Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy

4th edition

III

Pocket Atlas of

Human Anatomy

Based on theInternational Nomenclature

Heinz Feneis

Professor

Formerly Institute of Anatomy

University of Tübingen

Tübingen, Germany

Wolfgang Dauber

Professor

Institute of Anatomy

University of Tübingen

Tübingen, Germany

Fourth edition, fully revised

800 illustrations by Gerhard Spitzer

Thieme

Stuttgart · New York 2000

Libraryof Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

isavailable from the publisher.

Someof theproduct names,patents, andregistered designsreferred toin thisbook arein factregis-

teredtrademarks or proprietary names even though specific reference to thisfact is not always

madein the text.Therefore, theappearance of aname without designationas proprietary isnot to

beconstrued as a representationby the publisher thatit is in thepublic domain.

Thisbook ,including all parts thereof, is legally protectedby copyright. Any use, exploitation, or

commercializationoutside the narrow limits setby copyright legislation, without thepublisher’s

consent, isillegal and liable to prosecution. This applies in particularto photostat reproduction,

copying, mimeographing or duplication of anykind, translating, preparation of microfilms, and

electronicdata processing and storage.

ThiemeNew York, 333Seventh Avenue, NewYork, NY 10001,USA

Typesettingby primustype R.Hurler GmbH, D-73274Notzingen, Typeset onTextline/HerculesPro

Printedin Germany by OffizinAndersen Nexö, Leipzig

ISBN3-13-511204-7(GT V) ISBN0-86577-928-7 (TNY) 123456

Important Note: Medicine is an ever-changingscience undergoing continual development. Re-

searchand clinical experienceare continually expanding ourknowledge, in particular ourknowl-

edgeof propertreatment anddrug therapy.Insofaras thisbook mentionsany dosageor application,

readersmay restassured thatthe authors, editors,and publishershave madeevery effort toensure

thatsuch referencesare in accordancewith the stateof knowledge atthe time ofproduction of

thebook.

Nevertheless,this doesnot involve,imply, orexpress anyguarantee or responsibilityon thepart of

thepublishers in respect of any dosageinstructions and forms of application statedin the book.

Everyuser isrequested toexamine carefullythe manufacturers’leaflets accompanyingeach drug

andto check,if necessary inconsultation witha physician orspecialist, whetherthe dosage sched-

ulesmentioned therein orthe contraindicationsstated by themanufacturers differ fromthe state-

mentsmade in the present book.Such examination is particularlyimportant with drugs that are

eitherrarely used or have been newlyreleased on the market. Every dosage scheduleor every

formof application used isentirely at the user’sown risk and responsibility.The authors and

publishersrequest everyuser toreport to thepublishers anydiscrepancies or inaccuraciesnoticed.

1stGerman edition 1967

2ndGerman edition 1970

1stItalian edition 1970

3rdGerman edition 1972

1stPolish edition 1973

4thGerman edition 1974

1stSpanish edition 1974

1stJapanese edition 1974

1stPortuguese edition 1976

1stEnglish edition 1976

1stDanish edition 1977

1stSwedish edition 1979

1stCzech edition 1981

5thGerman edition 1982

2ndDanish edition 1983

2ndJapanese edition 1983

1stDutch edition 1984

2ndSwedish edition 1984

2ndEnglish edition 1985

2ndPolish edition 1986

1stFrench edition 1986

2ndPolish edition 1986

6thGerman edition 1988

2ndItalian edition 1989

2ndSpanish edition 1989

1stTurkish edition 1990

1stGreek edition 1991

1stChinese edition 1991

1stIcelandic edition 1992

3rdPolish edition 1992

7thGerman edition 1993

2ndDutch edition 1993

2ndGreek edition 1994

3rdEnglish edition 1994

3rdSpanish edition 1994

3rdDanish edition 1995

1stRussian edition 1996

2ndCzech edition 1996

3rdSwedish edition 1996

2ndTurkish edition 1997

8thGerman edition 1998

1stIndonesian edition 1998

1stBasque edition 1998

3rdDutch edtion 1999

4thSpanish edition 2000

Thisbook is anauthorized and revisedtranslation of the8th German edition publishedand copy-

righted1998 by GeorgThieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany.

Translatedby David B Meyer,Detroit, Michigan, USA.

Translationrevised by SuzyonO’Neal Wandrey, Berlin,Germany.

Foreword

The success of Dr. Feneis’s “Bildwörterbuch” has beenphenomenal. Iremember

seeing the first editionof it most vividly and wonderingwhy noone else had

thoughtof producing sucha useful book.And now itis in itseighth German edition,

andhas also been translatedinto many languages.I have several suchversions of it

onthe shelf above my desk, and Irefer to it frequently. Itis, of course, much more

than adictionary of the official “Nomina Anatomica,” for it isalso a most valuable

working pocketbook for anyone in the field of anatomy and medicine. It is its il-

lustrationswhich make it souseful and, indeed, unique; Iknow of no othersimilar

dictionaryin anylanguage inwhich the termsare notonly definedbut alsoshown in

clear,simple pictures.Among thelarge number ofbooks onanatomy appearing year

after year, few have the originalityand perennial usefulness to become of per-

manentvalue. Thisvolume is undoubtedlyof this elitequality. Itwill servestudents,

academics, andclinicians throughout their working years.

RogerWarwick

ProfessorEmeritus

Universityof London

(Guy’sHospital Medical School)

Preface to the Fourth Edition

ProfessorFeneis designed the anatomic picturedictionary as a reference bookthat

provides illustrated short descriptions of anatomic terms in accordance with the

validinternational nomenclature. The briefand clearly written textsegments were

setopposite concisefigures ofequal educational value—agraphic taskthat Professor

Spitzer managedto solve brilliantly.

Sinceits initialpublication in 1967,theFeneis workhas been publishedin sevenedi-

tions and has been translated into numerous languages. The acceptance of the

pocketbook format byour readers isproof of itssuccessful didactic concept.Hence,

it is only logical that the eighth edition should remain dedicated to this effective

concept.

Thetext and figureswere revised and adaptedto reflect thecurrent state ofknowl-

edge.Our colleagues and students alsocontributed significantly with their numer-

oussuggestions. We would liketo thank all of youfor your efforts, especially Dr.C.

Walther,who with greatcommitment provided a continuoussupply of expert sug-

gestions.

Proposalsto add color tothe illustrations of thepresent edition were rejectedafter

extensivedebate, because themasterful pen-and-ink drawingsby Professor Spitzer

alreadycapture the essentialelements of the structures.Furthermore, his drawings

are plastic and easy to remember.The extensive addition of color would increase

neitherthe informative value of the book northe aesthetic appeal of the figures.

Instead,we selectivelyadded color tothe textwhen it servedto make theindividual

chaptersand terms easier to find, alsowhen quickly leafing through thebook .The

combineduse of color and different typefacesmakes it easier to maintainan over-

view of the different terms. Highlighting in color the alphabetic charactersof the

figures facilitates the identification of text and graphicelements that belongto-

gether.

Wewould like to thank Georg ThiemeVerlag and its employees fortheir patience,

understanding,and collaboration in the production of this edition.

Tübingen, springof 200 0 WolfgangDauber

VII

Contents

Bones ...................................... 2

Sutures,joints and ligaments ................ 54

Muscles .................................... 74

Muscles,synovial bursae and sheaths ........100

Digestivesystem ............................108

Digestiveand respiratory system ............ 134

Urogenitalsystem ........................... 154

Peritoneum ................................. 176

Endocrineglands ............................ 182

Heart....................................... 184

Arteries ....................................190

Veins ....................................... 230

Lymphaticsystem ........................... 254

Spleen,meninges ........................... 268

Meninges ...................................268

Spinalcord ................................. 272

Brain ....................................... 278

Cranialnerves .............................. 320

Spinalnerves ...............................334

Autonomicnervous system ..................348

Senseorgans ................................ 354

Skinand its appendages ..................... 390

Generalterms .............................. 396

References ..................................409

Index....................................... 412

Instructions for Use

왘 The organizationof theterms in

accordance with the current

NominaAnatomica is exemplified

by the typefaces shown on the

right.

왘 Terms not organized hierarchi-

callyare printedin normal redlet-

tering.

왘 The lettersprinted after atext seg-

ment refer to thefigures on the

oppositepage. Thenumbers in the

figures correspond to the key

word mentioned behind the

corresponding number listed in

the text.

왘 Higher-ranking terms frequently

are not represented by a number

in the figures.

왘 Fully valid alternative expressions

arelisted in parentheses.

왘 The followingare listed in single

squarebrackets:

— inconstant structures,

— terms that are unofficial but

listed in the Nomina Anatom-

ica,

— explanatory supplements.

왘 Terms not mentionedin theNo-

mina Anatomica are printed in

doublesquare brackets.

왘 Terms representing a supplement

to the older editions aremarked

bylower case letters.

왘 Circled numeric marksrefer toa

moreextensive region.

Examples

CARDIOVASCULARSYSTEM

ARTERIES

AORTA

ABDOMINALAORTA

Celiactrunk

Commonhepatic artery

Proper hepatic artery

Rightbranch

Cysticarter y

BONESOF SKULL

Neurocranium

Viscerocranium

Chondrocranium

Carpalbones (carpi)

[Suturalbones]

[Pyramidaltract]

Splenium[of corpus callosum]

[[Pouchof Douglas]]

3aintervertebral surface ofvertebra

Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy

SKELETON

Axialskeleton. Skeleton axiale.

1 VERTEBRALCOLUMN. Columna vertebralis.A

1aVertebra.

2 VERTEBRAL CANAL. Canalis vertebralis. Canal

formedby thesuccessive vertebralforamina. It

containsthe spinal cord.B

3 Body of vertebra. Corpus vertebrae (verte-

brale).B C D

Faciesintervertebralis. Thesurface ofa verte-

brafacing the adjacentvertebra. B

Ring apophysis (epiphysis). Apophysis anu-

laris.Ring of bonearound theupper and lower

surfacesof the vertebral body. It represents a

secondarycenter of ossification.B

4 Vertebralarch. Arcusvertebrae (vertebralis).It

forms theposterior and lateral boundaries of

thevertebral foramen. CD

Pedicle.Pediculus arcusvertebrae. Theportion

of the vertebral arch situated anteriorlybe-

tweenthe body andtransverse processas well

asbetween the superior andinferior vertebral

notches.B D

Lamina.Lamina arcus vertebrae (vertebralis).

Theportion ofthe vertebralarch situatedpost-

eriorlybetween thetransverse processand the

spinousprocess. C

6aNeurocentral junction (synchondrosis). Junc-

tioneurocentralis. Cartilaginous jointbetween

the left and rightfetal neural arches and the

centrum.E

7 Intervertebral foramen. Foramen interverte-

brale. Opening for the passage of the spinal

nerveand small vessels. It is bordered bythe

two adjacent vertebral notches, the vertebral

bodyand the intervertebraldisc. A B

8 Superiorvertebral notch. Incisura vertebralis

superior.Notch on the superior aspect of the

pedicle.B

9 Inferior vertebral notch. Incisura vertebralis

inferior. Notch on the inferior aspect ofthe

pedicle.B

10 Vertebral foramen.Foramen vertebrale.Space

surroundedby thevertebral archand body.To-

gether,the series of foramina form the verte-

bralcanal. C D

11 Spinous process. Processusspinosus. Itis bifid

inthe upper fourcervical vertebrae. BC D

12 Transverse process.Processus transversus.B C

Costal process. Processus costalis. The trans-

verse process of a lumbar vertebra. It corre-

sponds to a rudimentary rib formedby the

embryoniccostal element. D

14 Superior articular process (zygapophysis).

Processus articularis (zygapophysis) superior.

Articularprocess on thesuperior aspect ofthe

vertebralarch. B CD

15 Inferior articularprocess (zygapophysis).Pro-

cessusarticularis (zygapophysis)inferior.Artic-

ularprocess onthe inferioraspect of theverte-

bralarch. B C

16 CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae cervicales.

Theseven uppermost vertebrae(C1−7). A

17 Uncal process or uncus. Uncus corporis. Up-

wardlyprojecting, hook-like processon either

side of the cervical vertebrae. It occasionally

gives rise to bonyproliferations which can

exertpressure on the spinal nerve. C

18 Foramen transversarium. Hole in thetrans-

verseprocess of cervicalvertebrae forthe pas-

sageof the vertebralartery and vein.C

19 Anterior tubercle.Tuberculum anterius. Ante-

riorprojection on the transverse processes of

cervicalvertebrae2−7 formuscle attachment.C

20 Posterior tubercle. Tuberculum posterius.

Posterior projection on the transverse

processesof cervical vertebrae 2−7for muscle

attachment.C

21 Carotid tubercle.Tuberculum caroticum. Well

developed anterior tubercle of C6. So named

because the common carotidartery can be

compressedagainst it anteriorly.A

22 Groove for spinal nerve. Sulcus n. spinalis.

Grooveon thetransverse processesof C3−7 for

the spinalnerves exiting from the interverte-

bralforamina. C

23 Vertebraprominens (C7).The seventhcervical

vertebra.Itis sonamed becauseof itsespecially

well-developed spinous process (in 70% of

cases).A

24 THORACIC VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae thoracicae.

Thetwelve vertebraeof the thorax(T1−12). A

25 Superior costalfacet. Fovea costalis superior.

Fossafor articulationwith thehead ofa rib.It is

locatednear the rootof the arch onthe upper

edgeof the bodyof a vertebra.B

26 Inferior costal facet. Foveacostalis inferior.

Fossafor articulationwith thehead ofa rib.It is

locatedbelow theroot ofthe archon the lower

edgeof the bodyof a vertebra.B

27 Costal facet of transverse process. Fovea

costalisprocessus transversi.Facet forarticula-

tionwith the tubercleof a rib.B

28 LUMBARVERTEBRAE. Vertebraelumbales (lum-

bares).The five vertebraeof thelumbar region

(L1−5).A

29 Accessory process. Processus accessorius.

Rudiment of the originallumbar transverse

process.It projectsposteriorly fromthe baseof

thecostal process. D

30 Mamillary process. Processus mamillaris. A

bluntprocess projecting from thesuperior ar-

ticularprocess of thelumbar vertebra. D

Bones

1918 22 20 15

2715

4.16

4.37

Vertebral columnA

Thoracic vertebrae

Cervical vertebra

Lumbar vertebra,

superior view

D Infantile thoracic vertebraE

Bones

24 Pelvicsurface. Facies pelvica. Anteriorsurface

ofthe sacrum facingthe pelvis. F

Transverse lines. Lineae transversae. Four

anteriorlysituated fusionlines ofthe fivesacral

vertebralbodies. F

Intervertebral foramina. Foramina inter-

vertebralia.Openings for passage ofthe sacral

spinal nerves.They develop from the original

superiorand inferior notches.D

Anterior sacral foramina. Foramina sacralia

anteriora (pelvica). Anterior openings for

nervesand vessels. DF

28 Dorsalsurface of sacrum.Facies dorsalis ossis

sacri.C

Median sacral crest. Crista sacralis mediana.

