopramide

030. The derivative of lysergic acid for migraine attack prevention is:

a) Metoclopramide

b) Methysergide

c) Sumatriptan

d) Ergotamine

(5) METABOLIC PROFILE DRUGS

PART I Hypothalamic & Pituitary Hormones, Thyroid & Antithyroid Drugs

001. Hormones are:

a) Products of endocrine gland secretion

b) Mediators of inflammatory process

c) By-products of tissue metabolism

d) Product of exocrine gland secretion

002. Select an endocrine drug which is an amino acid derivative:

a) Insulin

b) Hydrocortisone

c) Calcitonin

d) Thyroxine

003. Select an endocrine drug which is a peptide derivative:

a) Oxitocin

b) Prednisolone

c) Nandrolone

d) Progesterone

004. Select an endocrine drug which is a steroidal derivative:

a) Gonadorelin

b) Insulin

c) Levothyroxine

d) Hydrocortisone

005. Hormone analogues are:

a) Naturally occurring substances but slightly different from hormones

b) Naturally occurring substances but less efficacious than hormones

c) Naturally occurring substances having the same structure but different pharmacological properties than hormones

d) Synthetic compounds, which resemble the naturally occurring hormones

006. Regarding the mechanism of action of hormones, indicate the FALSE statement:

a) Hormones interact with the specific receptors in the wall of the cells

b) Cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger system

c) They stimulate adenylcyclase enzyme

d) Many hormones owe their effect to primary actions on subcellular membrane.

007. Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones (and their synthetic analogs) have pharmacologic applications in three areas,

EXCEPT the following:

a) As replacement therapy for hormone deficiency states

b) As drug therapy for a variety of disorders using pharmacologic doses to elicit a hormonal effect that is not present at

physiologic a blood levels

c) As a diagnostic tool for performing stimulation tests to diagnose hypo- or hyperfunctional endocrine states

d) As food supplements

008. Which of the following hormones is produced by the hypothalamic gland?

a) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

b) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

c) Aldosterone

d) Estradiol

009. Which of the following hormones is produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary?

a) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

b) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

c) Growth hormone (somatotropin, GH)

d) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

010. The posterior pitutary does NOT secret:

a) Vasopressin

b) Oxytocin

c) Growth hormone

d) All of the above

011. Which of the following organs is a target for prolactin?

a) Liver

b) Adrenal cortex

c) Thyroid

d) Mammary gland

012. Which of the following organ hormones is a target for growth hormone (somatotropine, GH)?

a) Glucocorticoids

b) Insulin-like growth factors (IGF, somatomedins)

c) Triiodthyronine

d) Testosterone

013. All of the following statements about growth hormone are true, EXCEPT:

a) It may stimulate the synthesis or release of somatomedins

b) Low levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 are associated with dwarfism

c) Hypersecretion can result in acromegaly

d) It is contraindicated in subjects with closed epiphyses

014. Correct statements about adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) include all of the following, EXCEPT:

a) Endogenous ACTH is also called corticotropin

b) ACTH stimulates the synthesis of corticosteroids

c) ACTH is most useful clinically as a diagnostic tool in adrenal insufficiency

d) The oral route is the preferred rout of administration

015. The hypothalamic control exists for the thyroid gland. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False.

016. Indications of bromocriptine are following, EXCEPT:

a) Prolactin-secreting adenomas

b) Amenorrhea-Galactorrhea

c) Prolactin deficiency

d) Acromegaly

017. Currently used dopamine agonists decreasing pituitary prolactin secretion are following:

a) Bromocriptine

b) Cabergoline

c) Pergolide

d) All of the above

018. Indications of oxitocin are following:

a) Labor and augment dysfunctional labor for conditions requiring early vaginal delivery

b) Incompleted abortion

c) For control of pospartum uterine hemorrhage

d) All of the above

019. Indications of vasopressin are following:

a) Diabetes mellitus

b) Hypertension

c) Pituitary diabetes insipidus

d) Incompleted abortion

020. Vasopressin possesses the following:

a) Antidiuretic property

b) Vasodilatation property

c) Release of a thyroid hormone into the plasma

d) Diuretic property

021. Oxytocin produces the following effects:

a) It causes contraction of the uterus

b) It assists the progress of spermatozoa into the uterine cavity

c) It brings about milk ejection from the lactating mammary gland

d) All of the above

022. Vasopressin causes a pressor effect by:

a) Releasing noradrenaline from the nerve terminals

b) Releasing and activating renin-angiotensin system

c) A direct action on smooth muscles of the blood vessels

d) All of the above mechanisms

023. Which of the following statements is true

a) Hypothyroidism is a syndrome resulting from deficiency of thyroid hormones and is manifested largely by a

reversible slowing down of all body functions

b) Hypothyroidism is the clinical syndrome that results when tissues are exposed to high levels of thyroid hormone

024. Which of the following hormones is produced by the thyroid gland?

a) Thyroxine

b) Thyroid-stimulating hormone

c) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

d) Thyroglobulin.

025. Which of the following hormones is produced by the thyroid gland?

a) Thyroid-stimulating hormone

b) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

c) Triiodothyronine

d) Thyroglobulin.

026. Thyroid stimulating hormone regulates the following:

a) Iodine uptake

b) Biosynthesis of iodothyroglobulin

c) Release of thyroid hormone into the plasma

d) All of the above.

027. Thyroid hormones produce various pharmacological effects. Indicate the wrong statement(s).

a) Decline of the basal metabolic rate in the body

b) Increase in the rate and force of contraction of the heart

c) Increase in the blood cholestrol level

d) Increase in the heat production

028. Synthesis and release of thyroid hormones are controlled by:

a) Anterior pituitary alone

b) Hypothalamus alone

c) Blood levels of thyroid hormones alone

d) All of the above

029. Thyrotrophin stimulates the following processes:

a) Concentration of iodine by thyroid follicles

b) Iodination of thyroglobulin

c) Release of thyroxine and triidothyronine

d) De-iodination of thyroid hormones.

030. The rate of secretion of thyrotropin is controlled by:

a) The amount of iodine in the thyroid gland

b) The amount of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland

c) The concentration of thyroid hormones in blood

d) The concentration of catecholamines in blood

031. Indications of thyroid hormones are following, EXCEPT:

a) Cretinism

b) Myxoedema

c) Hashimoto's disease

d) For treatment of simple obesity

032. The common side effect of thyroid hormones is following:

a) Increases in basal metabolic rate

b) Angina pectoris

c) Tremors

d) Exopthalmos

033. Currently used antithyroid drugs include the following, EXCEPT:

a) Propylthiouracil (PTU)

b) Diatrizoate sodium (Hypaque)

c) Methimazole (Tapazole)

d) Potassium perchlorate

034. In an area where goitre is endemic, which of the following drugs is used?

a) Iodide 1 part in 100000

b) Propylthiouracil 200 mg daily

c) Methimazole 40 mg daily

d) Any of the above can be used.

035. Iodide preparations can be used in following situations, EXCEPT:

a) In thyroid disorders

b) In granulomatous lesions e.g. Syphilis

c) As an antiseptic

d) In iodism

036. Daily administration of large doses (several milligrammes) of iodides to a thyrotoxic patient causes:

a) Involution of the thyroid which reaches a maximum in two weeks

b) Increased vascularity of the thyroid gland

c) Decreased storage of the colloid in the thyroid gland

d) Thyroid gland growing firm and less vascular

037. Radioiodines (I131 and I132) is suitable for:

a) Elderly patients (over 45 years)

b) Pregnant women

c) Nursing mothers

d) Younger patients

038. Radioiodines in the body emit:

a) Mainly β radiations

b) Mainly γ radiations

c) β and γ radiations equally.

d) Do not emit any radiation, therefore, are safe

PART II Pancreatic Hormones & Antidiabetic Drugs

001. Secretory products of pancreatic β-cells are:

a) Glucagon, proglucagon

b) Insulin, C-peptide, proinsulin, islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP)

c) Somatostatin

d) Pancreatic polypeptide (PP)

002. Insulin is:

a) A glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 6000

b) A small protein with a molecular weight of 5808 having disulphide linkage

c) A fructoolygosaccharide

d) A catecholamine

003. Insulin is a polypeptide hence:

a) It is resistant to destruction by gastric juice

b) It is destroyed by gastric juice

c) It is not a polypeptide

d) It is metabolized immediately by cellular enzymes

004. Bovine insulin is less antigenic than porcine. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

005. Insulin causes reduction in blood sugar level by the following mechanisms, EXCEPT:

a) Increased glucose uptake in the peripheral tissue

b) Reduction of breakdown of glycogen

c) Diminished gluconeogenesis

d) Decreased glucose absorption from the gut

006. Which of the following is true for glucagon?

a) Stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver

b) Stimulates the secretion of insulin by beta cells

c) Inhibits glucose utilization by skeletal muscle

d) Inhibits uptake of aminoacids by cells.

007. Insulin can not be administered by:

a) Oral route

b) Intravenous route

c) Subcutaneous route

d) Intramuscular route.

008. Sources of human insulin production are:

a) Recombinant DNA techniques by inserting the proinsulin gene into E. coli or yeast

b) Postmortem insulin extraction from human autopsy pancreas

c) All of the above

d) None of the above

009. The primary reason for a physician to prescribe human insulin is that:

a) It has a faster onset of action than other insulins

b) It has a shorter duration of action than other insulins

c) It can be given to patients who have an allergy to animal insulins

d) It is more effective in preventing the complications of diabetes than animal insulins

010. Correct statements about crystalline zinc (regular) insulin include all of the following, EXCEPT:

a) It can serve as replacement therapy for juvenile-onset diabetes

b) It can be administered intravenously

c) It is a short-acting insulin

d) It can be administered orally

011. Diabetic coma is treated by the administration of:

a) Lente insulin

b) Glucose

c) Crystalline insulin

d) Oral anti-diabetic drugs.

012. Sulphonylureas act by:

a) Reducing the absorption of carbohydrate from the gut

b) Increasing the uptake of glucose in peripheral tissues

c) Reducing the hepatic gluconeogenesis

d) Stimulating the beta islet cells of pancreas to produce insulin

013. Sulphonylureas are effective in totally insulin deficient patients. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

014. Currently used second-generation sulfonylureas include the following, EXCEPT:

a) Glyburide (Glibenclamide)

b) Glipizide (Glydiazinamide)

c) Glimepiride (Amaril)

d) Tolbutamide (Orinase)

015. Currently used oral hypoglycemic thiazolidinediones include the following, EXCEPT

a) Pioglitazone (Actos)

b) Rosiglitazone (Avandia)

c) Troglitazone (Rezulin)

d) All of the above

016. Thiazolidinediones act by:

a) Diminishing insulin resistance by increasing glucose uptake and metabolism in muscle and adipose tissues

b) Reducing the absorption of carbohydrate from the gut

c) Stimulating the beta islet cells of pancreas to produce insulin

d) All of the above

017. Currently used alpha-glucosidase inhibitors include the following, EXCEPT:

a) Pioglitazone (Actos)

b) Acarbose (Precose)

c) Miglitol (Glyset)

d) All of the above

018. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors act by:

a) Diminishing insulin resistance by increasing glucose uptake and metabolism in muscle and adipose tissues

b) Competitive inhibiting of intestinal alpha-ghucosidases and modulating the postprandial digestion and

absorption of starch and disaccharides

c) Reducing the absorption of carbohydrate from the gut

d) Stimulating the beta islet cells of pancreas to produce insulin

019. Potency of action of

a) Miglitol is six times higher than that of acarbose

b) Acarbose is more than that of miglitol

c) Miglitol and acarbose is equal

d) Oral hypoglycemic agents depend on the severity of hyperglycemia

020. Which of the following oral hypoglycaemic drugs stimulates both synthesis and release of insulin from beta islet cells:

a) Glibenclamide

b) Phenformin

c) Buformine

d) Metformin

021. Currently used oral hypoglycemic biguanides include the following, EXCEPT:

a) Repaglinide (Prandin)

b) Metformin

c) Phenformine

d) Glipizide

022. The action of insulin is potentiated by:

a) Sulphonylureas

b) Glucagon

c) Biguanides

d) None of the above

023. Duration of action of:

a) Tolbutamide is more than that of chlorpropamide

b) Chlorpropamide is more than that of tolbutamide

c) Tolbutamide and chlorpropamide is equal

d) Oral hypoglycemic agents depend on the severity of hyperglycemia

024. Side effects of sulphonylureas are less than those of biguanides. This considerations is:

a) True

b) False

025. Biguanides are used in the following conditions, EXCEPT:

a) As a supplement to sulphonylurea, where it is insufficient to give good results

b) In over weight diabetics

c) To reduce insulin requirements

d) In case of hyperglycemic shock

026. Which of the following agents is/are important hormonal antagonists of insulin in the body?

a) Glucagon

b) Adrenal steroids

c) Adrenaline

d) All of the above

027. Glucagon is:

a) A glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 6000

b) A peptide – identical in all mammals – consisting of a single chain of 29 amino acids

c) A a fructoolygosaccharide

d) A small protein with a molecular weight of 5808 having disulphide linkage

028. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

a) Glucagon is synthesized in the A cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans.

b) Glucagon is a peptide – identical in all mammals – consisting of a single chain of 29 amino acids

c) Glucagon is extensively degraded in the liver and kidney as well as in plasma, and at its tissue receptor sites.

d) Half-life of glucagon is between 6 and 8 hours, which is similar to that of insulin

029. Glucagon can be used in the following situations, EXCEPT:

a) Severe hypoglycemia

b) Severe hyperglycemia

c) Endocrine diagnosis

d) Beta-blocker poisoning

030. Main complications of insulin therapy include the following:

a) Hypoglycemia

b) Insulin allergy

c) Lipodystrophy at an injection site

d) All of the above

PART III The Gonadal Hormones & Inhibitors

001. The major natural estrogens produced by women are following, EXCEPT:

a) Estradiol (Estradiol-17β, E

)

b) Estron (E

)

c) Ethinyl estradiol

d) Estriol (E

)

002. Which of the following statements about estrogens are True:

a) Estrogens are required for normal sexual maturation and growth of the female

b) Estrogens decrease the rate of resorption of bone

c) Estrogens enhance the coagulability of blood

d) All of the above

003. The major synthetic estrogens are following, EXCEPT:

a) Dienestrol

b) Diethylstilbestrol

c) Benzestrol

d) Estradiol

004. Which of the following statements about estrogens are True:

a) Estradiol binds strongly to an α

-globulin and albumin with lower affinity

b) Estradiol is converted by liver and other tissues to estron and estriol and their 2-hydroxylated derivatives and

conjugated metabolites and excreted in the bile

c) Estrone and estriol have lower affinity for the estrogen receptors than estradiol

d) All of the above

005. Indications of synthetic estrogens are following, EXCEPT:

a) Primary hypogonadism

b) Postmenopausal hormonal therapy

c) Hormonal contraception

d) For treatment of simple obesity

006. Main complications of estrogens’ therapy include the following:

a) Postmenopausal uterine bleeding

b) Breast tenderness

c) Hyperpigmentation

d) All of the above

007. Main contraindications of estrogens’ therapy include the following:

a) Estrogen-dependent neoplasmas such as carcinoma of the endometrium or carcinoma of the breast

b) Undiagnosed genital bleeding

c) Liver disease

d) All of the above

008. Tamoxifen is:

a) Antiprogestin

b) Antiandrogen

c) Antiestrogen

d) Androgen

009. Progesterone is secreted by:

a) Ovarian follicles

b) Corpus luteum

c) Granulosa and theca cells

d) All of the above

010. The major natural progestin is:

a) Estradiol

b) Estron

c) Progesterone

d) Estriol

011. Which of the following statements about progestins is True:

a) Progesterone is rapidly absorbed following administration by any route

b) In the liver, progesterone is metabolized to pregnanediol and conjugated with glucuronic acid.

c) Significant amounts of progestins and their metabolites are excreted in the urine

d) All of the above

012. The normal ovary produces small amount of androgens, including testosterone, androstenedione, and

degydroepiandrosterone. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

013. Noncontraceptive clinical uses of progestins are following:

a) Hormone replacement therapy

b) Dysmenorrhea

c) Endometriosis

d) All of the above

014. Estrogens possess immunomodulator properties, but progestins do immunodepressant ones. Is it TRUE or FALSE?

a) True

b) False

015. Mifepristone (RU-486) is:

a) Antiprogestin

b) Antiandrogen

c) Antiestrogen

d) Androgen

016. Mifepristone (RU-486) is used as a contraceptive and abortifacient. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

017. Actions of mifepristone (RU-486) include:

a) Inhibition of ovulation during the follicular phase by blocking hypothalamic-pituitary progesterone receptors, which

suppresses midcycle gonadotropin release

b) During the luteal phase, inhibition of progesterone action on the uterus, which induces prostaglandin release from the

endometrium

c) Termination of pregnancy by facilitating luteolysis, menstruation, uterine motility, softening of the cervix, and

detachment of the embryo.

d) All of the above

018. All of the following statements about oral contraceptives are true, EXCEPT:

a) The “combination pill” contains both estrogen and progestin

b) Ethinyl estradiol and mestranol are commonly used in oral contraceptives

c) The “minipill” contains progestin alone

d) The “triphasic pill” contains estrogen, progestin, and luteinizing hormine (LH)

PART IV Glucocorticoid, Steroidal & Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

001. Glucocorticoids are hormonal steroids:

a) Having an important effect on intermediary metabolism, cardiovascular function, growth, and immunity

b) Having principally salt-retaining activity

c) Having androgenic or estrogenic activity

d) All of the above

002. Inflammation is:

a) A localized protective reaction of a tissue to irritation, injury, or infection, characterized by pain, redness,

swelling, and sometimes loss of function

b) A deficiency of the normal immune response.

c) A reaction resulting from an immune reaction produced by an individual's white blood cells or antibodies acting on the

body's own tissues or extracellular proteins.

d) All of the above

003. An acute, transient phase, of inflammation is characterized by:

a) Local vasodilatation and increased capillary permeability (phase of damage)

b) Infiltration of leucocytes and phagocytic cells (phase of exudation)

c) Tissue degeneration and fibrosis occurrence (phase of proliferation)

d) All of the above

004. A delayed, subacute phase, of inflammation is characterized by:

a) Local vasodilatation and increased capillary permeability (phase of damage)

b) Infiltration of leucocytes and phagocytic cells (phase of exudation)

c) Tissue degeneration and fibrosis occurrence (phase of proliferation)

d) All of the above

005. A chronic, proliferative phase, of inflammation is characterized by:

a) Local vasodilatation and increased capillary permeability (phase of damage)

b) Infiltration of leucocytes and phagocytic cells (phase of exudation)

c) Tissue degeneration and fibrosis occurrence (phase of proliferation)

d) All of the above

006. The following substances are considered to be referred to as eicosanoids:

a) Prostaglandins

b) Leukotrienes

c) Thromboxanes

d) All of the above

007. Correct statements about cortisol (hydrocortisone) include all of the following, EXCEPT:

a) Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol

b) ACTH governs cortisol secretion

c) Most cortisol is inactivated in the liver

d) The half-life of cortisol in the circulations is normally about 60-90 hours.

008. Correct statements about glucocorticoids include all of the following, EXCEPT:

a) Effects of glucocorticoids are mediated by widely distributed glucocorticoid receptors that are members of the

superfamily of nuclear receptors.

b) Glucocorticoids have dose-related metabolic effects on carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.

c) Glucocorticoids have pro-inflammatory effects.

d) Glucocorticoids have catabolic effects in lymphoid and connective tissue, muscle, fat, and skin.

009. Physiologic doses of glucocorticoid can result in:

a) Increased liver glycogen stores, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

b) Maintenance of cardiovascular function (by potentiation of norepinephrine) and skeletal muscle function

c) Increased hemoglobin synthesis, resulting in elevated of red blood cell count

d) All of the above

010. Which of the following glucocorticoids is a short- to medium-acting drug?

a) Prednisolon

b) Dexamethasone

c) Triamcinolone

d) All of the above

011. Which of the following glucocorticoids is an intermediate-acting drug?

a) Cortisone

b) Triamcinolone

c) Butamethasone

d) All of the above

012. Which of the following glucocorticoids is a long-acting drug?

a) Prednisolon

b) Dexamethasone

c) Triamcinolone

d) All of the above

013. Which of the following glucocorticoids have one fluoride atom in its chemical structure?

a) Prednisolon

b) Fluocinolone

c) Triamcinolone

d) All of the above

014. Which of the following glucocorticoids have two fluoride atoms in its chemical structure?

a) Prednisolon

b) Dexamethasone

c) Fluocinolone

d) Triamcinolone

015. Which of the following glucocorticoids has no fluoride atoms in its chemical structure?

a) Prednisolon

b) Dexamethasone

c) Fluocinolone

d) Triamcinolone

016. Anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids is caused by

a) Reducing the prostaglandin and leukotriene which results from inhibition of phospholipase A

b) Reducing macrophages migration into the site of inflammation

c) Decreasing capillary permeability

d) All of the above

017. Which of the following statements concerning the anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids is TRUE?

a) Anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids results from inhibition of cyclooxygenase

b) Anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids results from inhibition of phospholipase A

and reducing

prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis

c) Induction of cyclooxygenase II expression which results in reducing amount of an enzyme available to produce

prostoglandins

d) All of the above

018. Immunosupressive effect of glucocorticoids is caused by:

a) Reducing concentration of lymphocytes (T and B cells) and inhibiting function of tissue macrophages and

other antigen-presenting cells

b) Suppression of cyclooxygenase II expression which results in reducing amount of an enzyme available to produce

prostoglandins

c) Activation of phospholipase A

and reducing prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis.

d) All of the above

019. Which of the following statements concerning the anti-inflammatory effect of NSAIDs are TRUE?

a) Anti-inflammatory effect of NSAIDs results from inhibition of cyclooxygenase

b) Anti-inflammatory effect of NSAIDs results from inhibition of phospholipase A

and reducing prostaglandin and

leukotriene synthesis

c) Anti-inflammatory effect of NSAIDs results from induction of cyclooxygenase II expression which results in reducing

the amount of an enzyme available to produce prostoglandins

d) All of the above

020. Indication of glucocorticoids is:

a) Chronic (Addison’s disease) and acute adrenocortical insufficiency

b) Organ transplants (prevention and treatment of rejection – immunosuppression)

c) Inflammatory conditions of bones and joints (arthritis, bursitis, tenosynovitis).

d) All of the above

021. Indications of glucocorticoids are following, EXCEPT:

a) Gastrointestinal diseases (inflammatory bowel disease)

b) Postmenopausal hormonal therapy

c) Inflammatory conditions of bones and joints (arthritis, bursitis, tenosynovitis)

d) Skin diseases (atopic dermatitis, dermatoses, localized neurodermatitis)

022. Serious side effects of glucocorticoids include the following, EXCEPT:

a) Acute peptic ulcers

b) Iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome (rounding, puffiness, fat deposition and plethora alter the appearance of the face –

moon faces)

c) Salicylism (vomiting, tinnitus, decreased hearing, and vertigo)

d) Hypomania or acute psychosis

023. Serious side effects of glucocorticoids include the following:

a) Adrenal suppression

b) Insomnia, behavioral changes (primarily hypomania)

c) Rounding, puffiness, fat deposition and plethora alter the appearance of the face – moon faces

d) All of the above

024. Selective COX-2 inhibitors are safer than nonselective COX-1 inhibitors but without loss of efficacy. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

025. The constitutive COX-2 isoform tends to be homeostatic in function, while COX-1 is induced during inflammation and

tends to facilitate the inflammatory response. The consideration is:

a) True

b) False

026. Which of the following property combinations is peculiar to the majority of NSAIDs?

a) Antihistaminic, antipyretic, analgesic

b) Immunodepressive, anti-inflammatory, analgesic

c) Antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory

d) Anti-inflammatory, immunodepressive, antihistaminic

027. Which of the following NSAIDs is a propionic acid derivative?

a) Ibuprofen

b) Indomethacin

c) Metamizole (Analgin)

d) Diclofenac

028. Which of the following NSAIDs is an indol derivative?

a) Ibuprofen

b) Indomethacin

c) Meclofenamic acid

d) Diclofenac

029. Which of the following NSAIDs is a pyrazolone derivative?

a) Ibuprofen

b) Indomethacin

c) Metamizole (Analgin)

d) Diclofenac

030. Which of the following NSAIDs is a fenamate derivative?

a) Phenylbutazone

b) Indomethacin

c) Meclofenamic acid

d) Diclofenac

031. Which of the following NSAIDs is an oxicam derivative?

a) Piroxicam

b) Indomethacin

c) Meclofenamic acid

d) Diclofenac

032. Which of the following NSAIDs is a selective COX-2 inhibitor?

a) Piroxicam

b) Indomethacin

c) Celecoxib

d) Diclofenac

033. Which of the following NSAIDs is a nonselective COX inhibitor

a) Piroxicam

b) Rofecoxib

c) Celecoxib

d) All of the above

034. The following statements concerning aspirin are true, EXCEPT:

a) In contrast to most other NSAIDs, aspirin irreversibly inhibits COX

b) Aspirin interferes with the chemical mediators of the kallikrein system

c) Aspirin inhibits phospholipase A

d) Aspirin inhibits tromboxane A

formation

035. Indication for aspirin administration are the following, EXCEPT:

a) Inflammatory conditions

b) Decreasing the incidence of transient ischemic attack, unstable angina, coronary artery thrombosis with myocardial

infarction, and thrombosis after coronary artery bypass grafting

c) Relieving severe visceral pain, e.g. myocardial infarction, cancer pain condition, renal or biliary colic

d) Reducing elevated body temperature

036. Side effects of aspirin include following:

a) Gastric upset (intolerance)

b) Salicylism (vomiting, tinnitus, decreased hearing, and vertigo)

c) Gastric ulcers and upper gastrointestinal bleeding

d) All of the above

037. Serious side effects of metamizole (analgin) include the following:

a) Agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia

b) Salicylism (vomiting, tinnitus, decreased hearing, and vertigo)

c) Iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome (rounding, puffiness, fat deposition and plethora alter the appearance of the face –

moon faces)

d) All of the above

038. Side effects of indometacin include the following:

a) Abdominal pain, diarrhea, gastrointestinal hemorrhage and pancreatitis

b) Dizziness, confusion and depression

c) Trombocytopenia

d) All of the above

039. Ketoprofen is a propionic acid derivative that inhibits both cyclooxygenase (nonselectively) and lipoxygenase. This

statement is:

a) True

b) False

040. Ketorolac is an NSAID that is promoted for systemic use as an anti-inflammatory, not as an analgesic drug. This

statement is:

a) True

b) False

041. Which of the following drugs is a 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOG) inhibitor?

a) Ibuprofen

b) Zileuton (Zyflo)

c) Metamizole (Analgin)

d) Diclofenac

042. Which of the following drugs is a leucotreine D4 receptor (LTD4) blocker?

a) Ibuprofen

b) Zileuton (Zyflo)

c) Zafirleukast (Accolate)

d) Diclofenac

043. Which of the following drugs is a thromboxane A2 receptor (TXA2) antagonist?

a) Sulotroban

b) Zileuton (Zyflo)

c) Zafirleukast (Accolate)

d) Diclofenac

PART V Immunotropic & Antiallergic Agents

001. Immune system is the integrated body system of organs, tissues, cells, and cell products that differentiates self from

nonself and neutralizes potentially pathogenic organisms or substances. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

002. Antigen is any of various substances, including toxins, bacteria, and the cells of transplanted organs, that when

introduced into the body stimulate the production of antibodies. It is also called an allergen or immunogen. This

consideration is:

a) True

b) False

003. Antibody is a protein substance produced in the blood or tissues in response to a specific antigen, such as a bacterium

or a toxin that destroys or weakens bacteria and neutralizes organic poisons, thus forming the basis of immunity. This

consideration is:

a) True

b) False

004. Innate immunity refers to:

a) Antigen-nonspecific defense mechanisms that a host uses immediately or within several hours after exposure

to an antigen. This is the immunity one is born with and is the initial response by the body to eliminate

microbes and prevent infection

b) Antigen-specific defense mechanisms that take several days to become protective and are designed to react with and

remove a specific antigen. This is the immunity one develops throughout life

005. Adaptive (acquired) immunity refers to:

a) Antigen-nonspecific defense mechanisms that a host uses immediately or within several hours after exposure to an

antigen. This is the immunity one is born with and is the initial response by the body to eliminate microbes and prevent

infection

b) Antigen-specific defense mechanisms that take several days to become protective and are designed to react

with and remove a specific antigen. This is the immunity one develops throughout life

006. Allergic reaction is:

a) A local or generalized reaction of an organism to internal or external contact with a specific allergen to which

the organism has been previously sensitized

b) A localized protective reaction of tissue to irritation, injury, or infection, characterized by pain, redness, swelling, and

sometimes a loss of function

007. Immediate allergy reaction (type I allergic reaction) is:

a) An allergic or immune response that begins within a period lasting from a few minutes to about an hour after

exposure to an antigen to which the individual has been sensitized

b) An allergic reaction that becomes apparent only hours after contact

c) An allergic reaction that results from the formation of antigen-antibody complexes between a foreign antigen and IgM

or IgG immunoglobulins. (It occurs during blood transfusion reactions and in hemolytic disease of the newborn)

d) An allergic reaction that is due to the presence of elevated levels of antigen-antibody complexes that cause tissue

damage

008. Delayed allergy reaction (type IV allergic reaction) is:

a) An allergic or immune response that begins within a period lasting from a few minutes to about an hour after exposure

to an antigen to which the individual has been sensitized

b) An allergic reaction that becomes apparent only hours after contact

c) An allergic reaction that results from the formation of antigen-antibody complexes between a foreign antigen and IgM

or IgG immunoglobulins. (It occurs during blood transfusion reactions and in hemolytic disease of the newborn)

d) An allergic reaction that is due to the presence of elevated levels of antigen-antibody complexes that cause tissue

damage

009. Immunodeficiency:

a) A localized protective reaction of tissue to irritation, injury, or infection, characterized by pain, redness, swelling, and

sometimes a loss of function

b) A disorder or deficiency of the normal immune response

c) A disease resulting from an immune reaction produced by an individual's white blood cells or antibodies acting on the

body's own tissues or extracellular proteins

d) All of the above

010. Anaphylactic shock is a severe, sometimes fatal allergic reaction characterized by a sharp drop in blood pressure,

urticaria, and breathing difficulties that is caused by exposure to a foreign substance, such as a drug or bee venom,

after preliminary or sensitizing exposure. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

011. H1 histamine receptor subtype is distributed in:

a) Smooth muscle, endothelium and brain

b) Gastric mucosa, cardiac muscle, mast cells and brain

c) Presynaptically in brain, mesenteric plexus and other neurons

d) All of the above

012. H2 histamine receptor subtype is distributed in:

a) Smooth muscle, endothelium and brain

b) Gastric mucosa, cardiac muscle, mast cells and brain

c) Presynaptically in brain, mesenteric plexus and other neurons

d) All of the above

013. Most tissue histamine is sequestered and bound in:

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a) Granules in mast cells or basophils

b) Cell bodies of histaminergic neurons

c) Enterochromaffin-like cell of the fondus of the stomach

d) All of the above

014. These categories of histamine H1 antagonists are noted for sedative effects, EXCEPT:

a) Piperidines; i.e. Loratadine, Fexofenadine

b) Ethanolamines (aminoalkyl ethers); i.e. Dimedrol, Clistin

c) Ethylenediamines; i.e. Suprastine

d) Phenothiazines; i.e. Diprazine, Promethazine

015. Which category of histamine H1 antagonists is noted for the best antiemetic action?

a) Alkylamines (propylamines); i.e. Brompheniramine

b) Ethanolamines (aminoalkyl ethers); i.e. Doxylamine

c) Piperazines; i.e. Hydroxyzine, Cyclizine

d) Ethylenediamines; i.e. Suprastine

016. These categories of histamine H

antagonists are noted for the anticholinergic effect, EXCEPT:

a) Alkylamines (propylamines); i.e. Brompheniramine

b) Piperazines; i.e. Hydroxyzine, Cyclizine

c) Ethylenediamines; i.e. Suprastine

d) Phenothiazines; i.e. Diprazine, Promethazine

017. Which category of histamine H

antagonists is noted for the alpha-adrenoreceptor-blocking effect?