Median ridge formedby the remnants of the

spinousprocesses of thesacral vertebrae. C

Posteriorsacral foramina. Foramina sacralia

posteriora. Posterior openings for nerves and

vessels.C D

Intermediatesacral crests.Cristae sacralisin-

termedia.Remnants of the articular processes

locatedon eitherside themedian sacralcrest. C

Lateral sacral crest. Crista sacralis lateralis.

Posteriorbilateral series ofrudimentary trans-

verseprocesses. C

Sacral cornu (horn). Cornu sacrale. Hook-

shaped processes that extend downward on

eitherside of thesacral hiatus. C

Sacral canal. Canalis sacralis. Inferior end of

thevertebral canal. CD

Sacralhiatus. Hiatussacralis. Openingat thein-

feriorend ofthe vertebralcanal locatedusually

atthelevel ofvertebrae S3−4.Emergencesite of

filum terminale and injection sitefor lower

epiduralanesthesia (caudal analgesia).C

36 Apexof sacrum.Apex ossissacri. Inferiortip of

sacrumwhich gives attachment tothe coccyx.

37 COCCYGEALVERTEBRAE I−IV.Os coccygis. Bone

thatusually consistsof fourrudimentary verte-

brae.E

38 Coccygealcornu (horn). Cornucoccygeus. Up-

wardlyprojecting processformed by theartic-

ularprocess. E

1 Atlas (C1). First cervical vertebra. Itlacks a

body.A

2 Lateralmass of atlas. Massa lateralisatlantis.

The thickened lateralpart of the atlas which

bearsthe skull forthe lacking vertebra.A

Superiorarticular facet. Faciesarticularis su-

perior.Elliptical and concavefacet. A

Inferiorarticular facet.Facies articularisinfe-

rior. Roundish and slightly concave surface

linedwith cartilage.

5 Anteriorarch of atlas. Arcusanterior atlantis.

Dental fovea of atlas. Fovea dentis atlantis.

Facetfor articulation withthe dens of theaxis

onthe inner surfaceof the anteriorarch. A

Anterior tubercle of atlas. Tuberculum an-

teriusatlantis. A

8 Posteriorarch of atlas. Arcusposterior atlan-

tis.A

Groove for vertebral artery. Sulcus arteriae

vertebralis.Groove for the vertebralartery lo-

catedon the posteriorarch of theatlas behind

thearticular surfaces. A

Posteriortubercle. Tuberculumposterius. Itis

arudiment of thespinous process. A

11 Axis (C2) [[Epistropheus]]The second cervical

vertebra.B

12 Dens [[odontoidprocess]]of axis. Densaxis. B

Apexof dens. Apexdentis. Attachment siteof

theapical ligament ofthe dens. B

Anteriorarticular surface of dens.Facies ar-

ticularisanterior. B

Posteriorarticular surface of dens.Facies ar-

ticularisposterior. B

16 OS SACRUM(SACRALE) / VERTEBRAESACRALES

I−V.Sacralbone [[sacrum]]formed byfive fused

vertebrae.C D F

17 Base of sacrum.Basis ossis sacri. Broadupper

endof sacrum. F

Promontory of sacrum. Promontorium ossis

sacri.Prominent anteriormargin ofthe bodyof

thefirst sacralvertebra.It projectsquite farinto

thepelvic inlet. F

Alaof sacrum. Alasacralis. Part ofthe baseof

the sacrum situated lateral to the f irstsacral

vertebra.

Superior articular process. Processus articu-

larissuperior. C F

21 Lateral partor mass of sacrum. Pars lateralis

ossis sacri. The lateral part of the sacrum

derived from the transverse processes and

rudimentaryribs. C F

Auricular surface. Facies auricularis. Ear-

shapedarticular surface forthe ilium. C

Sacraltuberosity. Tuberositas sacralis.Rough

area behind the auricular surface for the at-

tachmentof the sacroiliacligaments. C

Bones

1821 17

3633

742

Atlas, superior viewA

Axis from leftB

Sacral bone, dorsal view

Sacral bone, cross-section

Coccyx, dorsal view

E Sacral bone, anterior viewF

Bones

1 [[THORAX]]Used to denotethe chest andwall

consistingof ribs, cartilageand soft tissuethat

encasesthe chest cavity.

1 THORACICBONES. Ossa thoracis.

2 RIBS.Costae (I−XII).D

3 Trueribs (1−7). Costae verae (I−VII). The first

seven ribs with individual cartilaginous con-

nectionsto thesternum therebydistinguishing

themfrom the lastfive ribs. D

4 Falseribs (8−12).Costae spuriae (VIII−XII).The

lastfive ribswhich haveno directcartilaginous

unionwith the sternum.D

Floating ribs (11−12). Costae fluitantes (XI−

XII).They have no connection with the costal

arch(arch of ribs).D

6 Costalcartilage. Cartilagocostalis. Cartilage at

theanterior ends ofthe ribs. D

7 Bony rib. Os costale (costa). It is contrasted

withthe cartilaginous segmentof the rib.D

8 Headof rib. Caput costae. It articulates with

thevertebral column. A

Articularsurface on headof rib. Faciesartic-

ularescapitis costae. AB

Interarticular crest on headof rib.Crista

capitiscostae. Small ridgewhich separates the

twoarticular facets. B

11 Neck ofrib. Collum costae.It lies lateralto the

headof the rib.A B

Crestof neck of rib. Cristacolli costae. Sharp

ridgeon theupper borderof theneck ofa rib.A

13 Shaft (body)of rib.Corpuscostae. Mainpart of

ribadjacent to theneck. A B

Costaltubercle. Tuberculum costae.Posterior

elevationbetween theneck andthe shaftof the

rib.A B

Articular facet of costal tubercle. Facies articu-

laris tuberculi costae. Surface for articulation

with the transverse processof thethoracic

vertebrae.A B

Angle of rib. Angulus costae. Posteriorly sit-

uatedbend in theaxis of therib. A B

Costal groove. Sulcus costae. Groovefor the

intercostalartery, veinand nerve onthe lower

marginof the internalsurface of therib. B

17a Firstrib.Costaprima. Itis theonly ribbent only

alongthe edge. AD

Tuberclefor anterior scalene muscle. Tuber-

culummusculi scaleni anterioris.Small promi-

nenceonthe uppersurface ofthefirst ribfor the

attachmentof theanterior scalenemuscle. A

Groovefor subclavian artery. Sulcus arteriae

subclaviae.Grooveon thefirst rib,justposterior

tothe anteriorscalene tubercle.A

Groovefor subclavian vein. Sulcusvenae sub-

claviae.Groove on thefirst rib, justanterior to

theanterior scalenetubercle. A

20a Second rib. Costa secunda. It attaches to the

sternal angle and can easily be identified in

patients.A D

Tuberositas musculi serrati anterioris.

Roughenedareaon theoutersurface oftheshaft

ofthe second rib that givesattachment to the

serratusanterior muscle.A D

22 Cervicalrib. [Costa cervicalis].Accessory ribat

C7.It canirritate thenerves tothe arm.

23 Sternum.CD

24 Manubriumsterni. Theportion of thesternum

situatedabove thesternal angle.C D

Clavicular notch. Incisura clavicularis. Inden-

tationfor thesternoclavicular joint.C D

Jugular notch. Incisura jugularis.Concavity at

theupper borderof themanubrium. D

27 Sternal angle. Angulus sterni (sternalis)

[[Ludovici]].Anglebetweenthe bodyand manu-

briumof thesternum.It ispalpable throughthe

skin.C D

28 Sternal synchondroses. Synchondroses ster-

nales. The two synchondroses of the sternum

areas follows:

29 Manubriosternal synchondrosis. [Synchon-

drosis manubriosternalis]. Cartilaginous joint

betweenthe manubrium and the body of the

sternum.C D

30 Xiphisternal synchondrosis. Synchondrosis

xiphisternalis.Cartilaginous joint between the

bodyof thesternum andthe xiphoidprocess. C

31 Body of sternum. Corpus sterni. Situated

betweenthemanubrium andxiphoid process.C

32 Xiphoid process. Processus xiphoideus. Stout

processat thelower endof thesternum. CD

33 Costalnotches. Incisuraecostales.Indentations

forthe costalcartilages. CD

34 Suprasternal bones. [Ossa suprasternalia].

Smallosseous remnants of the earlierepister-

numoccurring in the ligamentsof the sterno-

clavicularjoint.

35 Thoracicskeleton. Compagesthoracis.

35a Thoracic cavity. Cavitas thoracis. Used to de-

notethe chestand chestcavity.

36 Superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet).

Apertura thoracis superior. Upper thoracic

opening.D

37 Inferior thoracic aperture (thoracic outlet).

Apertura thoracis inferior. Lower opening of

thorax.D

38 Pulmonary sulcus of thorax. Sulcus pul-

monalis thoracis. Either oftwo large, vertical

grooveson either sideof the vertebralcolumn

thatare occupiedby thelungs. D

39 Costalarch. Arcus costalis.Arch ofribs formed

bythe cartilagesof ribs7−10. D

40 Intercostalspace. Spatium intercostale. Space

betweenthe ribs.D

41 Infrasternal angle. Angulus infrasternalis.

Anglebetween theright andleft costalarch. D

Bones

27; 29

VII

17a

20a

58.27

First and second ribs, superior viewA

Seventh rib, medial view

Sternum

from right

C Thoracic skeleton, anterior viewD

Bones

20 Jugular process. Processus jugularis.Externally

andinternally visibleprocess that projectslater-

allyfrom the jugular foramen.It corresponds to

thetransverse processof a vertebra.A C

21 Intrajugularprocess ofoccipital bone.Processus

intrajugularis ossis occipitales. It occasionally

dividesthe jugularforamen intoa lateralportion

for theinternal jugular vein and a medial seg-

mentfor nerves. C

22 External occipital protuberance. Protuberentia

occipitalisexterna. Readilypalpable bonyprojec-

tionin the middleof the occipitalbone. B

Inion. Anthropometric landmark indicating the

mostprominent point on the external occipital

protuberance.B

24 External occipital crest. Crista occipitalis ex-

terna.Bony ridge occasionally present between

theexternal occipitalprotuberance and thefora-

menmagnum. B

25 Highest (supreme) nuchal line. Linea nuchalis

suprema.Line archingexternally from theupper

marginof the externaloccipital protuberance. It

gives attachment to the occipital belly ofthe

epicraniusmuscle. B

26 Superior nuchal line. Linea nuchalissuperior.

Transverseridgeat thelevel oftheexternal occip-

italprotuberance. The trapeziusmuscle attaches

betweenit and thehighest nuchalline. B

27 Inferior nuchal line. Linea nuchalis inferior.

Transverse ridge between the superior nuchal

lineand the foramenmagnum. The semispinalis

capitismuscle attachesbetweenit andthe super-

iornuchal line. B

27a Occipital plane.Planum occipitale. Outersurface

ofthe occipital bone locatedsuperior to the ex-

ternaloccipital protuberance. B C

28 Cruciform eminence. Eminentia cruciformis.

Cross-shapedbony prominencewith theinternal

occipitalprotuberance at itscenter. A

29 Internal occipital protuberance. Protuberantia

occipitalis internal. Midpoint of the cruciform

eminence.A

30 Internal occipital crest. [Crista occipitalis in-

terna].Thickbony ridgethat occasionallyextends

from theinternal occipital protuberance to the

foramenmagnum. A

31 Groove forsuperior sagittal sinus. Sulcussinus

sagittalissuperioris. A

32 Groovefor transverse sinus.Sulcus sinus trans-

versi.A

33 Groovefor the sigmoid sinus. Sulcussinus sig-

moidei. Groove that begins before the sigmoid

sinusenters the jugularforamen. A C

33a Groove for occipital sinus. Sulcus sinus occipi-

talis.A

34 Paramastoid process. [Processus paramas-

toideus]. Prominence that occasionally projects

fromthe jugular process in the directionof the

transverseprocess of theatlas.

34a Cerebral fossa. Fossa cerebralis. Depression for

theoccipital lobes ofthe cerebrum. A

34b Cerebellar fossa. Fossa cerebellaris. Depression

forthe cerebellum. A

1 Cranialbones. Ossa cranii.Bones of theskull.

1aNeurocranium. Portion of the cranium that en-

closesthe brain.

Viscerocranium. Portion of the cranium that

formsthe face.

Chondrocranium.Cartilaginous part of embryo-

logicalskull that laterforms base ofskull.

2 Occipitalbone. Os occipitale.It lies betweenthe

sphenoid,temporal and parietalbones. AB C

3 Foramenmagnum.Large openingin theoccipital

bonefor passage of themedulla oblongata, ves-

selsand nerves. AB C

Basion. Midpoint of the anterior border of the

foramenmagnum. B

Opisthion.Midpoint of the posterior border of

theforamen magnum. AB

6 Basilar part of occipital bone (basioccipital

bone).Pars basilaris ossis occipitalis. Portionof

occipitalbone thatprojects superiorlyfrom fora-

menmagnum to sphenoidbone. AC

Clivus.Part of thebasioccipital bone thatslopes

upwardlyfrom theforamen magnum tothe dor-

sumsellae. B

Groovefor inferior petrosal sinus of occipital

bone.

Sulcussinuspertrosi inferiorisossis occipi-

talis.A

Pharyngealtubercle. Tuberculumpharyngeum.

Prominence on the inferior surface of the

basioccipitalbone, forattachment ofthe pharyn-

gealraphe. A C

9 Lateral (condylar) part of occipital bone. Pars

lateralisossis occipitalis.It lieslateral tothe fora-

menmagnum. A B

10 Squamous partof occipitalbone. Squamaoccip-

italis.Area extending fromthe posterior edgeof

theforamen magnum. AB C

Mastoidmargin. Margomastoideus. Theborder

of the occipital bone united with the temporal

bone.A

Lambdoid margin. Margo lambdoideus. The

borderof theoccipital bone thatarticulates with

theparietal bone. A

Interparietal bone. [Os interparietale]. Ana-

tomicvariant that formswhen theupper half of

the squamaoccipitalis is separated by a trans-

versesuture.

14 Occipital condyle. Condylus occipitalis. Process

on the occipitalbone, for articulation with the

atlas.A B C

15 Condylar canal. Canalis condylaris. Passage lo-

catedposterior tothe occipitalcondyle,for trans-

missionof a veinfrom thesigmoid sinus. AB C

16 Hypoglossal canal. Canalishypoglossalis. Pas-

sagethat originates from the lateralpart of the

occipitalbone anterior to theforamen magnum

andends outside, anterior to the occipital con-

dyle.It transmits the twelfth cranial nerve and

thevenous plexus. AB C

17 Condylar fossa. Fossa condylaris. Depression

posteriorto the occipitalcondyle. B

18 Jugular tubercle. Tuberculum jugulare. Small

eminenceabove the hypoglossalcanal. AB C

19 Jugular notch.Incisura jugularis. Indentationfor

thejugular foramen. AC

Bones

27a

20 19 18

1421

27a

22; 23

14 4

14 8

33a

28 29

34b

34a

Occipital bone,

internal surface

Occipital bone, inferoposterior view

Occipital bone, dextrolateral

and partly anterior view

Bones

1 Sphenoidbone. Os sphenoidale. Bone located

between the frontal, occipitaland temporal

bones.A B C

2 Body of sphenoid bone. Corpus ossissphe-

noidalis. Part located between the winged

processesof the sphenoidbone. A B

Jugum sphenoidale. Connects the lesser

wingsof the sphenoid.A

(Pre)chiasmaticgroove. Sulcusprechiasmati-

cus. Groove between the right and left optic

canals.A

Turkish saddle. Sella turcica. Itlies above the

sphenoidalsinusand containsthehypophysis. A

Tuberculumsellae. Small processin front ofthe

hypophysialfossa.A

Middleclinoid process.[Processusclinoideus me-

dius]. Either of two small protuberances oc-

casionallypresent,one oneitherside ofthefloor

ofthe hypophysialfossa.A

Hypophysialfossa. Fossahypophysialis.Fossaoc-

cupiedby thehypophysis.A

Dorsumsellae. Posteriorwall ofthe hypophysial

fossa.A C

Posterior clinoid process. Processus clinoideus

posterior.Either of two processes that extend

fromeither sideof thedorsum sellae.A C

Carotidgroove. Sulcuscaroticus. Longitudinal

groovelateral tothe bodyof thesphenoid bone

thatlodges theinternal carotidartery.A

Lingula sphenoidalis. Pointed process lateral

totheentrance oftheinternal carotidarteryinto

thecranial fossa.A

Sphenoidal crest. Crista sphenoidalis.Median

bonyridgeon theanteriorsurface ofthe bodyof

thesphenoidbone thatarticulates withtheper-

pendicularplate ofthe ethmoid.C

Sphenoidal rostrum. Rostrum sphenoidale.

Downwardcontinuationof thesphenoidal crest

thatarticulates withthe vomer.C

Sphenoidalsinus. Sinus sphenoidalis.Either of

thepaired paranasalsphenoidal sinuses.C

Septumof sphenoidalsinus. Septumintersinuale

sphenoidale.Partition separatingthe sinusinto

rightand leftparts. C

Aperture of sphenoidal sinus. Apertura sinus

sphenoidalis.Orifice that opensanteriorly into

thespheno-ethmoidal recess.C

Sphenoidal concha. Concha sphenoidalis.

Originally paired, concave bony plate which

fuseswith the bodyof thesphenoid and forms

partofthe anteriorandinferior wallof thesphe-

noidalsinus andother structures.C

19 Lesser wingof sphenoid.Ala minorossis sphe-

noidalis.A BC

Opticcanal. Canalisopticus. Canalforthe optic

nerveand theophthalmic artery.A

Anteriorclinoid process.Processus clinoideus

anterior.Cone-like processon eitherside ofthe

anteriorpart ofthe hypophysialfossa.A

Superior orbital fissure. Fissura orbitalis su-

perior. Cleft between the greater andlesser

wingsof thesphenoid forthe passageof nerves

andveins. AB C

23 Greater wing ofsphenoid. Alamajor ossis

sphenoidalis.A BC

Cerebral sur face. Facies cerebralis.Surface of

thegreater wingfacing thebrain. A

Temporalsurface. Faciestemporalis. Outward

surfaceof thegreater wing.B C

Maxillarysurface. Faciesmaxillaris. Surfaceof

thegreaterwing facingthemaxilla.The foramen

rotundumopens here.C

Orbitalsur face. Faciesorbitalis. Surfaceof the

greaterwing facingthe orbit.C

Zygomatic border.Margo zygomaticus. Mar-

ginof thegreaterwing articulatingwith thezy-

gomaticbone. C

Frontalborder. Margo frontalis.Margin ofthe

greaterwing fusedwith thefrontal bone.A

Parietalborder.Margo parietalis.Marginof the

greaterwing fusedwith theparietal bone.C

Squamous border. Margo squamosus.

Squamousmargin of the greaterwing that ar-

ticulateswith thetemporal bone.A

Infratemporal crest. Crista infratemporalis.

Bonyridge between thevertical temporal sur-

faceand thehorizontally-oriented inferior sur-

faceof thegreater wingof thesphenoid. BC

Foramen rotundum. Round openingin the

greatwingthat extendsanteriorly intothepter-

ygopalatine fossa. It transmits the maxillary

nerve.A BC

Foramen ovale. Opening for passage of the

mandibularnervein themedial partofthe great

wing,located infront oftheforamen spinosum.

[Foramen venosum]. Opening occasionally

presentmedialto theforamen ovalefor passage

ofanemissary veinfromthecavernous sinus.AB

Foramenspinosum.Opening situatedlateralto

andbehind theforamenovale forpassage ofthe

middlemeningeal artery.AB

[Foramenpetrosum]. [[Canaliculusinnomina-

tus.]]Openingoccasionallypresent betweenthe

foramenovale and the foramen spinosum for

transmissionof thelesser petrosalnerve.A B

Angular spine of sphenoid. Spinaossis sphe-

noidalis. Sharp, bony spur that extends

downwardfromthe greaterwing. AB

Groove for the cartilaginous part of the

auditory tube.

Sulcustubae auditoriae (audi-

tivae).Shallow groove onthe underside of the

greaterwing lateralto theroot ofthe pterygoid

process.B

Bones

23 27 22 26 10

13 9 19

181415

12.12

353937

20 19

3510

111237

Sphenoid bone, superior viewA

Sphenoid bone, anteroinferior view

Sphenoid bone, frontal view.

Sphenoidal sinus, fenestrated

Bones

1 Pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone.

Processuspterygoideus.A B

Lateralpterygoid plate.Lamina lateralis[pro-

cessuspterygoidei]. AB

Medialpterygoid plate.Lamina medialis[pro-

cessuspterygoidei]. AB

Pterygoid notch (fissure). Incisura ptery-

goidea.Fissure formedinferiorly bythe diverg-

ingmedial andlateral pterygoidplates. It isoc-

cupiedby thepyramidal processof thepalatine

bone.A

Pterygoid fossa. Fossa pterygoidea.Space be-

tweenthelateraland medialpterygoidplatesfor

themedial pterygoidmuscle. AB

Scaphoid fossa. Fossa scaphoidea.Oblong de-

pression at the root of the medial pterygoid

plate, where the end of the cartilageof the

pharyngotympanictube is located. The tensor

velipalatinimuscleoriginates atitslateralend. A

Vaginal process. Processusvaginalis. Small

bonyridgemedial tothe root ofthe medialpter-

ygoidplate.It bordersa smallfurrowlaterally. A

Palatovaginal groove. Sulcus palatovaginalis.

Groovewhichjoinsthe palatineboneto formthe

palatovaginalcanal. B

9 Vomerovaginalgroove. Sulcus vomerovaginalis.

Grooveat thebase ofthe pterygoidprocess. To-

getherwiththe vomer,itforms thevomerovagi-

nalcanal. B

Pterygoid hamulus. Hamuluspterygoideus.

Hook-likeprocessat the inferiorend ofthe me-

dialpterygoid plate.A B

Sulcusof pterygoid hamulus.Sulcushamuli pter-

ygoidei.Grooveproduced byasharp bendin the

hamulus.B

Pterygoid (vidian) canal. Canalis ptery-

goideus [[canalisVidii]]. Passage that extends

anteriorlyinthebase ofthepterygoidprocess for

transmissionof the greater and deep petrosal

nerves tothe pterygopalatine ganglion in the

pterygopalatinefossa.A see 11C

Pterygospinous process. Processus ptery-

gospinosus.Sharpspine ontheposterior edgeof

thelateral pterygoidplate.A

14 Temporalbone. Ostemporale.Bone thatliesbe-

tweentheoccipital, sphenoidandparietalbones

andconsists of three parts:petrous, tympanic

andsquamous. CD E

15 Petrouspart (pyramid)of temporalbone. Pars

petrosaossistemporalis. Ithouses theinner ear.

Occipitalborder. Margooccipitalis. Marginar-

ticulatingwith theoccipital bone.C D

Mastoid process. Processus mastoideus.

Process located just posterior to the external

acousticmeatus. CE

Mastoid notch. Incisura mastoidea. Medial

notch on the inferior surface of the mastoid

process.It givesorigin to theposterior belly of

thedigastric muscle.C

Groove for sigmoid sinus. Sulcus sinus sig-

moidei.Sulcuson theinternal,posterior surface.

Groove for occipital arter y. Sulcus a.occipi-

talis.Itlies medialto themastoidnotch andpro-

ximalto theoccipital margin.C

Mastoid foramen. Foramen mastoideum.

Openingbehind the mastoid processfor addi-

tionalvenousdrainage fromthe cranialcavity.C

Facialcanal. Canalis fascialis.Canal forthe fa-

cialnerve. Itbegins at the opening ofthe inter-

nalacoustic meatus andends at the stylomas-

toidforamen. CD E

Genuof facial canal. Geniculumcanalis facialis.

Sharp bendin the facial canal just below the

anteriorwallof thepetrous partof thetemporal

bone,nearthe hiatusof thecanal forthegreater

petrosalnerve. D

Canaliculus of chorda tympani nerve.

Canaliculuschordae tympani.Narrow passage-

wayfor thechorda tympaninerve betweenthe

facialcanaland thetympaniccavity. DE.Cf. page

381D

Apex of petrous temporal bone. Apexpartis

petrosae.It isdirected anteromedially.C D

Carotidcanal. Canaliscaroticus. Canalforthe in-

ternalcarotid artery.Itbegins inferiorlyand ex-

ternallybetween the jugular foramen andthe

musculotubalcanal. C

Caroticotympanic canaliculi. Canaliculi caroti-

cotypmpanici.Small channelsin thewall ofthe

carotidcanal forarterial and nervebranches to

themiddle ear fromthe internalcarotid artery

andthe carotidplexus. C

Musculotubal canal. Canalis musculotubarius.

Doublecanal for the auditorytube and tensor

tympanimuscle. It lies in front of the carotid

canaland leadsinto thetympanic cavity.C E

Semicanal for tensor tympani muscle.Semi-

canalism. tensoristympani. E

Semicanal for the auditory tube. Semicanalis

tubaeauditoriae (auditivae).E

Septumof musculotubal canal.Septum canalis

musculotubarii. Bony partition between the

above-mentionedsemicanals. E

Bones

16 22

27 28

179810

Sphenoid bone, posterior viewA

Sphenoid bone, inferior view

B Right temporal bone,

inferior view

Right temporal bone, internal surface

D Right temporal bone, opened.

Anterolateral view

Bones

1 Anterior surface of petrous part of tem-

poralbone.

Faciesanteriorpartis petrosae.A C

Roofof tympanic cavity. Tegmentympani. Thin

bony plate anterolateral to the arcuate emi-

nence.C

Arcuateeminence. Eminentia arcuata.Elevation

ontheanterior surfaceof thepetrous partofthe

temporal bone produced by the underlying

anteriorsemicircular canal.A C

Hiatusof canal forgreater petrosal nerve.Hiatus

canalisn. petrosimajoris. Opening inthe ante-

rior wall of the petrous part of the temporal

boneforpassage ofthe greaterpetrosalnerve. A

Hiatus ofcanal for lesser petrosal nerve. Hiatus

canalisn. petrosiminoris. Opening inthe ante-

rior wall of the petrous temporal below the

greaterpetrosal nerve.A C

Groove for greater petrosal nerve.Sulcus n.

petrosimajoris.It runsanteromedially fromthe

hiatusto theforamen lacerum.C

Groove for lesser petrosal nerve. Sulcus n.

petrosiminoris. Groove for the lesserpetrosal

nerve,runningfrom therespective hiatusto the

foramenlacerum. C

Trigeminal impression. Impressio trigeminalis.

Shallowdepression in the anteriorwall of the

apexofthe petrouspart ofthe temporalbone.It

lodgesthe trigeminal[[semilunar]]ganglion. C

Superior border of petrous temporal bone.