a) Alkylamines (propylamines); i.e. Brompheniramine

b) Ethanolamines (aminoalkyl ethers); i.e. Doxylamine, Dimedrol

c) Ethylenediamines; i.e. Suprastine

d) Phenothiazines; i.e. Diprazine, Promethazine

018. Which category of histamine H

antagonists is noted for the highest local anesthetic effect?

a) Alkylamines (propylamines); i.e. Brompheniramine

b) Piperidines; i.e. Loratadine, Fexofenadine

c) Ethylenediamines; i.e. Suprastine

d) Phenothiazines; i.e. Promethazine

019. Which category of histamine H

antagonists is recognized for as second-generation antihistamines?

a) Alkylamines (propylamines); i.e. Brompheniramine

b) Piperidines; i.e. Loratadine, Fexofenadine

c) Ethylenediamines; i.e. Suprastine

d) Phenothiazines; i.e. Promethazine

020. These histamine H

antagonists are recognized for as second-generation antihistamines, EXCEPT:

a) Astemizole

b) Loratadine (Claritin)

c) Cetirizine (Zyrtec)

d) Suprastine

021. Which of histamine H

antagonists is noted for the serotonin-blocking effect?

a) Brompheniramine

b) Cyproheptadine

c) Suprastine

d) Dimedrol

022. Which of the following histamine H

antagonists is a long-acting (up to 24-48 h) antihistamine drug?

a) Diazoline

b) Diprazine

c) Suprastine

d) Dimedrol

023. Which of histamine H

antagonists is noted for the ulcerogenic effect?

a) Diazoline

b) Loratadine

c) Suprastine

d) Dimedrol

024. Indication for administration of histamine H

antagonists is:

a) Prevention or treatment of the symptoms of allergic reactions (rhinitis, urticaria)

b) Motion sickness and vestibular disturbances

c) Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (“morning sickness”)

d) All of the above

025. Indications for administration of histamine H

antagonists are the following EXCEPT:

a) Prevention or treatment of the symptoms of allergic reactions (rhinitis, urticaria)

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b) Management of seizure states

c) Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (“morning sickness”)

d) Treatment of sleep disorders

026. Side effect of first-generation histamine H

antagonists is:

a) Aplastic anemia

b) Vomiting, tinnitus, decreased hearing

c) Sedation

d) Gastric ulcers and upper gastrointestinal bleeding

027. For those first-generation histamine H

antagonists that cause significant sedation, addition of other drugs that cause

central nervous system depression produces additive effects and is contraindicated while driving or operating

machinery. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

028. Immunosuppressive drug is any of a variety of substances used to prevent production of antibodies, protein produced by

the immune system in response to the presence in the body of antigens: foreign proteins or polysaccharides such as

bacteria, bacterial toxins, viruses, or other cells or proteins. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

029. Immunosupressive effect of glucocorticoids is caused by

a) Reducing concentration of lymphocytes (T and B cells) and inhibiting function of tissue macrophages and

other antigen-presenting cells

b) Suppression of cyclooxygenase II expression that results in reducing amount of an enzyme available to produce

prostoglandins

c) Activation of phospholipase A

and reducing prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis

d) All of the above

030. Antiallergic effect of glucocorticoids is caused by:

a) Suppression of leukocyte migration and stabilizing lysosomal membranes

b) Reverse the capillary permeability associated with histamine release

c) Suppression of the immune response by inhibiting antibody synthesis

d) All of the above

031. The Immunosuppressive agent is:

a) Corticosteroids

b) Cyclosporine

c) Tacrolimus (FK 506)

d) All of the above

032. Class of cyclosporine A is:

a) Interferons

b) Immunosuppressive agents

c) Monoclonal antibodies

d) Immunoglobulins

033. Mechanism of action of cyclosporine A is:

a) Complement-mediated cytolysis of T lymphocytes

b) ADCC towards T lymphocytes

c) Inhibits calcineurin

d) Compete for Fc receptors with autoantibodies

034. Side effect of cyclosporine A is:

a) Tremor

b) GI disturbance

c) Hepatotoxicity

d) All of the above

035. Side effect of cyclosporine A is:

a) Tremor

b) Anorexia

c) Chills

d) Myalgia

036. Side effect of cyclosporine A is:

a) Diarrhea

b) Headache

c) GI disturbance

d) Immunosuppression

037. Indication of cyclosporine A is:

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a) Secondary immunodeficiency

b) Hairy cell leukemia

c) Primary immunodeficiency

d) Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome

038. Half-life of cyclosporine A is:

a) 25-35 minutes

b) 21 days

c) 4 - 16 hours

d) 19 hours

039. Class of I.V. IgG preparation is:

a) Monoclonal antibodies

b) Immunosuppressive agents

c) Interferons

d) Immunoglobulins

040. Mechanism of action of I.V. IgG preparation is:

a) Inhibits CD3 receptor

b) Inhibits calcineurin

c) Complement-mediated cytolysis of T lymphocytes

d) Compete for Fc receptors with autoantibodies

041. Half-life of I.V. IgG preparation is:

a) 25-35 minutes

b) 19 hours

c) 4 - 16 hours

d) 21 days

042. Indication for I.V. IgG preparation administration is:

a) Kaposi's sarcoma

b) Acute rejection of organ transplant

c) Condyloma acuminatum

d) Prophylaxis of certain infections

043. Cytotoxic agents are the following EXCEPT:

a) Azathioprine

b) Cyclosporine

c) Leflunomide

d) Cyclophosphamide

044. Class of sirolimus (rapamycin) is:

a) Immunoglobulins

b) Interferons

c) Immunosuppressive agents

d) Monoclonal antibodies

045. Mechanism of action of sirolimus (rapamycin) is:

a) Anti-idiotype antibodies against autoantibodies

b) Modulation of CD3 receptor from the cell surface

c) Inhibits calcineurin

d) ADCC towards T lymphocytes

046. Monoclonal antibodies is:

a) Trastuzumab

b) Rituximab

c) OKT-3

d) All of the above

047. Class of OKT-3 is:

a) Immunosuppressive agents

b) Monoclonal antibodies

c) Interferons

d) Immunoglobulins

048. Half-life of OKT-3 is:

a) 18-24 hours

b) 25-35 minutes

c) 4 - 16 hours

d) 21 days

049. The indication for interferon gamma administration is:

a) Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome

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b) Hepatitis C virus infection

c) Chronic granulomatous disease

d) Hairy cell leukemia

050. The side effect of interferon gamma is:

a) Hypertension

b) Pulmonary edema

c) Nephrotoxicity

d) Fatigue

051. Half-life of interferon gamma is:

a) 21 days

b) 19 hours

c) 4 - 16 hours

d) 25-35 minutes

052. Half-life of interferon alpha is:

a) 18-24 hours

b) 4-16 hours

c) 25-35 minutes

d) 21 days

053. The indication for interferon alpha administration is:

a) Hepatitis C virus infection

b) Kaposi's sarcoma

c) Condyloma acuminatum

d) All of the above

054. Indication for interferon alpha administration is:

a) Autoimmune diseases

b) Rheumatoid arthritis

c) Organ transplantation

d) Hepatitis C virus infection

055. Indication for interferon alpha administration is:

a) Prophylaxis of sensitization by Rh antigen

b) Rheumatoid arthritis

c) Kaposi's sarcoma

d) Chronic granulomatous disease

056. Class of tacrolimus (FK-506) is:

a) Immunoglobulins

b) Immunosuppressive agents

c) Interferons

d) Monoclonal antibodies

057. Mechanism of action of tacrolimus (FK-506) is:

a) Inhibits CD3 receptor

b) Complement-mediated cytolysis of T lymphocytes

c) Substitution for patient's defiecient immunoglobulins

d) Inhibits calcineurin

058. Immunomodulating agent is:

a) Sirolimus (rapamycin)

b) Levamisole

c) Tacrolimus (FK 506)

d) All of the above

059. Immunomodulating agents are the following EXEPT:

a) Cytokines

b) Levamosole

c) BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin)

d) Tacrolimus (FK-506)

060. Mechanism of action of levamisole is:

a) Inhibits CD3 receptor

b) Complement-mediated cytolysis of T lymphocytes

c) Substitution for patient's defiecient immunoglobulins

d) Increase the number of T-cells

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PART VI Vitamins, Vitamin-like Compounds, Antivitamins, Enzymes & Antienzymes

001. Vitamins are:

a) Inorganic nutrients needed in small quantities in the body

b) Organic substances needed in very large quantities in the body

c) Any of various fat-soluble or water-soluble organic substances essential in minute amounts for normal

growth and activity of the body and obtained naturally from plant and animal foods

d) Products of endocrine gland secretion

002. Vitamin-like compounds are:

a) A number of compounds, whose nutritional requirements exist at specific periods of development,

particularly neonatal development, and periods of rapid growth

b) Inorganic nutrients needed in small quantities in body

c) Organic substances needed in very large quantities in body

d) Products of endocrine gland secretion

003. Antivitamins are:

a) Any of various fat-soluble or water-soluble organic substances essential in minute amounts for normal growth and

activity of the body and obtained naturally from plant and animal foods

b) Substances that prevent vitamins from exerting their typical metabolic effects

c) Any of numerous proteins or conjugated proteins produced by living organisms and functioning as specialized

catalysts for biochemical reactions

d) Nonprotein organic substances that usually contain a vitamin or mineral and combine with a specific apoenzyme to

form an active enzyme system

004. Coenzymes are:

a) Any of various fat-soluble or water-soluble organic substances essential in minute amounts for normal growth and

activity of the body and obtained naturally from plant and animal foods

b) Substances that prevent vitamins from exerting their typical metabolic effects

c) Any of numerous proteins or conjugated proteins produced by living organisms and functioning as specialized

catalysts for biochemical reactions

d) Nonprotein organic substances that usually contain a vitamin or mineral and combines with a specific

apoenzyme to form an active enzyme system

005. Antienzymes are:

a) Agents, especially an inhibitory enzymes or an antibodies to enzymes, that retard, inhibit, or destroy enzymic

activity

b) Substances that prevent vitamins from exerting their typical metabolic effects

c) Any of numerous proteins or conjugated proteins produced by living organisms and functioning as specialized

catalysts for biochemical reactions

d) Nonprotein organic substances that usually contain a vitamin or mineral and combines with a specific apoenzyme to

form an active enzyme system

006. Hypovitaminosis is an insufficiency of one or more essential vitamins. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

007. Hypervitaminosis is any of various abnormal conditions in which the physiological effect of a vitamin is produced to a

pathological degree by excessive intake of the vitamin. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

008. Select a fat-soluble vitamin:

a) Ascorbic acid

b) Tocopherol

c) Thiamine

d) Riboflavin

009. Select a water-soluble vitamin:

a) Vitamin A

b) Vitamin E

c) Vitamin D

d) Vitamin B

010. Which of the following vitamins can be also synthesized from a dietary precursor?

a) Vitamin С

b) Vitamin A

c) Vitamin B

d) Vitamin B

011. Which of the following vitamins resembles with hormone

a) Vitamin К

105

b) Vitamin A

c) Vitamin D

d) Vitamin E

012. Beri-beri is caused by the deficiency of:

a) Riboflavin

b) Ascorbic acid

c) Nicotinic acid

d) Thiamine

013. Beri-beri is

a) Disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine, endemic in eastern and southern Asia, and characterized by

neurological symptoms, cardiovascular abnormalities, and edema. It is also called endemic neuritis

b) Inflammation at the corners of the mouth caused by a deficiency of riboflavin, associated with a wrinkled or fissured

epithelium that does not involve the mucosa

c) A disorder of the lips often due to riboflavin deficiency and other B-complex vitamin deficiencies and characterized by

fissures, especially in the corners of the mouth

d) All of the above

014. Deficiency symptom of riboflavin is:

a) Cheilitis – inflammation of the lips or of a lip, with redness and the production of fissures radiating from the angles of

the mouth

b) Cheilosis – a disorder of the lips characterized by fissures, especially in the corners of the mouth

c) Angular stomatitis, associated with a wrinkled or fissured epithelium that does not involve the mucosa

d) All of the above

015. All of the following statements concerning vitamin A functions are true EXCEPT:

a) Transmission of light stimuli to the brain, via combination with a specific protein, opsin, to form a visual pigment,

rhodopsin, in the retina of the eye

b) Regulation of cell growth and differentiation in epithelium, connective tissues (including bone and cartilage) and

hematopoietic tissues by retinoic acid, a highly bioactive metabolite of retinol

c) Retinoic acid is especially important during embryogenesis

d) Acts as a hormone involved in regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis

016. Deficiency symptom of vitamin A is:

a) Night blindness – lessened ability to see in dim light

b) Xerophthalmia and keratomalacia

c) Various epithelial tissue defects, leading to decreased resistance to infective diseases, male and female infertility

d) All of the above

017. Xerophthalmia is:

a) Extreme dryness of the conjunctiva resulting from a disease localized in the eye or from systemic deficiency

of vitamin A

b) A condition, usually in children with vitamin A deficiency, characterized by softening and subsequent ulceration and

perforation of the cornea

c) A condition of the eyes in which vision is normal in daylight or other strong light but is abnormally weak or completely

lost at night or in dim light and that results from vitamin A deficiency

d) All of the above

018. Keratomalacia is:

a) Extreme dryness of the conjunctiva resulting from a disease localized in the eye or from systemic deficiency of vitamin

b) A condition, usually in children with vitamin A deficiency, characterized by softening and subsequent

ulceration and perforation of the cornea

c) A visual defect marked by the inability to see as clearly in bright light as in dim light

d) All of the above

019. Night blindness (Hemeralopia, Nyctalopia) is

a) Extreme dryness of the conjunctiva resulting from a disease localized in the eye or from systemic deficiency of vitamin

b) A condition, usually in children with vitamin A deficiency, characterized by softening and subsequent ulceration and

perforation of the cornea

c) A condition of the eyes in which vision is normal in daylight or other strong light but is abnormally weak or

completely lost at night or in dim light and that results from vitamin A deficiency

d) All of the above

020. All of the following statements concerning vitamin E functions are true, EXCEPT:

a) An extremely important antioxidant, which protects cell membrane lipids from peroxidation by breaking the chain

reaction of free radical formation to which polyunsaturated fatty acids are particularly vulnerable

b) Antisterility and antiabortion factor

c) Specifically required for synthesis of prothrombin and several other clotting factors

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d) An essential for oxidative processes regulation

021. Which of the following statements concerning vitamin B1 functions are true:

a) An extremely important antioxidant, which protects cell membrane lipids from peroxidation by breaking the chain

reaction of free radical formation to which polyunsaturated fatty acids are particularly vulnerable

b) An essential coenzyme for oxidative decarboxylate of alpha-keto acids, most important being conversion of

pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A

c) Specifically required for synthesis of prothrombin and several other clotting factors

d) Essential constituent of the flavoproteins, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

022. All of the following statements concerning vitamin B2 functions are true EXCEPT:

a) Essential constituent of flavoproteins, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

b) Plays key roles in hydrogen transfer reactions associated with glycolysis, TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

c) An essential coenzyme for oxidative decarboxylate of alpha-keto acids, most important being conversion of

pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A

d) Deficiency symptoms are cheilitis, cheilosis and angular stomatitis

023. Which of the following statements concerning vitamin PP (B3, niacin) functions are true:

a) Active group of the coenzymes nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide-adenine

phosphate (NADP)

b) An essential coenzyme for oxidative decarboxylate of alpha-keto acids, most important being conversion of pyruvate to

acetyl coenzyme A

c) Specifically required for synthesis of prothrombin and several other clotting factors

d) Essential constituent of flavoproteins, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