Margosuperior partispetrosae. AC

Groove for superior petrosal sinus.Sulcus sinus

petrosi superioris. Its course is on the upper

marginofthe petrouspart ofthetemporal bone.

Posterior surface of petrous part of tem-

poralbone.

Faciesposterior partispetrosae. A

Porus acusticus internus. Openingof internal

acoustic meatus on the posterior wall of the

petrouspart ofthe temporalbone. A

Internalacoustic (auditory)meatus.Meatus acus-

ticusinternus.It transmitscranialnerves VIIand

VIIIand vessels.A

Subarcuatefossa. Fossa subarcuata.Depression

lateral and superior to the internalacoustic

meatus.Inthe fetus,itlodges theflocculusof the

cerebellum.A

Aqueduct of vestibule. Aqueductus vestibuli.

Narrow canal extending from theendolym-

phatic spaceof the inner ear to the posterior

wallof thepetrous partof thetemporal bone.

Externalopening of vestibular aqueduct.Aper-

turaexterna aqueductusvestibuli. A

Posteriorborder of petrouspart of the tem-

poralbone.

Margoposterior partispetrosae. A

Groove for inferior petrosal sinus. Sulcus sinus

petrosiinferioris. A

Jugular notch. Incisurajugularis. Indentation

formingthe anteriormargin ofthe jugularfora-

men.AB

Intrajugularprocess. Processus intrajugularis. It

dividesthejugular foramenintoa posterolateral

part for the internal jugular vein and an an-

teromedialpartfor cranialnerves IX,Xand XI.A

Cochlear canaliculus. Canaliculus cochleae.

Bonycanal forthe cochlearaqueduct.

Externalopening of cochlearcanaliculus. Aper-

turaexternacanaliculi cochleae.It liesmedially

infront ofthe jugularfossa. B

Inferior surface of petrous temporal bone.

Faciesinferior partispetrosae. B

Jugularfossa. Fossajugularis.Enlargement ofthe

jugularforamen forthe superiorbulb of thein-

ternaljugular vein.B

Mastoid canaliculus. Canaliculusmastoideus.

Narrow canal for the auricular branch of the

vagusnerve. Itbegins inthe jugularfossa. B

Styloid process. Processus styloideus. Long

processlocated laterally infront of thejugular

fossa.Itis avestige ofthe secondbranchialarch.

ABD

Stylomastoid foramen. Foramen stylomas-

toideum.Externalopening ofthe facialcanal lo-

catedbehind the styloid process and between

themastoid processand thejugular fossa.B

Tympanic canaliculus. Canaliculus tympanicus.

Minutecanalin thepetrosalfossula traversedby

the tympanic nerve and inferior tympanic

artery.B

Petrosalfossula. Fossula petrosa. Slightdepres-

sioninthe bonyridge betweenthe carotidcanal

andthe jugularfossa. Itis occupiedby thetym-

panicganglion oftheglossophar yngealnerve.B

Tympanic (middle ear) cavity. Cavitas tym-

panica.Narrow,air-filled spacebetween theos-

seouslabyrinth andthe tympanicmembrane.

Petrotympanic fissure [glaserian fissure].

Fissura petrotympanica. Fissure situated dor-

somedialtothe fossaofthe temporomandibular

joint, betweenthe tympanic part of the tem-

poralboneand thevisiblepetrous strip.The me-

dialpart lodgesthe chordatympani nerve.B D

Petrosquamous fissure. Fissura petrosqua-

mosa. Itlies on the skull base in front of the

petrotympanic fissure between the visible

petrousstripand thesquamous partof thetem-

poralbone. BC

Squamotympanic fissure. Fissura tympa-

nosquamosa. Lateral continuation of the two

abovementioned fissuresafter theyunite. BD

Tympanomastoid fissure. Fissura tym-

panomastoidea.Suture between the tympanic

part of the temporal boneand themastoid

process.Exit site ofthe auricular branchof the

vagusnerve. BD

Bones

12.26

910

12; 13

12.21

Right temporal bone,

medial view

Right temporal bone,

posterior view

Right temporal bone,

superior view

Right temporal bone,

lateral view

Bones

1 Tympanic part of temporal bone. Pars tym-

panica.Wall ofthe bonyexternal acousticmea-

tuswith the exception of theposterior, upper

wall(tympanic notch).B

Tympanicring. Anulus tympanicus.Bony ring

which is the developmental precursor of the

tympanicpart ofthe temporalbone. Thesuper-

iorpart isstill openat birth. A

Externalacoustic (auditory) meatus. Meatus

acusticusexternus. B

Openingof external acoustic meatus. Porus

acusticusexternus. B

Greater tympanic spine. Spina tympanica

major.Anteriorend ofthetympanic ringformed

bythe tympanicpart ofthe temporalbone. A

Lesser tympanic spine. Spina tympanica

minor.Posterior end ofthe ring formedby the

tympanicpart ofthe temporalbone. A

Tympanicgroove. Sulcus tympanicus. Groove

forattachment ofthe tympanicmembrane. A

Tympanic notch. Incisura tympanica. Notch

betweenthegreater andlessertympanic spines.

Inthe newborn, itis situated superiorly inthe

tympanic partof the temporal bone between

thefree endsof thestill opentympanic ring. A

Sheath of styloid process. Vaginaprocessus

styloidei.Ridge formedby thetympanic partof

thetemporal bone and partially enclosingthe

rootof thestyloid process.A

10 Squamous part.Parssquamosa.Part ofthetem-

poral bone located between the sphenoid,

parietaland occipitalbones. B

Parietal border. Margo parietalis.Upper mar-

ginarticulating withthe parietalbone. B

Parietalnotch. Incisuraparietalis. Indentation

posteroinferiorto thetemporal line.B

Sphenoidalborder. Margosphenoidalis. Ante-

rior margin articulating with the sphenoid

bone.B

Temporalsurface. Facies temporalis.External

surface covered primarily by thetemporalis

muscle.B

Groovefor the middle temporal artery.Sul-

cusarteriae temporalismediae. B

Zygomatic process of temporal bone. Pro-

cessuszygomaticus.It contributesto theforma-

tionof thezygomatic arch.B

Supramastoid crest. Crista supramastoidea.

Ridge forming the posterior boundary of the

fieldof attachmentof thetemporalis muscle.B

Suprameatal pit. Foveola suprameatica (su-

prameatalis). Small pit superior to thesu-

prameatalspine and lateralto the mastoidan-

trum.B

Suprameatal spine. [Spina suprameatica]. Pro-

jectionforattachment ofthe auricularcartilage.

Mandibular fossa. Fossamandibularis. De-

pressionfor thehead ofthe mandible. B

Facies articularis. Surface for articulation with

thetemporomandibular joint.B

Articulartubercle. Tuberculumarticulare.Cyl-

indrical elevation in front of the mandibular

fossa.B

Cerebralsurface. Faciescerebralis. Inner surface

ofsquamous part of the temporalbone facing

thebrain.

24 Parietal bone. Os parietale. It is located be-

tween the frontal, sphenoid and temporal

bones.C D

25 Internalsurface. Faciesinterna. Theinternal or

cerebralsurface ofthe parietalbone. C

Groove for sigmoid sinus. Sulcus sinus sig-

moidei. It lies in the vicinity of the mastoid

angle.C

26a

Groove for superior sagittal sinus. Sulcus

sinussagittalis superioris.C

26b

Groovefor middle meningeal artery. Sulcus

arteriaemeningeae mediae.C

27 External surface. Faciesexterna. The external

surfaceof theparietal bonefacing thescalp. D

Superior temporal line. Linea temporalis su-

perior.Curved line for attachmentof the tem-

poralfascia. It forms theupper margins of the

[[planumtemporale]].D

Inferior temporal line. Linea temporalisinfe-

rior. Curved line for attachment of the tem-

poralismuscle. D

Parietaltuber. Tuber parietale.Prominence lo-

catednear themiddle ofthe externalsurface of

theparietal bone.D

31 Occipital border. Margo occipitalis. Margin

facingthe occiput.C D

32 Squamousborder. Margo squamosus.Inferior

edgeof theparietal bone.C D

33 Sagittalborder.Margo sagittalis.Upper edgeof

parietalbonethat liesinthe midsagittalplane. C

34 Frontalborder. Margo frontalis.Anterior mar-

ginarticulating withthe frontalbone. C D

35 Frontal angle. Angulus frontalis.Anterosupe-

riorangle ofthe parietalbone. C D

36 Occipital angle. Angulus occipitalis. Postero-

superiorangle ofthe parietalbone. C D

37 Sphenoidal angle. Angulus sphenoidalis. An-

teroinferiorangle ofthe parietalbone. CD

38 Mastoid angle. Angulus mastoideus. Post-

eroinferiorangle ofthe parietalbone. CD

39 Parietalforamen. Foramen parietale.Opening

foranemissary veinfromthe cranialcavity,usu-

allylocated in the posterosuperior partof the

parietalbone. CD

Bones

26a

382626b3226b37

18 4

211

Tympanic ringA

Right temporal bone,

lateral view

Right parietal bone,

medial view

Left parietal bone,

lateral view

Bones

1 Frontalbone. Osfrontale. AB C

2 Squamaof frontal bone.Squama frontalis.A C

External sur face of frontal bone.Faciesex-

terna.A

Frontal tuber (tuberosity). Tuberfrontale (emi-

nentiafrontalis). A

Superciliaryarch.Arcus superciliaris.Bonyeleva-

tionabove theupper marginof theorbit. A B

Glabella.Landmark between thetwo supercili-

aryarches. A

Frontal (metopic) suture. [Sutura frontalis]. Cf.

page54.11

Supraorbitalborder.Margo supraorbitalis.Upper

orbitalmargin offrontal bone.A B

Supraorbital notch or foramen. Incisura

supraorbitalis/foramensupraorbitale. Notch or

holein thesupraorbital marginfor thesupraor-

bitalartery andlateral branchof thesupraorbi-

talnerve. Pressurepoint for thef irstbranch of

thetrigeminal nerve.A B

Frontal notch or foramen.Incisura frontalis/

foramenfrontale. Notch or foramen medialto

thesupraorbital foramenforthe supratrochlear

arteryandthe medialbranch ofthesupraorbital

nerve.A B

Temporalsurface. Faciestemporalis. External,

lateralsurface ofthe frontalbone. AB

Parietalborder. Margoparietalis. Posteriormar-

ginof frontal bone which articulateswith the

parietalbone. AC

Temporalline of frontal bone. Linea temporalis

ossisfrontalis. Continuation ofthe line formed

bythe union of thesuperior and inferior tem-

porallines ofthe parietalbone. A

Zygomaticprocess of frontalbone. Processuszy-

gomaticus ossis frontalis. Process situated

lateraltothe orbitforarticulation withthezygo-

maticbone. AB C

Internalsurface. Facies interna.Theinternal or

cerebralsurface ofthe frontalbone. C

Frontalcrest. Cristafrontalis. Amedian ridge on

theanterior internalsurface ofthe frontalbone

forattachment ofthe falxcerebri. C

Groove for superior sagittal sinus. Sulcus sinus

sagittalissuperioris. Itsmargins come together

asit passesdownward andbecome continuous

withthe frontalcrest. C

Foramencecum. Foramencaecum. Canalbehind

thefrontalcrest. Itusually endsblindly butcon-

tainsan emissaryvein whenpatent. C

17a

Suturafrontalis metopica. Persistent frontalsu-

turein theadult. A

18 Nasal part of frontal bone. Pars nasalisossis

frontalis. Middle segment between the two

orbitalparts ofthe frontalbone. A B

Nasalspine.Spina nasalis.Pointed medianstruc-

tureprojecting fromthe parsnasalis. AB C

Nasalborder.Margo nasalis.Serratedlower mar-

ginofthe nasalpartof thefrontal bone.Itarticu-

lateswith theright andleft nasal bones.ABC

21 Orbitalpart. Parsorbitalis. Thepart ofthe fron-

talbone formingthe roofof theorbit. A BC

Orbitalsurface. Faciesorbitalis. Thesurface of

thefrontal bonefacing theorbit. B

Trochlearspine. [Spina trochlearis]. Smallbony

spiculeoccasionally presentonthe anterosupe-

riorpart ofthe medialangle of theorbit forthe

attachmentof the trochlea ofthe superior ob-

liquemuscle. A

Trochlearfovea. Foveatrochlearis.Small depres-

sion for attachment of a cartilaginous sling

(trochleaorpulley) andpassageof thetendonof

thesuperior obliquemuscle. AB

Ethmoidal foramina. Foramina ethmoidalia.

Openingsfor theethmoidal vesselsand nerves.

BCf. page20.12

Fossa for lacrimal gland.Fossa glandulae lacri-

malis.Depression for thelacrimal gland in the

lateralangle ofthe orbit.B

27 Ethmoidnotch. Incisuraethmoidalis. Spacebe-

tweentheright andleft orbitalpartsof thefron-

talbone inwhich theethmoid boneis lodged.B

28 Frontalsinus. Sinus frontalis.It averages3 cm

highand2.5 cmwideandoften extends1.8 cm

posteriorly,therebyforming apartof theorbital

roof.A

Openingof frontalsinus.Apertura sinusfrontalis.

Medialopening onthe floorof thefrontal sinus

fordischarge ofsecretions intothe nasalcavity.

Locatedat the ethmoidal infundibulum below

themiddle nasalconcha. BC

Septum of frontal sinus.Septum intersinuale

frontale. Partition between the right and left

frontalsinuses. A

Bones

2; 14

21; 22

9824

21 8 9

23 20 19

24 7

17a

Frontal bone,

anterior view

Frontal bone,

inferior view

Frontal bone,

posterior view

Bones

1 Ethmoidbone. Os ethmoidale. Unpairedbone

intheethmoid notchof thefrontal bone.AB CD

2 Cribriform plate and foramina. Lamina et

foramina cribrosa. Elongated horizontal plate

occupyingthe medianplane betweenthe nasal

cavityand theanterior cranialfossa. Itsnumer-

ous foramina transmit the olfactory nerve

fibers.B

3 Crista galli. Small bonyprocess that projects

upwardfromthe anteriorcranialfossa andgives

attachmentto thefalx cerebri.A BC D

Ala of cristagalli. Alacristae galli. Winglike,

pairedprocess forconnection of thecrista galli

tothefrontalcrest.ABCD

5 Perpendicularplate.Lamina perpendicularis.It

extendsdownwardfrom the ethmoidbone and

formsthe upperpart ofthe nasalseptum. AB C

6 Ethmoidallabyrinth. Labyrinthus ethmoidalis.

Collectiveterm for the ethmoidal aircells sit-

uatedbetween theorbital andnasal cavities.

Ethmoidalair cells. Cellulaeethmoidales. AC

Ethmoidal infundibulum. Infundibulum eth-

moidale. Narrow, oblong canal below the

middlenasal conchaand betweenthe uncinate

process and ethmoidal bulla. It receivesthe

openingsof thefrontaland maxillarysinuses as

wellas theanterior ethmoidalair cells.A C

Hiatus semilunaris. Opening of the infun-

dibulumthat facesthe nose.C

Bulla ethmoidalis. An anterior elevation

formed by an especially large and wide eth-

moidalaircell whichcompresses theethmoidal

infundibulum.A

Orbital plate. Lamina orbitalis. Avery thin

bonyplate whichforms partof the medialwall

ofthe orbit.[[Lamina papyracea]].C

Ethmoidal foramina. Foramina ethmoidalia.

Holes or groovesat the border to the frontal

bonefor thepassageof ethmoidalnerves, arter-

iesand veins to andfrom the orbit. CCf. page

18.25

[Conchanasalis suprema].Highest, rudimen-

tarynasal concha.D

Superiornasal concha. Conchanasalis super-

ior.A D

Middlenasal concha.Concha nasalismedia. A

Uncinateprocess. Processus uncinatus.Hook-

likeprocess thatextends posteriorlyand inferi-

orlyfromthe ethmoidbone. Itis almostentirely

concealedby themiddle nasal conchaand par-

tiallycloses thesemilunar hiatus.A C

17 Inferior nasal concha. Conchanasalis inferior.

Independentlowernasal conchaattached tothe

lateralnasal wall.E

18 Lacrimal process.Processus lacrimalis.Process

thatprojects anterosuperiorlyfrom theinferior

nasalconcha. E

19 Maxillary process.Processusmaxillaris. Lateral

processwhichforms apart ofthemedial wallof

themaxillary sinus.E

20 Ethmoidalprocess. Processusethmoidalis. Itis

unitedwiththe uncinateprocess oftheethmoid

bone.E

21 Lacrimalbone. Oslacrimale.Bone infrontof the

orbitalplate ofthe ethmoidbone. F

22 Posteriorlacrimal crest.Crista lacrimalispost-

erior.Ridge formingthe posteriorborder ofthe

entranceinto thenasolacrimal canal.F

23 Lacrimalsulcus of lacrimalbone. Sulcus lacri-

malis.Groove-like beginning of the nasolacri-

malcanal. F

24 Lacrimal hamulus.Hamulus lacrimalis. Hook-

likelower margin of theentrance into the na-

solacrimalcanal. F

25 Fossafor lacrimalsac. [[Fossasaccilacrimalis]].

Enlargedareafor thenasolacrimalsac locatedat

thebeginning ofthe nasolacrimalcanal. F

26 Nasalbone. Os nasale.Bone betweenthe right

andleft halvesof themaxilla. Thesuperior part

articulateswith thefrontal bone.G

27 Ethmoidal sulcus. Sulcus ethmoidalis.Groove

ontheundersurface ofthe nasalbonefor theex-

ternal nasalbranch of the anterior ethmoidal

nerve.G

27a Nasal foramina. Foramina nasalia. Inconstant

openingfor branches ofthe external nasaland

anteriorethmoidal nervesand vessels.

28 Vomer. Unpaired bone forming a part of the

nasalseptum and lyingbetween the sphenoid,

maxillaryand palatinebones aswellas theper-

pendicularplate ofthe ethmoid.H

29 Ala of vomer.Ala vomeris. Wing-like process

forarticulation withthe sphenoid andpalatine

bones.H

30 Sulcus vomeris.Oblique groove for the naso-

palatinenerve andits accompanyingvessels. H

30a Choanal crestof vomer. Cristachoanalis vom-

eris.Posterioredge ofvomer separatingthe two

choanae.H

30b Cuneiform part ofvomer. Pars cuneiformis

vomeris.Wedge-shaped partof vomer.H

Bones

30a

30 30b

18 20

169

1615

Ethmoid bone, posterior viewA Ethmoid bone, superior view

Ethmoid bone, dextral view

Ethmoid bone, left half without

perpendicular plate, medial view

Sinistral inferior nasal concha, lateral view

Vomer,

anterodextral view

Nasal bone

F Lacrimal bone

Bones

1 [[FACIALBONES]].[[Ossafaciei]].

2 Maxilla.Upper jaw.A B

3 Bodyof maxilla. Corpusmaxillae. Central part

ofthe maxillaenclosing themaxillary sinus. A

Orbitalsurface. Facies orbitalis.Surface ofthe

maxilla forming a portion of the floor of the

orbit.A

Infraorbital canal. Canalis infraorbitalis. Canal

forthe infraorbitalartery andnerve. A

Infraorbitalgroove. Sulcusinfraorbitalis. Groove

atthe beginningof theinfraorbital canal. A

Infraorbital margin. Margo infraorbitalis.

Lowermargin ofthe orbitformed inpart bythe

maxilla.A

Anteriorsurface. Faciesanterior. A

Infraorbital foramen. Foramen infraorbitale.

Openingof the infraorbital canal traversed by

the infraorbital nerve and itsaccompanying

artery.Pressurepoint forthe second divisionof

thetrigeminal nerve.A

Canine fossa. Fossa canina. Depressed area

belowthe infraorbitalcanal. Siteof originof le-

vatoranguli orismuscle. A

Nasalnotch. Incisura nasalis.Curved margin of

thebony anteriornasal (piriform)aperture. A

Anterior nasal spine. Spina nasalis anterior.

Spinousprojectionat thelower boundaryof the

anteriornasal aperture. Attachmentsite of the

cartilaginousnasal septum.A B

Zygomaticomaxillary suture. Sutura zygomati-

comaxillaris.Suture occasionally present from

theinfraorbital margin tothe infraorbitalfora-

men.A

Infratemporalsurface. Faciesinfratemporalis.

Surfaceof themaxillasituated behindthe zygo-

maticprocess. A

Alveolar foramina. Foramina alveolaria. Small

openingson the infratemporalsurface for pas-

sageof nervesand vesselsto themolars. A

Alveolarcanals. Canales alveolares.Canals lead-

ingto thealveolar foraminafor thetransport of

nervesand vesselsfor theteeth. A

Tuber of maxilla. Tuber maxillare(eminentia

maxillaris). Thin-walled tuberosity on the

posteriorwall ofthe maxillarysinus. A

Nasalsurface. Faciesnasalis. Medialsurfaceof

maxilla forminga portion of the lateral nasal

wall.B

Lacrimal sulcus. Sulcus lacrimalis. Groovefor

thenasolacrimal duct.B

Conchalcrest. Cristaconchalis. Obliqueridgefor

attachmentof theinferior nasalconcha. B

Lacrimalmargin. Margolacrimalis. Borderofthe

maxillaarticulating withthe lacrimalbone. AB

Maxillary hiatus.Hiatus maxillaris. Largeopen-

ing in the medial bony wallof the maxillary

sinus.It is boundedby the uncinate,maxillary,

and ethmoidal processes and by the palatine

bone.This leavesonly a narrowopening to the

maxillarysinus at theupper edge ofits medial

wall.B

Greater palatine sulcus [[pterygopalatine

sulcus]].

Sulcuspalatinus major[[sulcus ptery-

gopalatinus]].Grooveat theposterior borderof

themaxilla.It combineswitha similargrooveon

thepalatine bonetoform acanal forthe greater

palatinenerveand descendingpalatine artery.B

Maxillary sinus. Sinusmaxillaris. Paranasal

cavitywithin the bodyof the maxilla.It meas-

ures over 3 cm vertically and sagittallyand

2.5 cmin thefrontal plane.Its floorusually lies

atleast1 cmbelowthe floorofthe nasalcavity.

25 Frontalprocess ofmaxilla. Processusfrontalis.

Anteriorlacrimal crest.Crista lacrimalisante-

rior.Bonyridgein frontofthe entrancetothe na-

solacrimalcanal. A

Lacrimal notch. Incisura lacrimalis. Crescent-

shapednotch at the entranceto the nasolacri-

malcanal. B

Ethmoidal crest. Crista ethmoidalis. Oblique

ridge on themedial surface of the frontal

processfor the attachmentof themiddle nasal

concha.B

29 Zygomatic process. Processus zygomaticus.

Lateralprocess of the maxilla for articulation

withthe zygomaticbone. A

Bones

22 21

15; 16

Left maxilla, lateral viewA

Left maxilla, medial view

Bones

1 Palatineprocess.Processus palatinus.Horizon-

talplatewhich formsthe largestpartof thehard

palate.A B

2 Nasalcrest. Crista nasalis.Midline bony ridge

forthe attachmentof thenasal septum.B

Incisive bone (premaxilla).[Os incisivum].

Separate fetal bone which becomes incor-

poratedinto the adult maxilla andhouses the

incisorteeth. A

Incisivecanal. Canalis incisivus.It originatesas

apaired canalfrom thefloor of thenasal cavity

andunites withthe palate inthe uniformfossa

incisiva.A B

Incisive suture. [Sutura incisiva]. Suture be-

tweenthe premaxilla andthe palatine process

of the maxilla (visible onlyduring develop-

ment).It usuallyextends fromthe incisivefora-

mento the spacebetween the canineand sec-

ondincisor. A

Palatinespines. Spinae palatinae.Bony ridges

alongthe palatinegrooves. A

Palatine grooves. Sulci palatini.Grooves run-

ningfromposterior toanterioralongthe inferior

surfaceof the palatefor passage of nervesand

vesselsfrom thegreater palatineforamen. A

8 Alveolarprocess. Processus alveolaris.Crested

processthat bearsthe teeth.A

Alveolar arch. Arcus alveolaris. Curvedfree

borderof thealveolar process.A

Dentalalveoli. Alveolidentales. Socketsin the

alveolar process that house the roots of the

teeth.A

Interalveolar septa. Septa interalveolarina.

Bonyridges betweenadjacent alveoli.A

Interradicularsepta. Septainterradicularia. Bony

partitions,each forming compartmentsfor the

rootsof atooth. A

Alveolar juga. Juga alveolaria. Eminenceson

theexternal surfaceof thejaw producedby the

protrusionof thetooth sockets.A B

Incisiveforamen. Foramen incisivum.Opening

ofthe incisivecanal intothe oralcavity. A

15 Palatine bone.Os palatinum.Bone formingthe

posteriorcontinuation ofthe maxilla.A BD E

16 Perpendicular plate. Lamina perpendicularis.

Verticalplate which forms part of the medial

wallof themaxillary sinus.B C DE

Nasal surface. Facies nasalis. Surface of the

perpendicularplate facingthe nasalcavity. E

Maxillary surface. Facies maxillaris.Lateral

surface of the perpendicularplate, partsof

which border with the pterygopalatine fossa

andthe maxillarysinus. D

Sphenopalatine notch. Incisura sphenopalat-

ina.Part of the sphenopalatineforamen at the

superiormargin ofthe perpendicularplate. DE

Greater palatine sulcus (pterygopalatine

sulcus).

Sulcuspalatinus major [[sulcusptery-

gopalatinus]].Groovewhich combineswith the

greaterpalatinesulcus ofthemaxilla toformthe

greaterpalatine canal for the greater palatine

nervesand thedescending palatineartery. DE

Pyramidal process. Processus pyramidalis.

Processinserted into the pterygoid notch(fis-

sure).A CD E

Lesser palatine canals. Canales palatini

minores.Canalsin thepyramidal processforthe

lesserpalatine arteriesand nerves.A

Conchal crest. Crista conchalis. Ridge for at-

tachmentof theinferior nasalconcha. DE

Ethmoidal crest. Crista ethmoidalis.Ridge for

attachmentof themiddle nasalconcha. DE

Orbital process. Processus orbitalis. Process

thatprojects forwardand upwardbetween the

maxillary,ethmoid andsphenoid bones.D E

Sphenoidal process. Processus sphenoidalis.

Processin the superior portionof the palatine

bonebehind thesphenopalatine notch.D E

27 Horizontal plate. Laminahorizontalis. Plate

thatformsthe posteriorportionof boththehard

palateand thefloor ofthe nasalcavity. AB D E

Nasalsurface. Faciesnasalis.Surface facingthe

nasalcavity. BD

Palatine surface. Facies palatina. Surface

facingthe oralcavity. AD

Lesser palatine foramina. Foramina palatina

minora.Openingsof thelesserpalatine canals.A

Posteriornasal spine. Spinanasalis posterior.

Tipof thenasal crestalong themedian planeat

thejunction with the palatinebone of theop-

positeside. AB E

Nasal crest. Crista nasalis. Medianbony ridge

atthe union withthe palatine bone ofthe op-

positeside. BD E

Palatinecrest.Crista palatina.Ridgefrequently

presenton theinferior surfaceof thehorizontal

platebehind itsanterior margin.A

Bones

16; 17

2827

22.17 16

30.17

12.3

12.2

15; 27

12.1

8; 9

514

15; 27

3031

Hard palate,

view from below

Hard palate and maxillary sinuses (opened),

superior view

Schematic segment of B

Right palatine bone,

posterolateral view

Right palatine bone,

medial view

Bones

1 Zygomaticbone. Os zygomaticum. It forms a

largepart of thelateral wall of theorbit and a

partof thezygomatic arch.A B

Lateralsurface. Facieslateralis. A

Temporal surface. Facies temporalis. Surface

formingmuch of the anteriorwall of thetem-

poralfossa. B

Orbitalsurface. Faciesorbitalis. Surfacefacing

theorbit. AB

Temporalprocess. Processustemporalis. Post-

eriorlydirected process which combines with

thezygomatic process ofthe temporal boneto

formthe zygomaticarch. AB

Frontal process. Processus frontalis. Process

whichunites withthe zygomaticprocess ofthe

frontalbone. AB

Orbital eminence. Eminentia orbitalis. Small

tubercle justwithin the lateral margin of the

orbit.Gives attachmentto the lateralpalpebral

ligament,among others.A B

Marginal tubercle. [Tuberculum marginale].