024. Which of the following statements concerning pyridoxine (vitamin B6) functions are true:

a) Active functional form is pyridoxal phosphate, which is an essential coenzyme for transamination and

decarboxylation of amino acids in more than 50 different enzyme systems

b) Active group of the coenzymes nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide-adenine phosphate

(NADP)

c) Essential constituent of flavoproteins, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

d) An extremely important antioxidant, which protects cell membrane lipids from peroxidation by breaking the chain

reaction of free radical formation to which polyunsaturated fatty acids are particularly vulnerable

025. Which of the following statements concerning pantothinic acid functions are true:

a) Active functional form is pyridoxal phosphate, which is an essential coenzyme for transamination and decarboxylation

of amino acids in more than 50 different enzyme systems

b) Essential constituent of coenzyme A, the important coenzyme for acyl transfer in the TCA cycle and de novo

fatty acid synthesis

c) An extremely important antioxidant, which protects cell membrane lipids from peroxidation by breaking the chain

reaction of free radical formation to which polyunsaturated fatty acids are particularly vulnerable

d) Coenzyme for several reactions involving CO

fixation into various compounds e.g. acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA (acetyl

CoA carboxylase) – initial step in de novo fatty acid synthesis; propionyl CoA to methylmalonyl CoA (propionyl CoA

carboxylase), pyruvate to oxaloacetate (pyruvate carboxylase)

026. Which of the following statements concerning biotin functions are true:

a) Active functional form is pyridoxal phosphate, which is an essential coenzyme for transamination and decarboxylation

of amino acids in more than 50 different enzyme systems

b) Essential constituent of coenzyme A, the important coenzyme for acyl transfer in the TCA cycle and de novo fatty acid

synthesis

c) An extremely important antioxidant, which protects cell membrane lipids from peroxidation by breaking the chain

reaction of free radical formation to which polyunsaturated fatty acids are particularly vulnerable

d) Coenzyme for several reactions involving CO

fixation into various compounds e.g. acetyl CoA to malonyl

CoA (acetyl CoA carboxylase) – initial step in de novo fatty acid synthesis; propionyl CoA to methylmalonyl

CoA (propionyl CoA carboxylase), pyruvate to oxaloacetate (pyruvate carboxylase)

027. Which of the following statements concerning vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) functions are true:

a) Active functional form is pyridoxal phosphate, which is an essential coenzyme for transamination and decarboxylation

of amino acids in more than 50 different enzyme systems

b) Essential constituent of coenzyme A, the important coenzyme for acyl transfer in the TCA cycle and de novo fatty acid

synthesis

c) Coenzyme for numerous metabolic reaction, including transformation of methylamlonyl CoA to succinyl CoA

in the metabolism of propionate; DNA synthesis (acts in concert with folic acid); transmethylation e.g.

methionine synthesis from homocysteine

d) An extremely important antioxidant, which protects cell membrane lipids from peroxidation by breaking the chain

reaction of free radical formation to which polyunsaturated fatty acids are particularly vulnerable

028. Which of the following statements concerning folic acid (folacin) functions are true:

a) Active functional form is pyridoxal phosphate, which is an essential coenzyme for transamination and decarboxylation

of amino acids in more than 50 different enzyme systems

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b) Essential constituent of coenzyme A, the important coenzyme for acyl transfer in the TCA cycle and de novo fatty acid

synthesis

c) Carrier of one-carbon (e.g. methyl) groups that are added to, or removed from, metabolites such as histidine,

serine, methionine, and purines

d) An extremely important antioxidant, which protects cell membrane lipids from peroxidation by breaking the chain

reaction of free radical formation to which polyunsaturated fatty acids are particularly vulnerable

029. Which of the following statements concerning vitamin C functions are true:

a) Active functional form is pyridoxal phosphate, which is an essential coenzyme for transamination and decarboxylation

of amino acids in more than 50 different enzyme systems

b) Essential constituent of coenzyme A, the important coenzyme for acyl transfer in the TCA cycle and de novo fatty acid

synthesis

c) Carrier of one-carbon (e.g. methyl) groups that are added to, or removed from, metabolites such as histidine, serine,

methionine, and purines

d) Has antioxidant properties and is required for various hydroxylation reactions e.g. proline to hydroxypoline

for collagen synthesis

030. Dermatitis, diarrhoea and dementia are characteristics of:

a) Dry beriberi

b) Pyridoxine deficiency

c) Scurvy

d) Pellagra

031. Pellagra is:

a) A disease caused by a deficiency of niacin in the diet and characterized by skin eruptions, digestive and

nervous system disturbances, and eventual mental deterioration

b) Inflammation of several nerves at one time caused by a deficiency of thiamin, marked by paralysis, pain, and muscle

wasting. Also called multiple neuritis or polyneuritis

c) A severe form of anemia most often affecting elderly adults, caused by a failure of the stomach to absorb vitamin B

and characterized by abnormally large red blood cells, gastrointestinal disturbances, and lesions of the spinal cord.

Also called pernicious anemia, malignant anemia

d) All of the above

032. Pernicious anemia is:

a) A severe form of anemia most often affecting elderly adults, caused by a failure of the stomach to absorb

vitamin B

and characterized by abnormally large red blood cells, gastrointestinal disturbances, and lesions

of the spinal cord

b) A form of anemia in which the capacity of the bone marrow to generate red blood cells is defective, caused by a bone

marrow disease or exposure to toxic agents, such as radiation, chemicals, or drugs

c) Anemia characterized by a decrease in the concentration of corpuscular hemoglobin

d) All of the above

033. Rickets is:

a) A deficiency disease resulting from a lack of vitamin D or calcium and from insufficient exposure to sunlight,

characterized by defective bone growth and occurring chiefly in children

b) A disease occurring primarily in adults that results from a deficiency in vitamin D or calcium and is characterized by a

softening of the bones with accompanying pain and weakness

c) A disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass and density, occurring especially in postmenopausal women,

resulting in a predisposition to fractures and bone deformities such as a vertebral collapse

d) All of the above

034. Scurvy is:

a) A disease caused by deficiency of vitamin C and characterized by spongy bleeding gums, bleeding under the

skin, and weakness

b) Extreme dryness of the conjunctiva resulting from a disease localized in the eye or from systemic deficiency of vitamin

c) A disease caused by deficiency of niacin in the diet and characterized by skin eruptions, digestive and nervous system

disturbances, and eventual mental deterioration

d) All of the above

035. Which of the following vitamins is given along with isoniazide in treatment of tuberculosis?

a) Nicotinic acid

b) Riboflavin

c) Pyridoxine

d) Ascorbic acid

036. Which of the following vitamins is also known as an antisterility factor?

a) Vitamin E

b) Vitamin B

c) Vitamin B

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d) Vitamin К

037. Mega doses of which vitamin are some time beneficial viral respiratory infections

a) Vitamin С

b) Vitamin A

c) Vitamin К

d) Vitamin PP

038. Which of the following vitamins improves megaloblast anemia but does not protect the neurological manifestations of

pernicious anemia?

a) Vitamin B

b) Vitamin B

c) Vitamin PP

d) Vitamin D

039. Vitamin К enhances the anticoagulant property of coumarins. This statement is:

a) True

b) False

040. Loosening of teeth, gingivitis and hemorrhage occur in the deficiency of:

a) Vitamin К

b) Vitamin В

c) Vitamin B

d) Vitamin C

041. Ingestion of polar bear liver may cause acute poisoning of:

a) Vitamin D

b) Vitamin E

c) Vitamin A

d) Vitamin C

042. Which of the following antivitamins prevent a vitamin B6 from exerting its typical metabolic effects?

a) Isoniazide

b) Ethanol

c) Carbamazepine

d) All of the above

043. Which of the following antivitamins prevent a vitamin A from exerting its typical metabolic effects?

a) Lipooxidase

b) Oral contraceptives

c) Antibiotics

d) All of the above

044. Which of the following antivitamins prevent a vitamin K from exerting its typical metabolic effects?

a) Cholestiramine

b) Coumarins

c) Antibiotics

d) All of the above

045. Which of the following coenzymes is of vitamin origin?

a) Riboxine

b) Coenzyme Q

c) Piridixal-5-phosphate

d) Lipoic acid

046. Which of the following coenzymes is not of vitamin origin?

a) Coenzyme Q

b) Magnesium

c) Carnitine

d) All of the above

047. These substances are vitamin-like compounds, EXСEPT:

a) Choline

b) Vitamin PP

c) Vitamin U (methylmethioninesulfonil chloride)

d) Orotate acid

048. Which of the following substances is a vitamin-like compound?

a) Ascorbic acid

b) Taurine

c) Thiamine

d) Riboflavin

049. Which of the following antienzymes is a proteolysis inhibitor?

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a) Contrical

b) Sulbactam

c) Aminocaproic acid

d) Disulfiram

050. Which of the following antienzymes is a beta-lactamase inhibitor?

a) Clavulanic acid

b) Sulbactam

c) Tazobactam

d) All of the above

051. Which of the following antienzymes is a fibrinolysis inhibitor?

a) Clavulanic acid

b) Sulbactam

c) Aminocaproic acid

d) Disulfiram

052. Which of the following antienzymes is an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor?

a) Tazobactam

b) Sulbactam

c) Aminocaproic acid

d) Disulfiram

053. Which of the following antienzymes is a cholinesterase inhibitor?

a) Physostigmine

b) Selegiline

c) Aminocaproic acid

d) Disulfiram

054. Which of the following antienzymes is a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor:

a) Physostigmine

b) Selegiline

c) Acetazolamide

d) Disulfiram

055. Which of the following antienzymes is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor:

a) Physostigmine

b) Selegiline

c) Aminocaproic acid

d) Acetazolamide

056. Which of the following antienzymes is a xantine oxidase inhibitor?

a) Physostigmine

b) Allopurinol

c) Aminocaproic acid

d) Acetazolamide

057. Which of the following antienzymes is an aromatase inhibitor used in cancer therapy?

a) Physostigmine

b) Allopurinol

c) Aminocaproic acid

d) Aminoglutethimide

058. Which of the following enzymes improves GIT functions (replacement therapy):

a) Pepsin

b) Urokinase

c) L-asparaginase

d) Lydaze

059. Which of the following enzymes has fibrinolytic activity?

a) Pepsin

b) Urokinase

c) L-asparaginase

d) Lydaze

060. Which of the following enzymes is used in cancer therapy?

a) Pepsin

b) Urokinase

c) L-asparaginase

d) Lydaze

061. Which of the following statements concerning nutritional supplement (dietary supplement) are True:

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a) Nutritional supplements are intended to supplement the diet and bear or contain one or more of the following dietary

ingredients: a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other botanical, an amino acid, a dietary substance for human use to

supplement the diet by increasing the total daily intake (e.g., enzymes or tissue from organ or glands), a concentrate,

such as a meal replacement or energy bar, a metabolite, constituent, or extract

b) Nutritional supplements are regulated as foods, and not as drugs

c) Nutritional supplements are not pre-approved on their safety and efficacy, unlike drugs

d) All of the above

PART VII Antihyperlipidemic Drugs & Drugs Used In the Treatment of Gout

001. Lipoprotein is:

a) A conjugated protein having a lipid component; the principal means for transporting lipids in the blood

b) Any of various fat-soluble or water-soluble organic substances essential in minute amounts for normal growth and

activity of the body and obtained naturally from plant and animal foods

c) Product of endocrine gland secretion

d) Mediators of inflammatory process

002. Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) is:

a) A lipoprotein containing a very large proportion of lipids to protein and carrying most cholesterol from the

liver to the tissues

b) A lipoprotein that contains relatively high amounts of cholesterol and is associated with an increased risk of

atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. It is also called beta-lipoprotein

c) A lipoprotein that contains relatively small amounts of cholesterol and triglycerides and is associated with a decreased

risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. It is also called alpha-lipoprotein

d) Large lipoprotein particle that is created by the absorptive cells of the small intestine. It transports lipids to adipose

tissue where they are broken down by lipoprotein lipase

003. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is:

a) A lipoprotein that contains relatively high amounts of cholesterol and is associated with an increased risk of

atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. It is also called beta-lipoprotein

b) A lipoprotein that contains relatively small amounts of cholesterol and triglycerides and is associated with a decreased

risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. It is also called alpha-lipoprotein

c) A lipoprotein containing a very large proportion of lipids to protein and carrying most cholesterol from the liver to the

tissues

d) Large lipoprotein particle that is created by the absorptive cells of the small intestine. It transports lipids to adipose

tissue where they are broken down by lipoprotein lipase

004. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is:

a) A lipoprotein that contains relatively small amounts of cholesterol and triglycerides and is associated with a

decreased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. It is also called alpha-lipoprotein

b) A lipoprotein containing a very large proportion of lipids to protein and carrying most cholesterol from the liver to the

tissues

c) A lipoprotein that contains relatively high amounts of cholesterol and is associated with an increased risk of

atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. It is also called beta-lipoprotein

d) Large lipoprotein particle that is created by the absorptive cells of the small intestine. It transports lipids to adipose

tissue where they are broken down by lipoprotein lipase

005. Chylomicron is:

a) A lipoprotein that contains relatively small amounts of cholesterol and triglycerides and is associated with a decreased

risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. It is also called alpha-lipoprotein

b) A lipoprotein containing a very large proportion of lipids to protein and carrying most cholesterol from the liver to the

tissues

c) A lipoprotein that contains relatively high amounts of cholesterol and is associated with an increased risk of

atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. It is also called beta-lipoprotein

d) Large lipoprotein particle that is created by the absorptive cells of the small intestine. It transports lipids to

adipose tissue where they are broken down by lipoprotein lipase

006. Hyperlipoproteinemia is a condition marked by an abnormally high level of lipoproteins in the blood. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

007. Hypertriglyceridemia denotes high blood levels of triglycerides. It has been associated with atherosclerosis, even in the

absence of hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol levels). This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

008. Hypercholesterolemia (or hypercholesteremia) is an abnormally high concentration of cholesterol in the blood. This

consideration is:

a) True

b) False

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009. Which of the following consideration about type I familial hyperlipoproteinemia is True:

a) Type I familial hyperlipoproteinemia marked by the increased serum concentrations of chylomicrons and

triglycerides, which decrease if the diet becomes fat free, decreased concentrations of high- and low-density

lipoproteins, which increase if the diet is fat free, and decreased tissue lipoprotein lipase activity

b) Type I familial hyperlipoproteinemia characterized by increased serum concentrations of chylomicrons, pre-low-density

lipoproteins, and triglycerides that are considered to be the result of a combination of fat and carbohydrate-induced

hyperlipemia

010. Familial chylomicronemia (type I) is caused by deficiency in lipoprotein lipase activity. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

011. The Coronary Primary Prevention Trial (CPPT) demonstrated that treatment with a lipid-lowering drug could reduce the

risk of death due to coronary heart disease. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

012. Women taking probucol (Lorelco) should wait for 6 months after cessation of therapy before becoming pregnant. This

consideration is:

a) True

b) False

013. Nicotinic acid (Niacin) plus a bile acid-binding resin has not proven effective in combating hyperlipidemia. This

consideration is:

a) True

b) False

014. The ideal therapy for patients with elevated levels of cholesterol would lower the serum concentration of LDL-cholesterol

while raising the concentration of HDL-cholesterol. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

015. Agents, which lower levels of LDL-cholesterol, tend to promote regression of atherosclerotic plaques. This consideration

is:

a) True

b) False

016. Clofibrate (Atromid-S) is the drug of choice for treatment of broad-beta hyperlipidemia (type III). This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