Prominence usually present on the posterior

marginofthe frontalprocess.Attachment siteof

thetemporalis muscle.A B

Zygomatico-orbitalforamen. Foramen zygo-

matico-orbitale.Foramen onthe orbitalsurface

leading into a bony canal for the zygomatic

nerve.A B

Zygomaticofacial foramen. Foramen zygo-

maticofaciale.Openingon thelateral surfacefor

passageof thezygomaticofacial nerve.A

Zygomaticotemporal foramen. Foramen zy-

gomaticotemporale.Foramen on the temporal

surfacefor passage ofthe zygomaticotemporal

nerve.B

11 Mandible. Mandibula.Lower jawbone. CD E

12 Body of mandible. Corpus mandibulae. Hori-

zontalpart of themandible to whichthe man-

dibularrami areattached. C

Base of mandible. Basis mandibulae. Lower

portionof the bodyof the mandibleminus the

alveolarpart. C

Symphysis menti. Symphysis mandibulae

(medialis).Median connectivetissue bridgebe-

tweenthe rightand lefthalves ofthe mandible.

Itbecomes ossifiedin thefirst postnatal year.

Mentalprotuberance. Protuberantiamentalis.

Prominenceof thechin. C

Mental tubercle. Tuberculum mentale. Promi-

nence on either side of the mental pro-

tubereance.C

17 Gnathion. Acephalometriclandmark indicating

thelowestpoint onthemidline ofthe mandible.

Mental foramen. Foramen mentale. Opening

for the mental nerve below the second pre-

molar.Pressurepointfor thethirddivision ofthe

trigeminalnerve. C

Oblique line. Linea obliqua. Obliqueridge ex-

tendingfrom the mandibularramus to theex-

ternalsurface ofthe bodyof themandible. C

Digastric fossa. Fossa digastrica. A pea-to

bean-sized depression on the lower internal

surface ofthe body of the mandible near the

symphysis, for attachment of the digastric

muscle.D

Mentalspine. Spina mentalis.Bonyelevation at

thebackof thesymphysis projectingtowardthe

tongue.Origin of thegenioglossus andgeniohy-

oidmuscles. D

Mylohyoid line. Linea mylohyoidea. Oblique

ridgeextendingfrom theposterosuperior toan-

teroinferioraspect ofthe bodyof themandible.

Origin of the mylohyoidmuscle. Its posterior

endis theorigin of themylopharyngeal partof

thesuperior constrictormuscle ofthe pharynx.

[Torusmandibularis]. Bony outgrowthabove

themylohyoidline atthe levelof thepremolars.

Possiblehindrance toprostheses. D

Sublingual fovea. Fovea sublingualis.Depres-

sionforthe sublingualglandon theanteriorpart

ofthe mandibleabove themylohyoid line.D

Submandibular fovea. Fovea submandibu-

laris.Depression for the submandibular gland

ontheposterior halfofthe bodyof themandible

belowthe mylohyoidline. D

Alveolar part. Pars alveolaris. Pectinate

processonthe baseof themandible thathouses

theroots ofthe teeth.C

Alveolararch. Arcusalveolaris. Curvedfree mar-

ginof thealveolar part.E

Dental alveoli.Alveoli dentales. Sockets for re-

ceptionand fixationof theroots ofthe teeth.E

Interalveolar septa. Septa interalveolaria.Bony

ridgesbetween thedental alveoli.E

Interradicularsepta. Septainterradicularia. Bony

partitionsbetween theroots ofthe teeth.E

Alveolarjuga. Jugaalveolaria. Protrusionsonthe

externalsurface ofthe mandible causedby the

fan-likeroots ofthe teeth.C E

Bones

20 21 24 252217

24 31

17 19

Zygomatic bone, lateral viewA Zygomatic bone, medial viewB

Mandible

C Mandible, medial viewD

Mandible, superior view

Bones

1 Ramus of mandible. Ramus mandibulae.

Process that projects superiorly from the

mandible.A

Angle of mandible. Angulus mandibulae.

Angle between the bodyand ramusof the

mandible. It is mosterect in adults and very

wide in newborns and toothlesselderly in-

dividuals(ca. 140°).A

3 Gonion. Anthropometric landmark indicating

themost inferior,posterior,and lateral pointof

theangle ofthe mandible.A

Masseteric tuberosity. Tuberositas masseter-

ica.Roughenedarea occasionallypresent onthe

externalsurfaceof theangleof themandible.At-

tachmentsite ofthe massetermuscle. A

Pterygoid tuberosity. Tuberositas ptery-

goidea.Roughenedarea occasionallypresent on

the internal surface near the angle of the

mandible.Attachment siteof themedial ptery-

goidmuscle. A

Mandibular foramen. Foramen mandibulae.

Openingon theinner aspect ofthe mandibular

ramusleading intothe mandibularcanal. A

Lingula ofmandible. Lingula mandibulae. Bony

projectionmedial to the mandibular foramen.

Attachmentsite ofthe sphenomandibular liga-

ment.A

Mandibular canal. Canalis mandibulae. Bony

canalwithin themandiblefor passageof thein-

ferioralveolar arteryand nerve.It beginsat the

mandibular foramen and passes beneath the

rootsof the teethto the vicinityof the median

plane.A

Mylohyoid groove. Sulcus mylohyoideus.

Grooveextending forwardand downwardfrom

themandibular foramenandhousing themylo-

hyoidnerveand themylohyoidbranch ofthe in-

ferioralveolar artery.A

Coronoid process. Processus coronoideus.

Muscular processseparated from the posteri-

orlysituated condylarprocess bythe mandibu-

lar notch. Attachment site of the temporalis

muscle.A

10a

Temporalcrest. Crista temporalis.Sharp bony

ridge at the anterior margin of the coronoid

process for attachment of the temporalis

muscle.A

Mandibular notch. Incisura mandibulae. In-

dentationbetween the condylar and coronoid

processes.A

Condylarprocess. Processuscondylaris. Artic-

ularprocess. A

Headof mandible. Caput mandibulae.Articular

headof themandible. A

Neckof mandible. Collum mandibulae. Narrow

segmentbelow thehead ofthe mandible. A

Pterygoid fovea.Fovea pterygoidea. Anterome-

dialpit below thehead of themandible for at-

tachmentof thelateral pterygoidmuscle. A

16 Hyoid bone. Os hyoideum. It starts to ossify

beforebirth. B

17 Body of hyoid. Corpusossis hyoidea. Anterior

segmentbetweenthe rightand left(greater and

lesser)horns. B

Lesserhorn (cornu). Cornuminus. B

Greaterhorn (cornu). Cornumajus. B

20 SKULL.Cranium. DE F

20a CRANIAL CAVITY.Cavitas cranii.

21 Periosteumof the external skullsurface. Per-

icranium.C

22 Externaltable (lamina).Lamina externa.Outer

layerofbone comprisingtheskull cap(calvaria).

23 Diploë.Layer of spongy bone (spongiosa) be-

tween the externaland internal tables, espe-

ciallyin thecranial bones.C

Diploic canals. Canales diploici. Largevenous

canalsin thediploë. C

25 Internaltable (lamina). Lamina interna.Inner

layerof bonecomprising theskull cap.C

Groove for the superior sagittal sinus. Sul-

cussinus sagittalissuperioris. C

Granular pits (pacchionian granulations).

Foveolaegranulares [[Pacchioni]].Smallpits oc-

cupiedby thearachnoid granulations.C

28 NORMAVERTIC ALIS (calvaria). Normal outline

ofskull capas viewedfrom above.F

29 Bregma.Pointof intersectionof thesagittal and

coronalsutures. F

30 Crown of head. Vertex. Highest point of the

vaultof theskull. E

31 Occiput.Back partof the head.E F

32 NORMA FACIALIS. Normal outline of skull as

viewedfrom infront. D

33 Forehead. Frons. Front of calvaria above the

eyes.D E

34 Nasion.Median pointbetween theintersection

offrontal andnasal bones.D E

Bones

21 22

27 25

10a

MandibleA

Hyoid bone, anterosuperior view

B Cross section of skull cap segment

Norma facialis

D Norma lateralisE Norma verticalisF

Bones

1 INTERNALBASE OFCRANIUM. Basis cranii in-

terna.Superior aspect ofthe skull base andits

cranialcavities. A

2 Anterior cranial fossa.Fossa cranii [cranialis]

anterior.Cranial cavityextending fromthe wall

of the frontal bone to the lesser wing of the

sphenoid.A

3 Middle cranial fossa. Fossa cranii [cranialis]

media.Cranial cavityextending fromthe lesser

wingof thesphenoid tothepetrous ridgeof the

temporalbone. A

4 Posteriorcranial fossa. Fossa cranii[cranialis]

posterior. Cranial cavity extending fromthe

petrousridge totheposterior (occipital)wall of

theskull. A

Clivus.Posteriorlydescending segmentof bone

betweenthesella turcicaandforamen magnum.

Itisformed bythe occipitalandsphenoid bones.

Digital impressions. Impressionesdigitatae

(gyrorum).Flat indentations corresponding to

thecerebral gyriwhich producethem. A

Venous grooves. Sulci venosi. Grooves for

meningeal veins occasionally present on the

innerwall ofthe parietalbone.

Arterial grooves. Sulci arteriales. Grooves on

theinnerwall oftheskull producedprimarilyby

themiddlemeningeal arteryand itsbranches.A

Sutural (wormian) bones. Ossa suturalia.

Bonesoccasionally presentin cranialsutures. C

10 NORMA LATERALIS. Normaloutline of skull as

viewedlaterally. C

10a Pterion. Importantcephalometric landmarkin-

dicating thepoint where the frontal, parietal,

temporal,and sphenoidbones meet.C

10b Asterion. Point where the lambdoid, parie-

tomastoidand occipitomastoidsutures meet.C

11 Temporal fossa.Fossa temporalis. Area be-

tweenthetemporal lineandthe zygomaticarch.

12 Zygomatic arch.Arcus zygomaticus.Bony arch

formedbythe unionof thezygomaticprocess of

thetemporalbone withthe temporalprocessof

thezygomatic bone.C

13 Infratemporal fossa.Fossa infratemporalis.In-

feriorcontinuationof thetemporalfossa located

between the ramus of the mandible and the

greater wingof the sphenoid. It contains the

pterygoid muscles, the pterygoid plexus, and

theramus ofthe mandibularnerve. C

Pterygopalatinefossa. Fossa pterygopalatina.

Thepartof theinfratemporalfossa justlateral to

thesphenopalatineforamen andthe perpendic-

ular lamina of the palatinebone. Itslateral

boundaryisformed bythe pterygomaxillaryfis-

sure.C

Pterygomaxillary fissure. Fissura ptery-

gomaxillaris.Cleft locatedbetween themaxilla

andthe lateralpterygoid plate.C D

16 NORMA BASILARIS (BASIS CRANII EXTERNA).

Normal outline of skull base as viewed from

below.External baseof cranium.B

17 Greater palatinecanal. Canalispalatinusmajor.

Canalformed bythe palatine boneand maxilla

for the descending palatine artery and the

greaterpalatine nerve.B E.See 25C

18 Jugular foramen. Foramenjugulare. Fibrous,

dividedopeningbetween theoccipital andtem-

poralbones. Pointwhere thesigmoid sinusand

inferiorpetrosal sinusunite. The internaljugu-

larvein andnerves IX,X, andXI passthrough it.

19 Sphenopetrosal fissure. Fissura spheno-

petrosa. Medial continuation of the

petrosquamousfissure. Itsexpansion formsthe

foramenlacerum. Pointof passageof the lesser

petrosalnerve and point of exitof the chorda

tympanifrom theskull. AB

20 Petro-occipital fissure. Fissurapetro-occipi-

talis.Clef tbetween the petrous temporal and

occipital bones extending medially from the

jugularforamen. AB

21 Foramenlacerum. Foramenlacerum. Irregular,

fibrocartilage-covered opening in the middle

cranialfossa between the apex of thepetrous

part of the temporal bone and the sphenoid

bone.The deep andgreater petrosalnerves pass

throughit. AB

22 Bony(hard) palate.Palatum osseum. BE

23 Greaterpalatine foramen.Foramen palatinum

majus.Opening ofthe greaterpalatine canallo-

catednear theposterior marginof thebony pa-

latebetween thepalatine boneand maxilla.B E

24 Incisivefossa. Fossaincisiva. Tiny(matchhead-

sized), epithelium-covered depression which

receives the incisive canal and the incisive

foramina.E

Incisive canal. Canalis incisivus. Canalfor the

incisivenerve. Cf.page 24.4E

Incisive foramina. Foramina incisiva. Two or

fouropenings forthe incisivecanals. E

27 [Torus palatinus]. Longitudinal elevation oc-

casionallypresentin themidline ofthe hardpa-

lateprojecting towardthe oralcavity. E

28 Palatovaginal canal. Canalis palatovaginalis.

Smallcanal betweenthe vaginal processof the

sphenoidand palatinebone forbranches of the

maxillaryartery and the pterygopalatine gan-

glion.See 12.8

29 Vomerovaginal canal. Canalis vomerovagi-

nalis.Small canaloccasionally presentbetween

thevomer andthe vaginal processof thesphe-

noidfortransmission ofa branchof thespheno-

palatineartery. See12.9

30 Vomerorostralcanal. Canalis vomerorostralis.

Smallcanal betweenthe vomerand sphenoidal

rostrum.