017. One advantage of gemfibrozil (Lopid) is that, in addition to lowering blood levels of most lipids, it raises the level of HDL

cholesterol. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

018. Probucol (Lorelco) appears to increase clearance of LDL cholesterol by a non-receptor mediated mechanism. This

consideration is:

a) True

b) False

019. All of the following statements concerning cholestyramine (Questran) are true, EXCEPT:

a) It would not be a good choice for treating patients with familial hypertriglyceridemia (type IV)

b) It is not well tolerated by patients

c) It works by directly binding cholesterol in the blood

d) It is an effective drug for treatment of types IIa and IIb hyperlipidemia

020. All of the following statements concerning drugs which inhibit cholesterol synthesis are true, EXCEPT:

a) They work in part by increasing the rate of LDL clearance from the plasma

b) They are the most effective single agents for lowering LDL-cholesterol

c) When used with a bile-acid binding resin, they can lower LDL-cholesterol by 50% or more

d) No special monitoring is required in patients receiving one of them

021. All of the following statements concerning nicotinic acid (Niacin) are true, EXCEPT:

a) It reduces the rate of synthesis of VLDL

b) Sustained-release preparations of this drug are largely free of side effects

c) Almost all patients taking the traditional dosage form of this drug experience uncomfortable flushing

d) It should not be used with antihypertensives

022. All of the following statements concerning drugs which inhibit cholesterol synthesis are true, EXCEPT:

a) When used alone, they are the most effective agents for lowering LDL cholesterol

b) They are often effective in patients in whom a diet, with or without a bile acid-binding resin or niacin, has failed

c) Lovastatin (Mevacor) plus a resin causes regression of coronary lesions in about one third of treated patients

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d) Members of this drug class are generally not as well tolerated as the older bile acid-binding resins

023. All of the following statements concerning drugs which inhibit cholesterol synthesis are true, EXCEPT:

a) These drugs should not be used in pregnant women or children

b) These drugs often cause myopathy if used in combination with cyclosporine (Sandimmune)

c) Failure to discontinue the drug after myopathy has been detected can cause acute renal failure

d) Several of these drugs tend to lengthen the sleep cycle

024. All of the following statements concerning the fibric acid derivatives are true, EXCEPT:

a) Clofibrate (Atromid-S) is the drug of choice for therapy of Type III hyperlipidemia

b) Gemfibrozil (Lopid) increases HDL cholesterol while lowering LDL cholesterol

c) Gemfibrozil (Lopid) has been shown to reduce mortality associated with a heart disease

d) Gemfibrozil (Lopid) is generally well tolerated

025. All of the following statements concerning the bile acid-binding resins are true, EXCEPT:

a) They decrease total cholesterol and LDL

b) They are contraindicated in patients with hypertriglyceridemia

c) When used alone, they do not slow the progression of atherosclerotic lesions

d) They are the drugs of choice for therapy of type II hyperlipidemia when used either alone or in combination with

selected agents

026. All of the following statements concerning nicotinic acid (Niacin) are true, EXCEPT:

a) Both triglycerides and LDL cholesterol are reduced by this drug

b) The drug acts by directly decreasing the rate of synthesis of apoproteins

c) Doses higher than 3 gm/day are no longer used because of possible disturbances of hepatic or pancreatic functions

d) Most patients taking this drug experience uncomfortable cutaneous flushing, itching, and/or rashes

027. All of the following statements concerning the general principles of therapy with lipid-lowering drugs are true EXCEPT:

a) Therapy with a lipid-lowering drug should be always accompanied by an appropriate diet

b) A lipid-lowering diet should be discontinued if it fails to decrease the levels of plasma LDL cholesterol by at

least 10%

c) Lipid-lowering drugs should only be administered after at least 3 months of prior dietary therapy

d) Some combinations of lipid-lowering drugs are synergistic

028. The cholesterol synthesis inhibitors increase the rate of clearance of LDL cholesterol from the plasma. This

consideration is:

a) True

b) False

029. Lovastatin (Mevacor) plus a bile-acid binding resin causes regression of coronary lesions in about one third of treated

patients. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

030. The cholesterol synthesis inhibitors are better tolerated than most other lipid-lowering agents. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

031. Selected liver and muscle enzymes should be monitored during the use of any cholesterol synthesis inhibitors because

of possible toxic effects. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

032. The bile acid-binding resins act by directly binding cholesterol and facilitating its excretion. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

033. Nicotinic acid (Niacin) acts by increasing the rate of catabolism of VLDL. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

034. Gemfibrozil (Lopid) can cause dizziness and syncope when used with antihypertensives. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

035. Gemfibrozil (Lopid) increases concentrations of HDL cholesterol more than clofibrate (Atromid-S). This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

036. The bile acid-binding resins can bind many drugs and vitamins and reduce their absorption. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

037. When used alone, the bile acid-binding resins are contraindicated in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. This

consideration is:

113

a) True

b) False

038. Combinations of lipid-lowering drugs are likely to be synergistic if they work at different steps in the same pathway. This

consideration is:

a) True

b) False

039. Reduction in plasma triglycerides and LDL cholesterol concentrations with gemfibrozil treatment is greater than reduction

in plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations with gemfibrozil treatment. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

040. Patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (type IIa) lack any functional LDL receptors on their

hepatocytes. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

041. Effects of drugs in lowering blood cholesterol levels are additive with those of diet. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

042. HMG-CoA reductase inhibiting drugs can cause muscle breakdown, especially when used in combination with a

cyclosporine. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

043. Probucol (Lorelco) reduces the risk of atherosclerosis by stimulating the rate of clearance of LDL by receptor-mediated

pathways. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

044. Clofibrate (Atromid-S) is generally regarded as superior to gemfibrozil.

a) True

b) False

045. Niacin’s most common side effects can be reduced by pretreatment with aspirin and/or by taking the drug at the end of

meals. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

046. The major side effect of cholestyramine is hepatotoxicity. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

047. The statins are dependent on the presence of LDL receptors on hepatocytes in order to exert their effect. This

consideration is:

a) True

b) False

048. This drug increases lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in adipose tissue:

a) Cholestyramine (Questran)

b) Lovastatin (Mevacor)

c) Nicotinic acid (Niacin)

d) Gemfibrozil (Loprol)

049. This drug both inhibits an enzyme and indirectly enhances clearance of low density lipoproteins (LDL):

a) Cholestyramine (Questran)

b) Lovastatin (Mevacor)

c) Nicotinic acid (niacin)

d) Probucol (Lorelco)

050. This drug binds bile acids in the GI tract:

a) Cholestyramine (Questran)

b) Nicotinic acid (niacin)

c) Gemfibrozil (Loprol)

d) Probucol (Lorelco)

051.

This drug may block oxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDL):

a) Lovastatin (Mevacor)

b) Nicotinic acid (niacin)

c) Gemfibrozil (Loprol)

d) Probucol (Lorelco)

052. This drug weakly stimulates synthesis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL):

114

a) Cholestyramine (Questran)

b) Lovastatin (Mevacor)

c) Gemfibrozil (Loprol)

d) Probucol (Lorelco)

053. Flushing caused by this drug can be reduced by taking it after meals and/or by pretreatment with aspirin:

a) Lovastatin (Mevacor)

b) Nicotinic acid (niacin)

c) Gemfibrozil (Loprol)

d) Probucol (Lorelco)

054. This drug can cause muscle damage, especially when used with any of several drugs including erythromycin:

a) Cholestyramine (Questran)

b) Lovastatin (Mevacor)

c) Gemfibrozil (Loprol)

d) Probucol (Lorelco)

055. This drug decreases blood levels of high density lipoproteins (HDL):

a) Lovastatin (Mevacor)

b) Nicotinic acid (niacin)

c) Gemfibrozil (Loprol)

d) Probucol (Lorelco)

056. This fibric acid derivative increases blood levels of high density lipoproteins (HDL):

a) Cholestyramine (Questran)

b) Lovastatin (Mevacor)

c) Gemfibrozil (Loprol)

d) Probucol (Lorelco)

057. Gout is a familial metabolic disease characterized by recurrent episodes of acute arthritis due to deposits of monosodium

urate in joints and cartilage. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

058. Probenecid and sulfinpyrazone are uricosuric drugs employed to decrease the body pool of urate in patients with

tophaceous gout or in those with increasingly frequent gouty attacks. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

059. Which of the following drugs is an uricosuric agent:

a) Allopurinol

b) Sulfinpyrazone

c) Colchicine

d) Indomethacin

060. Uricosuric drugs are the following, EXCEPT:

a) Probenecid

b) Sulfinpyrazone

c) Colchicine

d) Aspirin (at high dosages)

061. Which of the following drugs used in the treatment of gout acts by preventing the migration of granulocytes:

a) Allopurinol

b) Sulfinpyrazone

c) Colchicine

d) Indomethacin

062. Which of the following drugs used in the treatment of gout has as its primary effect the reduction of uric acid synthesis

a) Allopurinol

b) Sulfinpyrazone

c) Colchicine

d) Indomethacin

063. Characteristics of probenecid include all of the following, EXCEPT:

a) It promotes the renal tubular secretion of penicillin

b) It is useful in the treatment of gout

c) At appropriate doses, it promotes the excretion of uric acid

d) The metabolic products of probenecid are uricosuric

PART VIII Agents That Affect Bone Mineral Homeostasis

001. Action of the parathyroid hormone is:

115

a) Increased calcium and phosphate absorption in intestine (by increased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

production)

b) Decreased calcium excretion and increased phosphate excretion in kidneys

c) In bone, calcium and phosphate resorption increased by high doses. Low doses may increase bone formation.

d) All of the above

002. The parathyroid hormone increases serum calcium and decreases serum phosphate. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False.

003. The following statements about the parathyroid hormone are true, EXCEPT:

a) The parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a single-chain peptide hormone composed of 84 amino acids

b) The parathyroid hormone increases calcium and phosphate absorption in intestine (by increased 1,25-

dihydroxyvitamin D

production)

c) The parathyroid hormone increases serum calcium and decreases serum phosphate

d) The parathyroid hormone increases calcium excretion and decreases phosphate excretion in kidneys

004. Which of the following statements about calcitonin is true:

a) Calcitonin secreted by parafollicular cells of the mammalian thyroid is a single-chain peptide hormone with 32 amino

acids

b) Effects of calcitonin are to lower serum calcium and phosphate by acting on bones and kidneys.

c) Calcitonin inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption.

d) All of the above

005. Mechanism of action of calcitonin is:

a) Inhibits hydroxyapatite crystal formation, aggregation, and dissolution

b) Raises intracellular cAMP in osteoclasts

c) Activates bone resorption

d) Inhibits macrophages

006. Indications for calcitonin administration are the following, EXCEPT:

a) Hypercalcemia

b) Paget's disease

c) Hypophosphatemia

d) Osteoporosis

007. Side effect of calcitonin is:

a) Hypercalcemia

b) Metastatic calcifications

c) Tetany

d) GI toxicity

008. Side effect of calcitonin is:

a) Pruritus

b) Hypotension

c) Fractures

d) Hypocalcemia

009. Glucocorticoid hormones alter bone mineral homeostasis:

a) By antagonizing vitamin D-stimulated intestinal calcium transport

b) By stimulating renal calcium excretion

c) By increasing parathyroid hormone stimulated bone resorption

d) By all of the above

010. Estrogens can prevent accelerated bone loss during the immediate postmenopausal period and at least transiently

increase bone in the postmenopausal subject. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

011. Action of vitamin D3 is:

a) Increased calcium and phosphate absorption by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

b) Calcium and phosphate excretion may be decreased by 25-hydroxyvitamin D

and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

c) Increased calcium and phosphate resorption by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

; bone formation may be increased by 25,24-

dihydroxyvitamin D

d) All of the above

012. Vitamin D3 increases serum calcium and phosphate. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

013. Route of administration of vitamin D3 is:

a) Subcutaneous

b) Oral

c) Intravenous

116

d) Intranasal

014. Side effect of vitamin D3 is:

a) Defective bone mineralization

b) Metastatic calcifications

c) Hepatic toxicity

d) Nephrolithiasis

015. Indication of vitamin D3 is:

a) Hypercalcemia

b) Paget's disease

c) Hypophosphatemia

d) Osteomalacia

016. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (calcifediol) is less effective than 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) in stimulating intestinal

calcium transport, so that hypercalcemia is less of a problem with calcifediol. This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

017. Route of administration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (calcifediol) is:

a) Oral

b) Subcutaneous

c) Intravenous

d) Intranasal

018. Indication for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (calcifediol) administration is:

a) Primary hyperparathyroidism

b) Rickets

c) Hypercalcemia

d) Failure of vitamin D formation in skin

019. Side effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (calcifediol) is:

a) Hypercalcemia

b) Pruritus

c) GI toxicity

d) All of the above

020. Indications for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) administration are the following, EXCEPT:

a) Hypocalcemia in chronic renal failure

b) Vitamin D-dependent rickets

c) Malabsorption of vitamin D from intestine

d) Elevated skeletal turnover

021. Indication for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) administration is:

a) Vitamin D resistance

b) Elevated skeletal turnover

c) Hypercalcemia of malignancy

d) Hypophosphatemia

022. The following statement refers to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol):

a) When rapidity of action is required, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

(calcitriol), 0.25-1 μg daily, is the vitamin D metabolite of

choice, since it is capable of raising serum calcium within 24-48 hours

b) Calcitriol also raises serum phosphate, though this action is usually not observed early in treatment

c) Undergoes enterohepatic circulation

d) All of the above

023. Which of the following statements refers to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol):

a) The combined effect of calcitriol and all other vitamin D metabolites and analogs on both calcium and

phosphate makes careful monitoring of the level of these minerals especially important to avoid ectopic

calcification

b) Does not undergo enterohepatic circulation

c) Toxic to osteoclasts

d) Bioavailability increases with the administered dose

024. Route of administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) is:

a) Subcutaneous

b) Intravenous

c) Intranasal

d) Oral

025. Commercially available analogs of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) are:

a) Doxercalciferol (Hectoral)

b) Paricalcitol (Zemplar)

117

c) All of the above

d) None of the above

026. Side effect of dihydrotachysterol is:

a) Hepatic toxicity

b) General malaise

c) Lymphocytopenia

d) Hypertension

027. Route of administration of dihydrotachysterol is:

a) Intravenous

b) Subcutaneous

c) Oral

d) Intranasal

028. Which of the following statements refers to cholecalciferol:

a) Frequent monitoring of both calcium and phosphorus serum levels is necessary in case of intravenous administration

b) Has potent anti-osteoclast activity – mechanism unknown

c) Can usually lower serum calcium levels in 48 hours

d) Mechanism of action: 1. Genomic effects 2. Cytoplasmic effects

029. Indication for cholecalciferol administration is:

a) Hypercalcemia

b) Parathyroid hormone deficiency

c) Primary hyperparathyroidism

d) Malabsorption of vitamin D from intestine

030. Route of administration of cholecalciferol is:

a) Subcutaneous

b) Intranasal

c) Intravenous

d) Oral

031. The unwanted effect of cholecalciferol is:

a) Defective bone mineralization

b) Lymphocytopenia

c) CNS toxicity

d) Metastatic calcifications

032. The unwanted effect of dihydrotachysterol is:

a) Tetany

b) Anorexia

c) CNS toxicity

d) Lymphocytopenia

033. Indication for dihydrotachysterol administration is:

a) Parathyroid hormone resistance

b) Paget's disease

c) Increased osteolysis

d) Hypophosphatemia

034. Conditions associated with hypophosphatemia include:

a) Primary hyperparathyroidism

b) Vitamin D deficiency

c) Idiopathic hypercalciuria

d) All of the above.