Bones

26(25)

22.17

12.1

24.15

10a

10b

2217.23

Internal base of cranium.

Superior aspect of skull base.

A Skull base

viewed from below

Skull from left

Schematic

horizontal section

through the

pterygopalatine fossa

Hard palate viewed

from below

Bones

1 NASALCAVITY. Cavitasnasi. AC

2 Bonynasal septum.Septum nasiosseum. Bony

partitionformed bythe vomerand theperpen-

dicularplate ofthe ethmoid.C. Seepage 136.4

3 Piriformaperture. Aperturapiriformis (nasalis

anterior).Pear-shapedanterior nasalopeningin

thebony skull.A CD

4 Superiornasal meatus. Meatus nasalissuper-

ior.Space abovethe middlenasal concha.A

5 Middlenasal meatus. Meatus nasalis medius.

Space between the middle and inferior nasal

conchae.A

6 Inferiornasal meatus. Meatusnasalis inferior.

Spacebelow theinferior nasalconcha. A

Nasolacrimal canal. Canalisnasolacrimalis.

Passageway for the nasolacrimal duct which

opensbeneath theinferior nasalconcha. C

8 Sphenoethmoidalrecess. Recessussphenoeth-

moidalis.Space above the superior nasal con-

cha.A

9 Nasopharyngealmeatus. Meatusnasopharyn-

geus.Part ofthe nasal cavitythat extendsfrom

the posterior margin of theconchae tothe

choana.A

10 Posterior apertures ofthe nose. Choanae. Bi-

lateralopenings between the nasal cavityand

thenasopharynx. A

11 Sphenopalatine foramen. Foramen spheno-

palatinum. Superior opening in the pterygo-

palatinefossa leadinginto the nasalcavity. The

largestpart is formed by the palatine bone, a

lesserpart bythe sphenoid.A

12 ORBIT.Orbita. Bonycavitythat containstheeye-

ball.C D

13 Orbital aditus.Aditus orbitalis. Anterioropen-

ing(base) ofthe orbit.D

Orbital margin. Margo orbitalis.Bony margin

oforbit.

Supraorbital margin. Margosupraorbitalis.

Uppermargin oforbital aditus.C

Infraorbital margin. Margo infraorbitalis.

Lowermargin oforbital aditus.C

16a

Lateralmargin. Margolateralis. Lateralborder

oforbital aditus.

16b

Medialmargin. Margomedialis.Medial border

oforbital aditus.

17 Superior wall.Paries superior.Roofof theorbit.

18 Inferior wall.Pariesinferior. Floorofthe orbit.C

19 Lateral wallof orbit. Parieslateralis. C

20 Medialwall of orbit.Paries medialis.C

Anterior ethmoidal foramen. Foramen eth-

moidaleanterius. Anterior opening inthe me-

dialwall of the orbit between thefrontal and

ethmoidbones for passageof the anterioreth-

moidal nerve and vessels fromthe anterior

cranialfossa. C

Posterior ethmoidal foramen.Foramen eth-

moidaleposterius.Posterior openingin theme-

dialwall of the orbit between thefrontal and

ethmoidbones forpassage ofthe posterioreth-

moidalvessels andnerve. C

22a

Lacrimalsulcus. Sulcuslacrimalis. Groove-like

beginningof thenasolacrimal canal.C

22b

Fossa of lacrimal sac. Fossa sacci lacrimalis.

Expandeddepression forthe lacrimalsac atthe

beginningof thenasolacrimal canal.C

23 Superior orbital fissure. Fissura orbitalis su-

perior.Fissurein theposterior partof thelateral

wallof theorbit betweenthe greaterand lesser

wingsof thesphenoid. Itleads from thecranial

cavitytothe orbitandtransmits theophthalmic,

oculomotor,trochlear and abducens nerves as

wellas thesuperior ophthalmicvein. C

24 Inferior orbital fissure. Fissura orbitalis infe-

rior.Cleftbetween thegreater wingofthe sphe-

noidand the orbital surface ofthe maxilla for

passageof thezygomaticnerve andthe infraor-

bitalnerve andvessels. C

25 NORMA OCCIPITALIS. Normal outline of skull

viewedfrom behind.B

25a Inion.Cephalometric landmarkat the centerof

theexternal occipitalprotuberance.

26 Lambda. Junction point of the lambdoid and

sagittalsutures. B

27 CRANIAL FONTANELLES.Fonticuli cranii. Mem-

brane-covered gaps between the developing

skullbones (fetaland infant).D E

28 Anteriorfontanelle. Fonticulusanterior.Rhom-

boid,large spacelocated anteriorlyin thesagit-

talsuture b etweenthetemporal andfrontal an-

lagen.Itis obliteratedinthe 2

and3

postnatal

year.D E

29 Posterior fontanelle. Fonticulus posterior.

Smalltriangular gap atthe junctionof thesagit-

talandlamboid sutures,i.e., betweenthe paired

temporalbones andthe occipitalbone. Itcloses

within3 months after birth.D E

30 Sphenoidal (anterolateral) fontanelle. Fon-

ticulus sphenoidalis (anterolateralis).Lateral

gapbetween thefrontal, parietal,temporal and

sphenoidbones, i.e.,at thesite ofthe pterion.D

31 Mastoid (posterolateral) fontanelle. Fon-

ticulus mastoideus (posterolateralis).Lateral

spacebetween the parietal,occipital and tem-

poralbones, i.e.,at thesite ofthe asterion. D

Bones

31 30

15 2 2 21

10.20

10.33

22b

22a

11 8

Lateral wall of nasal cavity

with frontal and sphenoidal sinuses

Normal outline of skull viewed

from behind (norma occipitalis)

Right bony orbital cavity

Skull of newborn,

dextrolateral view

D Skull of newborn,

superior view

Bones

APPENDICULARSKELETON. Skeletonappendic-

ulare.Bones ofthe limbs.

1 BONESOF THE UPPER LIMB.Ossa membrisu-

perioris.

2 SHOULDER (PECTORAL) GIRDLE. Cingulum

membrisuperioris (Cingulumpectorale).

3 Scapula.Shoulder blade.A B

4 Costal(anterior) surface. Faciescostalis (ante-

rior).Scapular surfacefacing theribs. B

Subscapular fossa.Fossa subscapularis. Con-

cavityon thecostal surface.B

6 Posterior surface. Facies posterior.Scapular

surfacefacing theskin ofthe back. A

Spine of scapula. Spina scapulae.Long bony

ridgeon theposterior scapular surfaceextend-

inginto theacromion. AB

Supraspinous fossa. Fossa supraspinata (su-

praspinosa).Fossa thatextends from abovethe

spinousprocess to the superior margin ofthe

scapula.A

Infraspinous fossa. Fossa infraspinata (in-

fraspinosa).Fossa that extendsfrom belowthe

spinous process to the inferior angleof the

scapula.A

10 Acromion. Freeend of the scapularspine pro-

jectingover thehead ofthe humerus.A B

Acromial ar ticular surface. Facies articularis

acromii.Articular facetfor theclavicle. B

Acromial angle. Angulus acromialis. Sharp

bendat thesite where thespine of thescapula

becomescontinuous withthe lateralmargin of

theacromion. A

13 Medial margin. Margomedialis. Border ofthe

scapulafacing thevertebral column.A B

14 Lateral margin. Margo lateralis.Border of the

scapulafacing thehumerus. AB

15 Superior margin.Margosuperior.Upper border

ofthe scapula.A B

Scapularnotch. Incisurascapulae (scapularis).

Indentation in the superior margin of the

scapulajust medialto thecoracoid process.It is

traversedby thesuprascapular nerve.A B

17 Inferior angle.Angulus inferior.Lower angleof

thescapula. AB

18 Lateral angle.Anguluslateralis. Lateralangleof

thescapula bearingthe glenoidcavity. AB

19 Superior angle. Angulus superior. Upper me-

dialangle ofthe scapula.A B

20 Glenoid cavity. Cavitas glenoidalis. Articular

cavityof theshoulder. B

21 Infraglenoid tubercle. Tuberculum infragle-

noidale.Small tubercleatthe inferiormargin of

theglenoidcavity forthe originof thelonghead

ofthe triceps.A B

22 Supraglenoid tubercle.Tuberculum supragle-

noidale.Smalltubercle atthesuperior marginof

theglenoidcavity forthe originof thelonghead

ofthe biceps.B

23 Neckof scapula. Collumscapulae. The portion

ofthe scapulasituated medial tothe marginof

theglenoid cavity.A B

24 Coracoid process. Processus coracoideus.

Hook-shaped process projecting anteriorly

from the superior margin of the scapula just

lateraltothe scapularnotch. Attachmentsite of

thepectoralisminor, coracobrachialisand short

headof thebiceps muscles.A B

25 Clavicle.Clavicula. Collarbone. C

26 Extremitas sternalis. Sternal (medial) end of

theclavicle facingthe sternum.C

Sternal articular surface.Facies articularis

sternalis.Articular surfaceon the medial end of

claviclefor articulationwith thesternum. C

Impression for the costoclavicular liga-

ment.

Impressio ligamenti costoclavicularis.

Roughenedarea on the inferior surface ofthe

claviclenear the sternalend for attachmentof

thecostoclavicular ligament.C

29 Body (shaft) of clavicle. Corpus claviculae

(claviculare).Middle portionof theclavicle. C

Subclavian groove. Sulcus musculi subclavii.

Elongatedgrooverepresenting thedeep attach-

mentfield ofthe subclaviusmuscle. C

31 Acromial (lateral) end.Extremitas acromialis.

Endof theclavicle facingthe acromion.C

31a Tuberosity for the coracoclavicularligament.

Tuberositas ligamenti coracoclavicularis.

Roughenedarea forattachment ofthe twopor-

tionsof the coracoclavicular ligament (conoid

andtrapezoid ligaments).C

Acromial ar ticular surface. Facies articularis

acromialis.Joint surfacefor theacromion. C

Conoid tubercle. Tuberculum conoideum.

Smalleminence on the inferior surface of the

acromialend of the claviclefor attachment of

theconoid ligament.C

Trapezoidline. Lineatrapezoidea. Attachment

sitefor the trapezoid ligament onthe inferior

surfaceof theacromial endof theclavicle. C

Bones

32 34; 31a

16 7 15

19 15 16

Right scapula,

posterior view

Right scapula

anterior view

Right clavicle, inferior view

Bones

1 FREEPART OFUPPER LIMB. Pars liberamembri

superioris.Bones of thearm and hand.

2 Humerus.The bone ofthe upper arm.A B

3 Headof humerus.Caput humeri(humerale). A

4 Anatomical neck. Collum anatomicum. Area

betweenthe head andthe (greater and lesser)

tuberclesof the humerus.A B

5 Surgical neck. Collum chirurgicum. Tapering

region distal tothe tubercles and continuous

withthe shaft. AB

6 Greater tubercle. Tuberculum majus. Large

prominence at the posterolateral end of the

humerus.Site of muscleattachment. A B

7 Lesser tubercle. Tuberculum minus. Smaller

prominence on the anterior surface of

humerus.Site of muscleattachment. A

Intertubercular groove.Sulcus intertubercu-

laris.Groovelocated betweenthe twotubercles

forpassage of the tendon of thelong head of

thebiceps. A

Crest of greater tubercle. Crista tuberculi ma-

joris.Bony ridgeextending downwardfrom the

greatertubercle. Attachment site for the pec-

toralismajor. A

Crestof lesser tubercle.Crista tuberculi minoris.

Bony ridge extending downward from the

lesser tubercle. Attachment site for the teres

majorand latissimus dorsi.A

11 Body of humerus. Corpushumeri. Shaft b e-

tweenthe two endof the humerus.A B

Anteromedial surface. Facies anterior medi-

alis (anteromedialis). Surface of the humerus

lyingmedial tothe prolongation ofthe crestof

thegreater tubercle. A

Anterolateralsurface. Faciesanterior lateralis

(anterolateralis). Surface of the humeruslo-

catedlateral tothe prolongation ofthe crestof

thegreater tubercle. A

Posterior surface of humerus. Facies poste-

rior.B

Groovefor radialnerve. Sulcusnervi radialis.Ob-

liquegroove descendinglaterally onthe poste-

riorsurface of thehumerus. B

Medialmargin. Margo medialis.Inner margin

of the humerus continuous distally with the

medialsupracondylar ridge. AB

Medial supracondylar ridge.Crista supracondy-

laris medialis. Lower,sharp-edged end of the

medialmargin. It communicates withthe me-

dialepicondyle. A B

Supracondylar process.[Processus supracondy-

laris].Bony spur,phylogenetically conditioned,

and occasionally present (1%) at themedial

marginof the distalhumerus. A

Lateralmargin. Margo lateralis.Outer margin

of the humerus continuous distally with the

lateralsupracondylar ridge. AB

Lateral supracondylar ridge. Crista supracondy-

laris lateralis. Lower, sharp-edged terminal

portion of the lateral marginending atthe

lateralepicondyle. A B

Deltoid tuberosity. Tuberositas deltoidea.

Rough area on the anterolateral surface near

themiddle of the humerus for attachment of

thedeltoid muscle. AB

22 Condyleof humerus. Condylus humeri. Distal

endof the humerus comprising theolecranon

fossa,coronoid fossa,radial fossaand the artic-

ularsurfaces. A B

Capitulum of humerus.Capitulum humeri.

Rounded projection at the distal endof the

humerusfor articulation withthe radius. A

Trochleaof humerus. Trochleahumeri. Artic-

ularcylinder at the distal endof the humerus

forarticulation with theulna. A B

Olecranon fossa. Fossa olecrani. Deep pit

abovethe trochlea on the posterior aspect of

thehumerus that receivesthe olecranonwhen

theelbow joint isextended. B

Coronoidfossa. Fossa coronoidea.Depression

onthe anterioraspect ofthe humerusproximal

to the trochlea that receives the coronoid

process of the ulna when the elbow joint is

flexed.A

Radialfossa. Fossa radialis. Depressionabove

the capitulum on the anterior aspect ofthe

humerus thatreceives the head of the radius

whenthere isstrong flexionof the elbowjoint.