035. The long-term effects of hypophosphatemia include proximal muscle weakness and abnormal bone mineralization

(osteomalacia). This consideration is:

a) True

b) False

036. Recommended phosphorus daily allowance is:

a) 900-1200 mg

b) 600-900 g

c) 25 g

d) 1.5-4 mg

037. Interactions with other drugs of phosphorus is:

a) Amiloride: decrease renal excretion

b) Glucocorticoids: decrease absorption

c) Loop diuretics: increase renal excretion

d) Calcitonin: increases renal excretion

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038. Indication for pamidronate administration is:

a) Failure of vitamin D formation in skin

b) Hypoparathyroidism

c) Elevated skeletal turnover

d) Hypercalcemia

039. Route of administration of pamidronate is:

a) Oral

b) Subcutaneous

c) Intranasal

d) Intravenous

040. Correct statements about pamidronate include all of the following, EXCEPT:

a) Because it causes gastric irritation, pamidronate is not available as an oral preparation

b) Skeletal half-life is 24 h

c) Fever and lymphocytopenia are reversible

d) Can be irritable to the esophagus if not washed promptly to the stomach

041. Route of administration of alendronate is:

a) Intravenous

b) Subcutaneous

c) Oral

d) Intranasal

042. Correct statements about alendronate include all of the following, EXCEPT:

a) Can be irritable to the esophagus if not washed promptly to the stomach

b) 1st generation biphosphonate

c) Reduces osteoclast activity without significantly affecting osteoblasts; useful in the treatment of Paget's disease

d) More potent than EHDP; has a wider therapeutic window

043. Indications of alendronate are the following, EXCEPT:

a) Hypoparathyroidism

b) Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis

c) Paget's disease

d) Syndromes of ectopic calcification

044. Indication for etidronate administration is:

a) Malabsorption of vitamin D from intestine

b) Paget's disease

c) Vitamin D deficiency in a diet

d) Hypercalciuria

045. Indications for etidronate administration are the following, EXEPT:

a) Paget's disease

b) Osteoporosis

c) Hypophosphatemia

d) Hypercalcemia

046. Which of the following statements refers to etidronate:

a) Reduces osteoclast activity without significantly affecting osteoblasts; useful in treatment of Paget's disease

b) Serum phosphorus concentrations should be monitored at least daily in case of oral administration

c) 2nd generation biphosphonate (amino-biphosphonate)

d) Bioavailability increases with the administered dose

047. Correct statements about etidronate include all of the following, EXCEPT:

a) Skeletal half-life is hundreds of days

b) Bioavailability increases with the administered dose

c) 2nd generation biphosphonate (amino-biphosphonate)

d) 1st generation biphosphonate.

048. Unwanted effect of etidronate is:

a) Anorexia

b) Defective bone mineralization

c) Hypercalcemia

d) Cardiac arrhythmias

049. The major causes of hypocalcemia in the adult are:

a) Hypoparathyroidism

b) Vitamin D deficiency

c) Renal failure and malabsorption

d) All of the above

050. The major causes of hypercalcemia in the adult are the following, EXCEPT :

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a) Hyperparathyroidism

b) Cancer with or without bone metastases

c) Renal failure and malabsorption

d) Hypervitaminosis D

051. Which of the following statements refers to calcium:

a) Recommended Ca daily allowance for males: 1. 1-10 years: 800 mg 2. 11-18 years: 1200 mg 3. 19-50 years: 1000 mg

4. > 51 years: 1000 mg

b) Ca chloride is very irritating and can cause necrosis if extravasated

c) In achlorhydric patients calcium carbonate should be given with meals to increase absorption or patient switched to

calcium citrate, which is somewhat better absorbed

d) All of the above

052. Indication for calcium administration is:

a) Failure of formation of vitamin D in skin

b) Malabsorption of vitamin D from intestine

c) Hypercalcemia of malignancy

d) Vitamin D deficiency

053. Which of the calcium preparations is the most preferable for IV injection

a) Calcium gluceptate (0.9 meq calcium/mL)

b) Calcium gluconate (0.45 meq calcium/mL)

c) Calcium chloride (0.68-1.36 meq calcium/mL)

d) All of the above

054. Which of the oral calcium preparations is often the preparation of choice:

a) Calcium carbonate (40% calcium)

b) Calcium lactate (13% calcium)

c) Calcium phosphate (25% calcium)

d) Calcium citrate (17% calcium)

055. Interactions with other drugs of calcium is:

a) Ethanol: decreases absorption

b) Loop diuretics: increase renal excretion

c) Glucocorticoids: stimulate renal excretion

d) All of the above

056. Correct statements about magnesium include all of the following, EXCEPT:

a) Magnesium is mainly an intracellular cation, and is the fourth most abundant cation in the body

b) The recommended dietary amounts of magnesium have been set at 6 mg/kg day (350-400 mg)

c) The most common specific causes encountered in clinical practice are: diet, alcoholism (drinking), diarrhea and

malabsorption, diabetes mellitus, diuretics, and drugs such as aminoglycosides and amphotericin

d) It is a physiological calcium agonist

057. Recommended magnesium daily allowance is:

a) 350-400 mg

b) 6-9 g

c) 25 g

d) 1.5-4 mg

058. The major causes of hypomagnesaemia are:

a) Insufficient dietary intake, e.g. malnutrition

b) Abnormal gastrointestinal loss, e.g. severe diarrhea or chronic alcoholism

c) Abnormal renal loss, e.g. diabetes mellitus or during therapy with some kind of drugs such as amphotericin B,

gentamicin, cisplatin, cardiac glycosides, distal and loop diuretics

d) All of the above

059. Which of the magnesium preparation is the most preferable for I.V. injection

a) Magnesium sulfate

b) Magnesium chloride

c) Magnesium glutamate

d) All of the above

060. Which of the oral magnesium preparations is often the preparation of choice:

a) Magnesium lactate

b) Magnesium oxide

c) MagneB

(Mg pidolate / Mg lactate + pyridoxine hydrochloride)

d) All of the above.

061. Correct statements about fluoride include all of the following, EXCEPT:

a) Fluoride is effective for the prophylaxis of dental caries

b) Fluoride is accumulated by bone and teeth, where it may stabilize the hydroxyapatite crystal

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c) Subjects living in areas with naturally fluoridated water (1-2 ppm) had more dental caries and fewer vertebral

compression fractures than subjects living in nonfluoridated water areas

d) Chronic exposure to very high level of fluoride dust in the inspired air results in crippling fluorosis, characterized by

thickening of the cortex of long bones and bony exostoses.

062. Recommended fluoride daily allowance is:

a) 1.5-4 mg

b) 600-900 g

c) 25 g

d) 350-400 mg

063. Which of the following statements refers to gallium nitrate:

a) It is approved by the FDA for the management of hypercalcemia of malignancy

b) This drug acts by inhibiting bone resorption

c) Because of potential nephrotoxicity, patients should be well-hydrated and have good renal output before starting the

infusion

d) All of the above

064. Which of the following statements refers to plicamycin (formerly mithramycin):

a) Duration of action is usually several days

b) Mechanism of cytotoxic action appears to involve its binding to DNA, possibly through an antibiotic-Mg

complex.

c) The drug causes plasma calcium levels to decrease, apparently through an action on osteoclasts that is independent

of its action on tumor cells and useful in hypercalcemia.

d) All of the above.

065. Unwanted effects of plicamycin (formerly mithramycin) are the following, EXEPT:

a) Thrombocytopenia

b) GI toxicity

c) Bleeding disorders

d) Fractures

066. Unwanted effect of plicamycin (formerly mithramycin) is:

a) Diarrhea

b) Myelosuppression

c) Nephrolithiasis

d) Metastatic calcifications

067. Indication for plicamycin (formerly mithramycin) administration is:

a) Testicular cancers refractory to standard treatment

b) Paget’s disease

c) Hypercalcemia of malignancy

d) All of the above

068. Route of administration of plicamycin is:

a) Intravenous

b) Subcutaneous

c) Intranasal

d) Oral

PART IX Mineralocorticoid, Mineralocorticoid Antagonists, Diuretics, Plasma Expanders

001. Mineralocorticoid effects cause:

a) Increased catabolism

b) Increased Na retension and К excretion

c) Increased gluconeogenesis

d) Deposition of fat on shoulders, face and abdomen

002. Which of the following synthetic steroids shows predominantly mineralocorticoid action?

a) Hydrocortisone

b) Spironolactone

c) Dexamethasone

d) Fludrocortisone

003. The major mineralocorticoids are the following, EXCEPT:

a) Aldosterone

b) Deoxycorticosterone

c) Fludrocortisone

d) Hydrocortisone

004. Which of the following statements about spironolactone is TRUE?

a) Spironolactone reverses many of the manifestations of aldosteronism

b) Spironilactone is also an androgen antagonist and as such is used in the treatment of hirsutism in wormen

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c) Spironolactone is useful as a diuretic

d) All of the above

005. All of the following statements regarding diuretics are true, EXCEPT:

a) Carbonic anhydrase inhibition leads to increased reabsorption of NaHCO

b) Loop diuretics decrease Na

reabsorption at the loop of Henle by competing for the Cl

site on the Na

/2Cl

cotransporter

c) In general, the potency of a diuretic is determined by where it acts in the renal tubule

d) Hydrochlorothiazide decreases urinary calcium excretion

006. The drug inhibits the ubiquitous enzyme carbonic anhydrase:

a) Acetazolamide (Diamox)

b) Furosemide (Lasix)

c) Hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril)

d) Spironolactone (Aldactone)

007. The drug acts by competitively blocking NaCl cotransporters in the distal tubule:

a) Acetazolamide (Diamox)

b) Furosemide (Lasix)

c) Hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril)

d) Spironolactone (Aldactone)

008. The drug acts at the proximal tubule:

a) Acetazolamide (Diamox)

b) Furosemide (Lasix)

c) Hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril)

d) Spironolactone (Aldactone)

009. The drug acts by competing with aldosterone for its cytosolic receptors:

a) Acetazolamide (Diamox)

b) Furosemide (Lasix)

c) Hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril)

d) Spironolactone (Aldactone)

010. The drug is a potassium-sparing diuretic that blocks Na+ channels in the collecting tubules:

a) Acetazolamide (Diamox)

b) Amiloride (Midamor)

c) Furosemide (Lasix)

d) Hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril)

011. Chronic use of this drug can lead to distal tubular hypertrophy, which may reduce its diuretic effect:

a) Acetazolamide (Diamox)

b) Amiloride (Midamor)

c) Furosemide (Lasix)

d) Hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril)

012. The drug has a steroid-like structure which is responsible for its anti-androgenic effect:

a) Amiloride (Midamor)

b) Furosemide (Lasix)

c) Hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril)

d) Spironolactone (Aldactone)

013. Sustained use of this drug results in increased plasma urate concentrations:

a) Furosemide (Lasix)

b) Acetazolamide (Diamox)

c) Both of the above

d) Neither of the above

014. The drug can be used to treat glaucoma:

a) Furosemide (Lasix)

b) Acetazolamide (Diamox)

c) Both of the above

d) Neither of the above

015. The drug can cause ototoxicity:

a) Furosemide (Lasix)

b) Acetazolamide (Diamox)

c) Both of the above

d) Neither of the above

016. The drug acts only on the lumenal side of renal tubules:

a) Furosemide (Lasix)

b) Acetazolamide (Diamox)

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c) Both of the above

d) Neither of the above

017. The drug can promote sodium loss in patients with low (e.g., 40 ml/min) glomerular filtration rates:

a) Furosemide (Lasix)

b) Acetazolamide (Diamox)

c) Both of the above

d) Neither of the above

018. The drug needs aldosterone present in order to be effective:

a) Hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril)

b) Amiloride (Midamor)

c) Both of the above

d) Neither of the above

019. The drug can be used to treat nephrogenic diabetes insipidus:

a) Hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril)

b) Amiloride (Midamor)

c) Both of the above

d) Neither of the above

020. The drug is sometimes part of fixed-dose combinations used to treat essential hypertension:

a) Hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril)

b) Amiloride (Midamor)

c) Both of the above

d) Neither of the above

021. The drug should never be administered to patients taking potassium supplements:

a) Hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril)

b) Amiloride (Midamor)

c) Furosemide (Lasix)

d) Neither of the above

022. The drug decreases calcium excretion in urine:

a) Hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril)

b) Amiloride (Midamor)

c) Furosemide (Lasix)

d) Acetazolamide (Diamox)

023. The drug acts by competitively blocking the Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter:

a) Loop diuretics

b) Thiazide diuretics

c) Potassium-sparing diuretics

d) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

024. The drug acts at the proximal tubule:

a) Loop diuretics

b) Thiazide diuretics

c) Potassium-sparing diuretics

d) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

025. The drug acts in the distal convoluted tubule:

a) Loop diuretics

b) Thiazide diuretics

c) Potassium-sparing diuretics

d) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

026. The drug acts in the collecting tubules:

a) Loop diuretics

b) Thiazide diuretics

c) Potassium-sparing diuretics

d) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

027. The drug is the most potent diuretic:

a) Loop diuretics

b) Thiazide diuretics

c) Potassium-sparing diuretics

d) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

028. The drug acts by competitively blocking the NaCl cotransporter:

a) Loop diuretics

b) Thiazide diuretics

c) Potassium-sparing diuretics

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d) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

029. The drug inhibits sodium and chloride transport in the cortical thick ascending limb and the early distal tubule:

a) Acetazolamide (Diamox)

b) Furosemide (Lasix)

c) Hydrochlorothiazide (Hydrodiuril)

d) Amiloride (Midamor)

030. The drug can cause ototoxicity:

a) Acetazolamide (Diamox)

b) Furosemide (Lasix)

c) Hydrochlorothiazide (Hydrodiuril)

d) Amiloride (Midamor)

031. The drug blocks the sodium/potassium/chloride cotransporter in the thick ascending loop of Henle:

a) Acetazolamide (Diamox)

b) Furosemide (Lasix)

c) Hydrochlorothiazide (Hydrodiuril)

d) Amiloride (Midamor)

032. The drug is one of the most potent diuretics:

a) Acetazolamide (Diamox)

b) Furosemide (Lasix)

c) Hydrochlorothiazide (Hydrodiuril)

d) Amiloride (Midamor)

033. The drug is usually given in combination with a thiazide diuretic:

a) Acetazolamide (Diamox)

b) Furosemide (Lasix)

c) Hydrochlorothiazide (Hydrodiuril)

d) Amiloride (Midamor)

034. All of the following statements regarding diuretics are true EXCEPT:

a) Furosemide (Lasix) can increase the likelihood of digitalis toxicity

b) Chlorthalidone (Hygroton) can decrease the excretion of lithium

c) Ibuprofen can increase the antihypertensive effect of chlorthalidone

d) Chlorthalidone has a longer duration of action than furosemide

035. The drug is the least potent diuretic:

a) Osmotic diuretics

b) Loop diuretics

c) Thiazide diuretics

d) Potassium-sparing diuretics

036. These agents must be given parenterally because they are not absorbed when given orally:

a) Osmotic diuretics

b) Loop diuretics

c) Thiazide diuretics

d) Potassium-sparing diuretics

037. These drugs may be used in the treatment of recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis:

a) Osmotic diuretics

b) Loop diuretics

c) Thiazide diuretics

d) Potassium-sparing diuretics

038. Furosemide (Lasix) acts at this nephron site:

a) Proximal convoluted tubule

b) Ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle

c) Distal convoluted tubule

d) Collecting duct

039. Metolazone (Mykrox) acts at this nephron site:

a) Proximal convoluted tubule

b) Ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle

c) Distal convoluted tubule

d) Collecting duct

040. Acetazolamide (Diamox) acts at this nephron site:

a) Proximal convoluted tubule

b) Ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle

c) Distal convoluted tubule

d) Collecting duct

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041. Spironolactone (Aldactone) acts at this nephron site:

a) Proximal convoluted tubule

b) Ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle

c) Distal convoluted tubule

d) Collecting duct

042. Amiloride (Midamone) acts at this nephron site:

a) Proximal convoluted tubule

b) Ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle

c) Distal convoluted tubule

d) Collecting duct

043. The drug competitively blocks chloride channels and prevents movement of sodium, potassium, and chloride into the

renal tubular cells:

a) Furosemide (Lasix)

b) Acetazolamide (Diamox)

c) Triamterene (Dyrenium)

d) Mannitol (Osmitrol)

044. The drug acts by affecting the tubular fluid composition in a non-receptor mediated fashion:

a) Furosemide (Lasix)

b) Acetazolamide (Diamox)

c) Triamterene (Dyrenium)

d) Mannitol (Osmitrol)

045. The drug is a blood substitute having haemodynamical activity:

a) Polyglucinum

b) Haemodesum

c) Sodium chloridum isotonic for injections

d) "Disolum", "Trisolum"

046. This drug is a desintoxicative plasma substitute:

a) Polyglucinum

b) Haemodesum

c) Sodium chloridum isotonic for injections

d) "Disolum", "Trisolum"

047. This drug is a controller of water-salt and acid-basic state:

a) Polyglucinum

b) Haemodesum

c) Glucose isotonic for injections

d) "Disolum", "Trisolum"

(6) CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS

PART I ANTIBIOTICS

001. What does the term “antibiotics” mean:

a) Non-organic or synthetic substances that selectively kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms

b) Substances produced by some microorganisms and their synthetic analogues that selectively kill or inhibit

the growth of another microorganisms

c) Substances produced by some microorganisms and their synthetic analogues that inhibit the growth of organism cells

d) Synthetic analogues of natural substances that kill protozoa and helminthes

002. General principles of anti-infective therapy are:

a) Clinical judgment of microbiological factors

b) Definitive identification of a bacterial infection and the microorganism’s susceptibility

c) Optimal route of administration, dose, dosing frequency and duration of treatment

d) All of the above

003. Minimal duration of antibacterial treatment usually is:

a) Not less than 1 day

b) Not less than 5 days

c) Not less than 10-14 days

d) Not less than 3 weeks

004. Rational anti-microbial combination is used to:

a) Provide synergism when microorganisms are not effectively eradicated with a single agent alone

b) Provide broad coverage

c) Prevent the emergence of resistance

d) All of the above

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005. Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to anti-microbial agents are the following, EXCEPT:

a) Active transport out of a microorganism or/and hydrolysis of an agent via enzymes produced by a microorganism

b) Enlarged uptake of the drug by a microorganism

c) Modification of a drug’s target

d) Reduced uptake by a microorganism

006. The statement, that some microorganisms can develop alternative metabolic pathways for rendering reactions inhibited

by the drug, is:

a) True

b) False

007. All of the following drugs are antibiotics, EXCEPT:

a) Streptomycin

b) Penicillin

c) Co-trimoxazole

d) Chloramphenicol

008. Bactericidal effect is:

a) Inhibition of bacterial cell division

b) Inhibition of young bacterial cell growth

c) Destroying of bacterial cells

d) Formation of bacterial L-form

009. Which of the following groups of antibiotics demonstrates a bactericidal effect?

a) Tetracyclines

b) Macrolides

c) Penicillins

d) All of the above

010. Bacteristatic effect is:

a) Inhibition of bacterial cell division

b) Inhibition of young bacterial cells growth

c) Destroying of bacterial cells

d) Formation of bacterial L-form

011. Which of the following groups of antibiotics demonstrates a bacteristatic effect:

a) Carbapenems

b) Macrolides

c) Aminoglycosides

d) Cephalosporins

012. Which of the following antibiotics contains a beta-lactam ring in their chemical structure :

a) Penicillins

b) Cephalosporins

c) Carbapenems and monobactams

d) All groups

013. Tick the drug belonging to antibiotics-macrolides:

a) Neomycin

b) Doxycycline

c) Erythromycin

d) Cefotaxime

014. Tick the drug belonging to antibiotics-carbapenems:

a) Aztreonam

b) Amoxacillin

c) Imipinem

d) Clarithromycin

015. Tick the drug belonging to antibiotics-monobactams:

a) Ampicillin

b) Bicillin-5

c) Aztreonam

d) Imipinem

016. Tick the drug belongs to antibiotics-cephalosporins:

a) Streptomycin

b) Cefaclor

c) Phenoxymethilpenicillin

d) Erythromycin

017. Tick the drug belonging to lincozamides:

a) Erythromycin

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b) Lincomycin

c) Azithromycin

d) Aztreonam

018. Tick the drug belonging to antibiotics-tetracyclines:

a) Doxycycline

b) Streptomycin

c) Clarithromycin

d) Amoxacillin

019. All of antibiotics are aminoglycosides, EXCEPT:

a) Gentamycin

b) Streptomycin

c) Clindamycin

d) Neomycin

020. Tick the drug belonging to nitrobenzene derivative:

a) Clindamycin

b) Streptomycin

c) Azithromycin

d) Chloramphenicol

021. Tick the drug belonging to glycopeptides:

a) Vancomycin

b) Lincomycin

c) Neomycin

d) Carbenicillin

022. Antibiotics inhibiting the bacterial cell wall synthesis are:

a) Beta-lactam antibiotics

b) Tetracyclines

c) Aminoglycosides

d) Macrolides

023. Antibiotic inhibiting bacterial RNA synthesis is:

a) Erythromycin

b) Rifampin

c) Chloramphenicol

d) Imipinem

024. Antibiotics altering permeability of cell membranes are:

a) Glycopeptides

b) Polymyxins

c) Tetracyclines

d) Cephalosporins

025. All of the following antibiotics inhibit the protein synthesis in bacterial cells, EXCEPT:

a) Macrolides

b) Aminoglycosides

c) Glycopeptides

d) Tetracyclines

026. Biosynthetic penicillins are effective against:

a) Gram-positive and gram-negative cocci, Corynebacterium diphtheria, spirochetes, Clostridium gangrene

b) Corynebacterium diphtheria, mycobacteries

c) Gram positive cocci, viruses

d) Gram negative cocci, Rickettsia, mycotic infections

027. Which of the following drugs is a gastric acid resistant:

a) Penicillin G

b) Penicillin V

c) Carbenicillin

d) Procain penicillin

028. Which of the following drugs is penicillinase resistant:

a) Oxacillin

b) Amoxacillin

c) Bicillin-5

d) Penicillin G

029. All of the following drugs demonstrate a prolonged effect, EXCEPT:

a) Penicillin G

b) Procain penicillin

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c) Bicillin-1

d) Bicillin-5

030. Mechanism of penicillins’ antibacterial effect is:

a) Inhibition of transpeptidation in the bacterial cell wall

b) Inhibition of beta-lactamase in the bacterial cell

c) Activation of endogenous proteases, that destroy bacterial cell wall

d) Activation of endogenous phospholipases, which leads to alteration of cell membrane permeability

031. Pick out the beta-lactamase inhibitor for co-administration with penicillins:

a) Clavulanic acid

b) Sulbactam

c) Tazobactam

d) All of the above

032. Cephalosporines are drugs of choice for treatment of:

a) Gram-positive microorganism infections

b) Gram-negative microorganism infections

c) Gram-negative and gram-positive microorganism infections, if penicillins have no effect

d) Only bacteroide infections

033. Carbapenems are effective against:

a) Gram-positive microorganisms

b) Gram-negative microorganisms

c) Only bacteroide infections

d) Broad-spectum

034. All of the following antibiotics are macrolides, EXCEPT:

a) Erythromycin

b) Clarithromycin

c) Lincomycin

d) Roxythromycin

035. Tetracyclins have following unwanted effects:

a) Irritation of gastrointestinal mucosa, phototoxicity

b) Hepatotoxicity, anti-anabolic effect

c) Dental hypoplasia, bone deformities

d) All of the above

036. Tick the drug belonging to antibiotics-aminoglycosides:

a) Erythromycin

b) Gentamycin

c) Vancomycin

d) Polymyxin

037. Aminoglycosides are effective against:

a) Gram positive microorganisms, anaerobic microorganisms, spirochetes

b) Broad-spectum, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa

c) Gram negative microorganisms, anaerobic microorganisms

d) Broad-spectum, except anaerobic microorganisms and viruses

038. Aminoglycosides have the following unwanted effects:

a) Pancytopenia

b) Hepatotoxicity

c) Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity

d) Irritation of gastrointestinal mucosa

039. Choose the characteristics of chloramphenicol:

a) Broad-spectum. Demonstrates a bactericidal effect.

b) Influences the Gram-positive microorganisms. Demonstrates a bactericidal effect.

c) Influences the Gram-negative microorganisms. Demonstrates a bactericidal effect.

d) Broad-spectum. Demonstrates a bacteristatic effect.

040. Chloramphenicol has the following unwanted effects:

a) Nephrotoxicity

b) Pancytopenia

c) Hepatotoxicity

d) Ototoxicity

041. Choose the characteristics of lincozamides:

a) Broad-spectum. Demonstrates a bactericidal effect.

b) Influence mainly the anaerobic organisms, Gram negative cocci.

c) Broad-spectum. Demonstrates a bacteristatic effect.

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d) Influence mainly the anaerobic organisms, Gram positive cocci.

042. Lincozamides have the following unwanted effect:

a) Nephrotoxicity

b) Cancerogenity

c) Pseudomembranous colitis

d) Irritation of respiratory organs

043. Choose the characteristics of vancomicin:

a) It is a glycopeptide, inhibits cell wall synthesis active only against Gram-negative bacteria

b) It is a glycopeptide, that alters permeability of cell membrane and is active against anaerobic bacteria

c) It is a beta-lactam antibiotic, inhibits cell wall synthesis active only against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

d) It is a glycopeptide, inhibits cell wall synthesis and is active only against Gram-positive bacteria.

044. Vancomicin has the following unwanted effects:

a) Pseudomembranous colitis

b) Hepatotoxicity

c) “Red neck” syndrome, phlebitis

d) All of the above

045. Which of the following drugs is used for systemic and deep mycotic infections treatment:

a) Co-trimoxazol

b) Griseofulvin

c) Amphotericin B

d) Nitrofungin

046. Which of the following drugs is used for dermatomycosis treatment:

a) Nystatin

b) Griseofulvin

c) Amphotericin B

d) Vancomycin

047. Which of the following drugs is used for candidiasis treatment:

a) Griseofulvin

b) Nitrofungin

c) Myconazol

d) Streptomycin

048. All of the following antifungal drugs are antibiotics, EXCEPT:

a) Amphotericin B

b) Nystatin

c) Myconazol

d) Griseofulvin

049. Mechanism of Amphotericin B action is:

a) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

b) Inhibition of fungal protein synthesis

c) Inhibition of DNA synthesis

d) Alteration of cell membrane permeability

050. Azoles have an antifungal effect because of:

a) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

b) Inhibition of fungal protein synthesis

c) Reduction of ergosterol synthesis

d) Inhibition of DNA synthesis

051. Which of the following drugs alters permeability of Candida cell membranes:

a) Amphotericin B

b) Ketoconazole

c) Nystatin

d) Terbinafine

052. Amfotericin B has the following unwanted effects:

a) Psychosis

b) Renal impairment, anemia

c) Hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia

d) Bone marrow toxicity

053. Tick the drug belonging to antibiotics having a polyene structure:

a) Nystatin

b) Ketoconazole

c) Griseofulvin

d) All of the above

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054. All of the following drugs demonstrate a fungicidal effect, EXCEPT:

a) Terbinafin

b) Amfotericin B

c) Ketoconazole

d) Myconazol

055. Characteristics of polyenes are following, except:

a) Alter the structure and functions of cell membranes

b) Broad-spectrum

c) Fungicidal effect

d) Nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity

056. Characteristics of Amfotericin B are following, EXCEPT:

a) Used for systemic mycosis treatment

b) Poor absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract

c) Does not demonstrate nephrotoxicity

d) Influences the permeability of fungus cell membrane

PART II SYNTHETIC ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS

001. Sulfonamides are effective against:

a) Bacteria and Chlamidia

b) Actinomyces

c) Protozoa

d) All of the above

002. Mechanism of sulfonamides’ antibacterial effect is:

a) Inhibition of dihydropteroate reductase

b) Inhibition of dihydropteroate synthase

c) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase

d) Activation of DNA gyrase

003. Combination of sulfonamides with trimethoprim:

a) Decreases the unwanted effects of sulfonamides

b) Increases the antimicrobial activity

c) Decreases the antimicrobial activity

d) Increases the elimination of sulfonamides

004. Sulfonamide potency is decreased in case of co-administration with:

a) Oral hypoglycemic agents

b) Local anesthetics – derivatives of paraaminobenzoic acid

c) Local anesthetics – derivatives of benzoic acid

d) Non-narcotic analgesics

005. The following measures are necessary for prevention of sulfonamide precipitation and crystalluria:

a) Taking of drinks with acid pH

b) Taking of drinks with alkaline pH

c) Taking of saline drinks

d) Restriction of drinking

006. Resorptive sulfonamides have the following unwanted effects on blood system:

a) Hemolytic anemia

b) Thrombocytopenia

c) Granulocytopenia

d) All of the above

007. Mechanism of Trimethoprim’ action is:

a) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase

b) Inhibition of dihydropteroate reductase

c) Inhibition of dihydropteroate synthase

d) Inhibition of DNA gyrase

008. Sulfonamides have the following unwanted effects:

a) Hematopoietic disturbances

b) Crystalluria

c) Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea

d) All of the above

009. Tick the drug, which is effective against mycobacteria only:

a) Isoniazid

b) Streptomycin

c) Rifampin

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d) Kanamycin

010. Tick the antimycobacterial drug belonging to first-line agents:

a) PAS

b) Isoniazid

c) Kanamycin

d) Pyrazinamide

011. Tick the antimycobacterial drug, belonging to second-line agents:

a) Isoniazid

b) PAS

c) Rifampin

d) Streptomycin

012. Tick the antimycobacterial drug, belonging to antibiotics:

a) Isoniazid

b) PAS

c) Ethambutol

d) Rifampin

013. Tick the antimycobacterial drug – hydrazide of isonicotinic acid:

a) Rifampin

b) Isoniazid

c) Ethambutol

d) Pyrazinamide

014. Mechanism of Izoniazid action is:

a) Inhibition of protein synthesis

b) Inhibition of mycolic acids synthesis

c) Inhibition of RNA synthesis

d) Inhibition of ADP synthesis

015. Mechanism of Rifampin action is:

a) Inhibition of mycolic acids synthesis

b) Inhibition of DNA dependent RNA polymerase

c) Inhibition of topoisomerase II

d) Inhibition of cAMP synthesis

016. Mechanism of Cycloserine action is:

a) Inhibition of mycolic acids synthesis

b) Inhibition of RNA synthesis

c) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

d) Inhibition of pyridoxalphosphate synthesis

017. Mechanism of Streptomycin action is:

a) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

b) Inhibition of protein synthesis

c) Inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis

d) Inhibition of cell membranes permeability

018. Rifampin has the following unwanted effect:

a) Dizziness, headache

b) Loss of hair

c) Flu-like syndrome, tubular necrosis

d) Hepatotoxicity

019. Isoniazid has following unwanted effect:

a) Cardiotoxicity

b) Hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy

c) Loss of hair

d) Immunotoxicity

020. Ethambutol has the following unwanted effect:

a) Cardiotoxicity

b) Immunetoxicity

c) Retrobulbar neuritis with red-green color blindness

d) Hepatotoxicity

021. Streptomycin has the following unwanted effect:

a) Cardiotoxicity

b) Hepatotoxicity

c) Retrobulbar neuritis with red-green color blindness

d) Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity

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022. Mechanism of aminosalicylic acid action is:

a) Inhibition of mycolic acids synthesis

b) Inhibition of folate synthesis

c) Inhibition of DNA dependent RNA polymerase

d) Inhibition of DNA gyrase

023. All of the following agents are the first-line antimycobacterial drugs, EXCEPT:

a) Rifampin

b) Pyrazinamide

c) Isoniazid

d) Streptomycin

024. All of the following antimycobacterial drugs have a bactericidal effect, EXCEPT:

a) Pyrazinamide

b) Streptomycin

c) Rifampin

d) Isoniazid

025. Combined chemotherapy of tuberculosis is used to:

a) Decrease mycobacterium drug-resistance

b) Increase mycobacterium drug-resistance

c) Decrease the antimicrobal activity

d) Decrease the onset of antimycobacterial drugs biotransformation:

026. Tick the antibacterial drug – a nitrofurane derivative:

a) Nitrofurantoin

b) Trimethoprim

c) Ciprofloxacin

d) Nystatin

027. Tick the antibacterial drug – a nitroimidazole derivative:

a) Clavulanic acid

b) Metronidazole

c) Nitrofurantoin

d) Doxycycline

028. Tick the antibacterial drug – a quinolone derivative:

a) Nitrofurantoin

b) Nalidixic acid

c) Streptomycin

d) Metronidazole

029. Tick the antibacterial drug – a fluoroquinolone derivative:

a) Chloramphenicol

b) Nitrofurantoin

c) Nalidixic acid

d) Ciprofloxacin

030. Tick the indications for nitrofuranes:

a) Infections of respiratory tract

b) Infections of urinary and gastro-intestinal tracts

c) Syphilis

d) Tuberculosis

031. Tick the unwanted effects of nitrofuranes:

a) Nausea, vomiting

b) Allergic reactions

c) Hemolytic anemia

d) All of the above

032. Tick the indications for Metronidazole:

a) Intra-abdominal infections, vaginitis, enterocolitis

b) Pneumonia

c) As a disinfectant

d) Influenza

033. Tick the unwanted effects of Metronidazole:

a) Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomatitis

b) Hypertension

c) Disturbances of peripheral blood circulation

d) All of the above

034. The mechanism of fluoroquinolones’ action is:

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a) Inhibition of phospholipase C

b) Inhibition of DNA gyrase

c) Inhibition of bacterial cell synthesis

d) Alteration of cell membrane permeability

035. Fluoroquinolones are active against:

a) Gram negative microorganisms only

b) Mycoplasmas and Chlamidiae only

c) Gram positive microorganisms only

d) Variety of Gram-negative and positive microorganisms, including Mycoplasmas and Chlamidiae

036. Tick the unwanted effects of fluoroquinolones:

a) Hallucinations

b) Headache, dizziness, insomnia

c) Hypertension

d) Immunetoxicity

037. Tick the indications for fluoroquinolones:

a) Infections of the urinary tract

b) Bacterial diarrhea

c) Infections of the urinary and respiratory tract, bacterial diarrhea

d) Respiratory tract infections

038. The drug of choice for syphilis treatment is:

a) Gentamycin

b) Penicillin

c) Chloramphenicol

d) Doxycycline

PART III ANTIPROTOZOAL AND ANTHELMINTIC DRUGS

001. Tick the drug used for malaria chemoprophylaxis and treatment:

a) Chloroquine

b) Quinidine

c) Quinine

d) Sulfonamides

002. Tick the drug used for amoebiasis treatment:

a) Nitrofurantoin

b) Iodoquinol

c) Pyrazinamide

d) Mefloquine

003. Tick the drug used for trichomoniasis treatment:

a) Metronidazole

b) Suramin

c) Pyrimethamine

d) Tetracycline

004. Tick the drug used for toxoplasmosis treatment:

a) Chloroquine

b) Tetracyclin

c) Suramin

d) Pyrimethamine

005. Tick the drug used for balantidiasis treatment::

a) Azitromycin

b) Tetracycline

c) Quinine

d) Trimethoprim

006. Tick the drug used for leishmaniasis treatment:

a) Pyrimethamine

b) Albendazole

c) Sodium stibogluconate

d) Tinidazole

007. Tick the antimalarial drug belonging to 8-aminoquinoline derivatives:

a) Doxycycline

b) Quinidine

c) Primaquine

d) Chloroquine

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008. All of the following antimalarial drugs are 4-quinoline derivatives, EXCEPT:

a) Chloroquine

b) Mefloquine

c) Primaquine

d) Amodiaquine

009. Tick the antimalarial drug belonging to pyrimidine derivatives:

a) Mefloquine

b) Pyrimethamine

c) Quinidine

d) Chloroquine

010. Tick the drug used for trypanosomosis treatment:

a) Melarsoprol

b) Metronidazole

c) Tetracyclin

d) Quinidine

011. Tick the antimalarial drug having a gametocidal effect:

a) Mefloquine

b) Primaquine

c) Doxycycline

d) Sulfonamides

012. All of the following antimalarial drugs influence blood schizonts, EXCEPT:

a) Mefloquine

b) Chloroquine

c) Primaquine

d) Quinidine

013. Tick the antimalarial drug influencing tissue schisonts:

a) Mefloquine

b) Chloroquine

c) Quinidine

d) Primaquine

014. Tick the group of antibiotics having an antimalarial effect:

a) Aminoglycosides

b) Tetracyclins

c) Carbapenems

d) Penicillins

015. Tick the amebecide drug for the treatment of an asymptomatic intestinal form of amebiasis:

a) Chloroquine

b) Diloxanide

c) Emetine

d) Doxycycline

016. Tick the drugs for the treatment of an intestinal form of amebiasis:

a) Metronidazole and diloxanide

b) Diloxanide and streptomycin

c) Diloxanide and Iodoquinol

d) Emetine and metronidazole

017. Tick the drug for the treatment of a hepatic form of amebiasis:

a) Diloxanide or iodoquinol

b) Tetracycline or doxycycline

c) Metronidazole or emetine

d) Erythromycin or azitromycin

018. Tick the luminal amebecide drug:

a) Metronidazole

b) Emetine

c) Doxycycline

d) Diloxanide

019. Tick the drug of choice for the treatment of extraluminal amebiasis:

a) Iodoquinol

b) Metronidazole

c) Diloxanide

d) Tetracycline

020. Tick the drug, blocking acetylcholine transmission at the myoneural junction of helminthes:

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a) Levamisole

b) Mebendazole

c) Piperazine

d) Niclosamide

021. Tick niclosamide mechanism of action:

a) Increasing cell membrane permeability for calcium, resulting in paralysis, dislodgement and death of helminthes

b) Blocking acetylcholine transmission at the myoneural junction and paralysis of helminthes

c) Inhibiting microtubule synthesis in helminthes and irreversible impairment of glucose uptake

d) Inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation in some species of helminthes

022. Tick praziquantel mechanism of action:

a) Blocking acetylcholine transmission at the myoneural junction and paralysis of helminthes

b) Inhibiting microtubule synthesis in helminthes and irreversible impairment of glucose uptake

c) Increasing cell membrane permeability for calcium, resulting in paralysis, dislodgement and death of

helminthes

d) Inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation in some species of helminthes

023. Tick piperazine mechanism of action:

a) Inhibiting microtubule synthesis in helminthes and irreversible impairment of glucose uptake

b) Blocking acetylcholine transmission at the myoneural junction and paralysis of helminthes

c) Inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation in some species of helminthes

d) Increasing cell membrane permeability for calcium, resulting in paralysis, dislodgement and death of helminthes

024. Tick the drug, a salicylamide derivative:

a) Praziquantel

b) Piperazine

c) Mebendazole

d) Niclosamide

025. Tick mebendazole mechanism of action:

a) Inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation in some species of helminthes

b) Increasing cell membrane permeability for calcium, resulting in paralysis, dislodgement and death of helminthes

c) Inhibiting microtubule synthesis in helminthes and irreversible impairment of glucose uptake

d) Blocking acetylcholine transmission at the myoneural junction and paralysis of helminthes

026. Tick the drug, inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation in some species of helminthes:

a) Niclosamide

b) Piperazine

c) Praziquantel

d) Mebendazole

027. Tick the drug for neurocysticercosis treatment:

a) Praziquantel

b) Pyrantel

c) Piperazine

d) Bithionol

028. Tick the drug for nematodosis (roundworm invasion) treatment:

a) Niclosamide

b) Praziquantel

c) Bithionol

d) Pyrantel

029. Tick the drug for cestodosis (tapeworm invasion) treatment:

a) Piperazine

b) Praziquantel

c) Pyrantel

d) Ivermectin

030. Tick the drug for trematodosis (fluke invasion) treatment:

a) Bithionol

b) Ivermectin

c) Pyrantel

d) Metronidazole

031. Tick the drug, a benzimidazole derivative:

a) Praziquantel

b) Mebendazole

c) Suramin

d) Pyrantel

032. Tick the broad spectrum drug for cestodosis, trematodosis and cycticercosis treatment:

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a) Piperazine

b) Ivermectine

c) Praziquantel

d) Pyrantel

033. Tick the drug for ascaridosis and enterobiosis treatment:

a) Bithionol

b) Pyrantel

c) Praziquantel

d) Suramin

034. Tick the drug for strongiloidosis treatment:

a) Niclosamide

b) Praziquantel

c) Bithionol

d) Ivermectin

035. Tick the drug for echinococcosis treatment:

a) Suramin

b) Mebendazole or Albendazole

c) Piperazine

d) Iodoquinol

PART IV ANTIVIRAL AGENTS. AGENTS FOR CHEMOTHERAPY OF CANCER

001. All of the following antiviral drugs are the analogs of nucleosides, EXCEPT:

a) Acyclovir

b) Zidovudine

c) Saquinavir

d) Didanozine

002. Tick the drug, a derivative of adamantane:

a) Didanozine

b) Rimantadine

c) Gancyclovir

d) Foscarnet

003. Tick the drug, a derivative of pyrophosphate:

a) Foscarnet

b) Zidovudine

c) Vidarabine

d) Acyclovir

004. Tick the drug, inhibiting viral DNA synthesis:

a) Interferon

b) Saquinavir

c) Amantadine

d) Acyclovir

005. Tick the drug, inhibiting uncoating of the viral RNA:

a) Vidarabine

b) Rimantadine

c) Acyclovir

d) Didanozine

006. Tick the drug, inhibiting viral reverse transcriptase:

a) Zidovudine

b) Vidarabine

c) Rimantadine

d) Gancyclovir

007. Tick the drug, inhibiting viral proteases:

a) Rimantadine

b) Acyclovir

c) Saquinavir

d) Zalcitabine

008. Tick the drug of choice for herpes and cytomegalovirus infection treatment:

a) Saquinavir

b) Interferon alfa

c) Didanozine

d) Acyclovir

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009. Tick the drug which belongs to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors:

a) Zidovudine

b) Vidarabine

c) Nevirapine

d) Gancyclovir

010. All of the following antiviral drugs are antiretroviral agents, EXCEPT:

a) Acyclovir

b) Zidovudine

c) Zalcitabine

d) Didanozine

011. Tick the drug used for influenza A prevention:

a) Acyclovir

b) Rimantadine

c) Saquinavir

d) Foscarnet

012. Tick the drug used for HIV infection treatment, a derivative of nucleosides:

a) Acyclovir

b) Zidovudine

c) Gancyclovir

d) Trifluridine

013. Tick the antiviral drug which belongs to endogenous proteins:

a) Amantadine

b) Saquinavir

c) Interferon alfa

d) Pencyclovir

014. Tick the drug which belongs to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors:

a) Didanosine

b) Gancyclovir

c) Nevirapine

d) Vidarabine

015. All of the following antiviral drugs are anti-influenza agents, EXCEPT:

a) Acyclovir

b) Amantadine

c) Interferons

d) Rimantadine

016. Tick the unwanted effects of zidovudine:

a) Hallucinations, dizziness

b) Anemia, neutropenia, nausea, insomnia

c) Hypertension, vomiting

d) Peripheral neuropathy

017. Tick the unwanted effects of intravenous acyclovir infusion:

a) Renal insufficiency, tremors, delerium

b) Rash, diarrhea, nausea

c) Neuropathy, abdominal pain

d) Anemia, neutropenia, nausea, insomnia

018. Tick the drug that can induce peripheral neuropathy and oral ulceration:

a) Acyclovire

b) Zalcitabine

c) Zidovudine

d) Saquinavir

019. Tick the unwanted effects of didanozine:

a) Hallucinations, dizziness, insomnia

b) Anemia, neutropenia, nausea

c) Hypertension, vomiting, diarrhea

d) Peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis, diarrhea, hyperuricemia

020. Tick the unwanted effects of indinavir:

a) Hypotension, vomiting, dizziness

b) Nephrolithiasis, nausea, hepatotoxicity

c) Peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis, hyperuricemia

d) Anemia, neutropenia, nausea

021. Tick the drug that can induce nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain and rhinitis:

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a) Acyclovire

b) Zalcitabine

c) Zidovudine

d) Saquinavir

022. All of the following effects are disadvantages of anticancer drugs, EXCEPT:

a) Low selectivity to cancer cells

b) Depression of bone marrow

c) Depression of angiogenesis

d) Depression of immune system

023. Rational combination of anticancer drugs is used to:

a) Provide synergism resulting from the use of anticancer drugs with different mechanisms combination

b) Provide synergism resulting from the use of anticancer drugs with the same mechanisms combination

c) Provide stimulation of immune system

d) Provide stimulation of cell proliferation

024. Tick the anticancer alkylating drug, a derivative of chloroethylamine:

a) Methotrexate

b) Cisplatin

c) Cyclophosphamide

d) Carmustine

025. Tick the anticancer alkylating drug, a derivative of ethylenimine:

a) Mercaptopurine

b) Thiotepa

c) Chlorambucil

d) Procarbazine

026. Tick the group of hormonal drugs used for cancer treatment:

a) Mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

b) Glucocorticoids and gonadal hormones

c) Gonadal hormones and somatotropin

d) Insulin

027. Tick the anticancer alkylating drug, a derivative of alkylsulfonate:

a) Fluorouracil

b) Carboplatin

c) Vinblastine

d) Busulfan

028. Tick the anticancer drug of plant origin:

a) Dactinomycin

b) Vincristine

c) Methotrexate

d) Procarbazine

029. Action mechanism of alkylating agents is:

a) Producing carbonium ions altering protein structure

b) Producing carbonium ions altering DNA structure

c) Structural antagonism against purine and pyrimidine

d) Inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis

030. Tick the anticancer drug, a pyrimidine antagonist:

a) Fluorouracil

b) Mercaptopurine

c) Thioguanine

d) Methotrexate

031. Methotrexate is:

a) A purine antagonist

b) A folic acid antagonist

c) An antibiotic

d) An alkylating agent

032. Tick the antibiotic for cancer chemotherapy:

a) Cytarabine

b) Doxorubicin

c) Gentamycin

d) Etoposide

033. Fluorouracil belongs to:

a) Antibiotics

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b) Antimetabolites

c) Plant alkaloids

d) Bone marrow growth factor

034. Tick the action mechanism of anticancer drugs belonging to plant alkaloids:

a) Inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis

b) Cross-linking of DNA

c) Mitotic arrest at a metaphase

d) Nonselective inhibition of aromatases

035. General contraindications for anticancer drugs are:

a) Depression of bone marrow

b) Acute infections

c) Severe hepatic and/or renal insufficiency

d) All of the above

036. Action mechanism of methotrexate is:

a) Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase

b) Activation of cell differentiation

c) Catabolic depletion of serum asparagine

d) All of the above

037. Tick the anticancer drug belonging to inorganic metal complexes:

a) Dacarbazine

b) Cisplatin

c) Methotrexate

d) Vincristine

038. Tick the indication for estrogens in oncological practice:

a) Leukemia

b) Cancer of prostate

c) Endometrial cancer

d) Brain tumors

039. Enzyme drug used for acute leukemia treatment:

a) Dihydrofolate reductase

b) Asparaginase

c) Aromatase

d) DNA gyrase

040. All of the following drugs are derivatives of nitrosoureas, EXCEPT:

a) Carmustine

b) Vincristine

c) Lomustine

d) Semustine

041. Tick the group of drugs used as subsidiary medicines in cancer treatment:

a) Cytoprotectors

b) Bone marrow growth factors

c) Antimetastatic agents

d) All of the above

042. Tick the estrogen inhibitor:

a) Leuprolide

b) Tamoxifen

c) Flutamide

d) Anastrozole

043. Tick the antiandrogen drug:

a) Flutamide

b) Aminoglutethimide

c) Tamoxifen

d) Testosterone

044. Tick the drug belonging to aromatase inhibitors:

a) Octreotide

b) Anastrozole

c) Flutamide

d) Tamoxifen

045. Tick the drug belonging to gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists:

a) Leuprolide

b) Tamoxifen

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c) Flutamide

d) Anastrozole