28 Medialepicondyle. Epicondylus medialis.Me-

dial protuberance which gives originto the

flexormuscles of theforearm. A B

Groove for the ulnar nerve. Sulcus nervi ul-

naris. It occupies theposterior surface of the

medialepicondyle. B

30 Lateralepicondyle. Epicondylus lateralis. Pro-

tuberancelateralto thecapitulum thatgives at-

tachmentto the extensor musclesof the fore-

arm.A B

Bones

29 24

282423

Right humerus,

anterior view

A Right humerus,

posterior view

Bones

1 Radius.The lateralof thetwo forearmbones. A

2 Headof radius. Caputradii (radiale). Proximal

end of the radius which articulates with the

capitulumof the humerus.A B

Articular fovea. Fovea articularis. Concavity

thatreceives the capitulumof the humerus.B

Articular circumference. Circumferentia ar-

ticularis. Rim-like surface on the head of the

radiusfor articulation withthe radial notchof

theulna. AB

5 Neckof radius.Collum radii. Slenderregion at

the proximal end of the radius between the

headand tuberosity. AB

6 Bodyof radius.Corpus radii. Radial shaft.A B

Radial tuberosity. Tuberositas radii. Rough-

enedprominence on the medial aspect ofthe

radiusabout 2 cm distal to the proximalend.

Attachmentsite of thebiceps tendon. AB

Interosseous margin. Margo interosseus.

Borderfacing theulnaand givingattachment to

theinterosseous membrane. AB

Posteriorborder. Facies posterior.B

Anteriorborder. Facies anterior.A

Lateralborder. Facies lateralis.A B

11a

Pronator tuberosity. Tuberositas pronatoria.

Roughenedareaat themiddle ofthe lateralsur-

face. Attachment site of the pronator teres

muscle.B

Posteriormargin. Margo posterior.B

Anterior margin. Margo anterior. Margin

facinganterolaterally. A

14 Styloid process. Processus styloideus.

Downwardprojection of the lateralsurface of

theradius at itsdistal end. AB

15 Dorsal tubercle. Tuberculum dorsale. Bony

ridgeon the posterior aspectof the lower end

ofthe radius between the grooves forthe ex-

tensor pollicis longus and extensor carpi

radialis brevis muscles. It is often palpable

throughthe skin. B

16 Ulnar notch. Incisuraulnaris. Concavity form-

ingthe medial surfaceat the endof the radius

forarticulation with theulna. A B

17 Articular carpal surface.Facies articularis car-

palis.Joint surfaceon theinferior surfaceof the

lowerendof theradius forarticulation withthe

carpus.A

18 Ulna. Medialforearm bone. AB

19 Olecranon. Proximal,posterior endof theulna.

Attachmentsite ofthe extensor musclesof the

elbowjoint. B

20 Coronoid process. Processus coronoideus.

Anteriorly directed projection at the anterior

endof the trochlearnotch. A

Ulnar tuberosity. Tuberositas ulnae. Rough-

enedarea on theanterior surface of theupper

part of the ulnar shaft for attachment of the

brachialismuscle. A

22 Trochlearnotch. Incisura trochlearis.Articular

surfaceat theproximal endof the anteriorsur-

face of the ulna for articulation with the

trochleaof the humerus.A

23 Radialnotch. Incisura radialis.Joint surfaceon

thelateral aspectof the ulnaat the levelof the

coronoidprocess forarticulationwith theartic-

ularcircumference of theradius. A

24 Bodyof ulna. Corpusulnae. Ulnar shaft.A B

Posteriorsurface. Facies posterior.B

Anteriorsurface. Facies anterior.A

Medialsurface. Faciesmedialis. Surfacefacing

thetrunk. B

28 Interosseousborder. Margo interosseus. Mar-

ginproviding attachment for the interosseous

membrane.A B

Posteriormargin. Margo posterior.B

Anterior margin. Margo anterior. Anterome-

dialmargin of theulna. A

Supinator crest. Crista m. supinatoris. Bony

ridgeextending distally from the radial notch

forattachment of thesupinator muscle. AB

32 Head of ulna. Caput ulnae. Distal end of the

ulna.A B

Articular circumference. Circumferentia ar-

ticularis.Anterolateral articular surface of the

headof theulna for articulationwith theulnar

notchof the radius.A

Styloidprocess. Processusstyloideus. Peg-like

process projecting downward from the pos-

teromedialaspect ofthe lower endof theulna.

Attachment site of the articular disc and the

ulnarcollateral ligament. AB

Bones

11a

17 16

Right radius and ulna,

anterior view

A Right ulna and radius,

posterior view

Bones

BONESOF THE HAND.Ossa manus.

1 CARPUS.The wrist,which is situated between

theforearm and metacarpalbones. A BC

2 CARPALBONES. Ossacarpi (carpalia).The eight

wristbones. A BC

3 Accessorycarpal bone (ossicle).[Os centrale].

It isoccasionally found between the capitate,

scaphoidand trapezoidbones.When present,it

isusually fused withthe scaphoid. C

4 Scaphoid. Os scaphoideum [[osnaviculare]].

Proximal carpal bone situated between the

lunateand trapezium bones.A B

Scaphoid tubercle. Tuberculum ossis sca-

phoidei.Elevation onthe anteriorsurfaceof the

scaphoid. It protrudes visibly with radial ab-

ductionof the hand.A

6 Lunate.Os lunatum. Proximal carpal bone lo-

catedbetween the scaphoidand triquetrum. A

7 Triquetrum. Os triquetrum. Proximalcarpal

bonesituated between the hamateand lunate

bones,dorsal to thepisiform bone. AB

8 Pisiform. Os pisiforme. Proximal carpal bone

residingon thepalmar aspectof thetriquetrum

with whichit articulates. It represents a true

sesamoidbone within thetendon of theflexor

carpiulnaris. A B

9 Trapezium. Os trapezium [[osmultangulum

majus]].Distalcarpal bonelocated betweenthe

metacarpaland the scaphoid.A B

Tubercle of trapezium. Tuberculum ossis

trapezii. Elevation on the palmar side of the

trapeziumdistal to the scaphoid tubercle and

radialto thegroove forthe flexorcarpi radialis.

11 Trapezoid. Ostrapezoideum [[osmultangulum

minus]].Distalcarpal bone positionedbetween

the 2

metacarpal andthe scaphoid and be-

tweenthe trapezium andcapitate bones. AB

12 Capitate. Os capitatum. Distal carpal bone

centeredb etweenthe 3

metacarpal andthe

lunatebone. A B

13 Hamate. Os hamatum. Distal carpal bone lo-

cated between the 4

and 5

metacarpals,

capitateand triquetrum. AB

Hamulus (hook) of hamate. Hamulus ossis

hamati. Hook-shaped process on the palmar

aspect of the hamate distalto thepisiform

bone.A

15 Carpal groove. Sulcuscarpi. Palmar concavity

between the tubercles ofthe scaphoid and

trapeziumon the radialside, and the hamulus

andpisiform bone on the ulnar side. A trans-

verseligament converts it into a closed canal

(carpaltunnel) forthe flexortendons ofthe fin-

gers.A

16 METACARPUS.Region of thehand between the

fingersand the wrist.A B

17 METACARPAL BONES I−V. Ossa metacarpi

(metacarpalia)[I−V]. A B

18 Base of metacarpal bone. Basis metacarpalis.

Proximal,broad end ofa metacarpal bone.A B

19 Body (shaft) of metacarpal bone. Corpus

metacarpale.A B

20 Headof metacarpal bone.Caput metacarpale.

Distalarticular end ofa metacarpal bone.A B

21 Third metacarpal bone. Os metacarpale ter-

tium [III]. Metacarpal bone lying proximal to

themiddle finger. AB

Styloidprocess. Processus styloideus.Pointed

processat the base of metacarpalIII, radial to

thecapitate. B

23 FINGERS(DIGITS). Ossa digitorum (phalanges).

24 PHALANGES. Bony segments comprising the

fingers.A B

25 Proximalphalanx. Phalanx proximalis. Proxi-

malbone of afinger. A B

26 Middle phalanx. Phalanx media. The middle

bonesof the fingers.A B

27 Distal (terminal) phalanx. Phalanx distalis.

Distal,nail-bearing segment ofthe finger. AB

Tuberosity of distal phalanx. Tuberositas

phalangis distalis. Roughened expansionsat

thedistal flexor sideof each terminal phalanx

forattachment of thetactile pads. A

29 Base of phalanx. Basis phalangis. Proximal,

thickened,articular end ofthe phalanx. AB

30 Body(shaft) ofphalanx. Corpus phalangis.A B

31 Distal end (trochlea) of phalanx. Caput

(trochlea)phalangis. A B

32 Sesamoidbones. Ossa sesamoidea.Bones em-

beddedin tendons orligaments. A

Bones

1; 2

24; 23

16;17

23; 24

16;17

12 4

Skeleton of right hand

from palmar side

Skeleton of right hand from dorsal side

Central bone of right hand

Bones

1 BONESOF THELOWER LIMB. Ossamembri in-

ferioris.

2 PELVIC GIRDLE. Cingulum membri inferioris

(Cingulum pelvicum). It is composedof the

sacrumand the twoilia.

3 HIPBONE. Oscoxae (pelvicum). Bonystructure

comprisedof the ilium,ischium andpubis. A B

4 Obturatorforamen. Foramen obturatum (ob-

turatorium).Large opening between thepubis

andischium. A C

5 Acetabulum.Hip joint socket.Cavity formedby

theilium, ischium andpubis. A

Marginof the acetabulum. Limbus acetabuli

(margo acetabularis). Margin interruptedby

theacetabular notch. A

Acetabular fossa. Fossa acetabuli(acetabu-

laris).Deeper partembraced by thelunate sur-

face.A

Acetabularnotch. Incisura acetabuli(acetabu-

laris). Notch in the lunate surface of the

acetabulumfacing the obturator foramen and

continuouswith the acetabularfossa. A

Lunate surface. Facies lunata. Cartilage

covered,sickle-shaped articular surface of the

acetabulum.A

10 Ilium. Osilii (ilium, osiliacum). A BC

11 Body ofthe ilium. Corpusossis ilii. Thecentral

portion of the ilium situated near the

acetabulum.A B C

Supra-acetabular sulcus. Sulcus su-

praacetabularis. Groove formed between the

acetabularmargin andthe body ofthe ilium. A

13 Wing (orala) of theilium. Ala ossis ilii.A C

14 Arcuate line. Linea arcuata.Prominent bony

ridgeat theboundary between thegreater and

lesserpelvis. C

15 Iliac crest.Crista iliaca. AC

Externallip of the iliac crest. Labium exter-

num.Bony ridgefor attachmentof the external

abdominaloblique muscle. A

Tubercleof iliac crest. Tuberculumiliacum. Pal-

pableprojection on theexternal lip ofthe iliac

crest about 5 cm behind the anterioriliac

spineat thejunction ofthe anteriorgluteal line

withthe iliac crest.A

Linea intermedia. Rough bony area between

theexternal and internallips of the iliaccrest.

Origin of the internal abdominal oblique

muscle.A

Internal lip of the iliac crest. Labium inter-

num.Bonyridge onthe innermargin ofthe iliac

crestfor attachmentof thetransversus abdom-

inismuscle. A C

Anterior superior iliac spine. Spina iliaca

anteriorsuperior. Bonyprojection marking the

anteriorlimit oftheiliac crest.Origin ofthe sar-

toriusmuscle. A C

Anteriorinferior iliacspine. Spinailiaca ante-

riorinferior. Bony processat the anteriormar-

gin of the ilium.Origin of the rectus femoris

muscle.A C

Posterior superior iliac spine. Spina iliaca

posteriorsuperior. Bony process at the poste-

riorend of theiliac crest. AC

Posterior inferior iliac spine. Spina iliaca

posteriorinferior. Bonyprocess at thesuperior

endof the greatersciatic notch. AC

Iliac fossa. Fossa iliaca. A concavity forming

theinternal surface ofthe ala ofthe ilium. C

25 Glutealsur face.Facies glutealis. External sur-

faceof the alaof the ilium.A

Anteriorgluteal line. Linea glutealisanterior.

Aflat ridgesituated somewhatin themiddle of

theala ofthe iliumbetween the fieldsof origin

ofthe gluteusmedius and minimusmuscles. A

Posterior gluteal line. Linea glutealis poste-

rior.Bony ridgebetween the fieldsof origin of

thegluteus medius andmaximus muscles. A

Inferior gluteal line. Linea glutealis inferior.

Bonyridge above theacetabulum between the

fieldsof originof the gluteusminimus andrec-

tusfemoris muscles. A

Sacropelvicsur face. Facies sacropelvina.Sur-

faceof the dorsal segment of theilium facing

thesacrum andconsisting ofthe following two

parts.C

Auricular surface. Facies auricularis.The ear-

shaped surface which articulates with the

sacrum.It is coveredwith fibrocartilage. C

31 Iliac tuberosity.Tuberositas iliaca. Roughened

area behind and above the auricular surface.

Givesattachment tothe sacroiliac ligaments.C

Bones

30 23

44.1

44.8

45.5

45.4

Right hip bone,

lateral view

Epiphyseal plates in the hip bone

of an adolescent

Right hip bone,

medial view

Bones

1 Ischium.Osischii. Bonewhich formsthe poste-

rior and inferior boundaryof theobturator

foramen.A B

2 Bodyof ischium. Corpus ossis ischii.The por-

tionof theischium situatedbehind the obtura-

torforamen. A B

3 Ramusof ischium.Ramus ossisischii. The por-

tionof the ischiumsituated below theobtura-

torforamen. The anterior end uniteswith the

inferiorramus of thepubis. A B

Ischial tuberosity. Tuber ischiadicum

(ischiale). Ischialprocess at the lower end of

thelesser sciatic notch.A B

5 Ischialspine. Spina ischiadica (ischialis).Bony

prominencebetween thegreaterand lessersci-

aticnotches. B

6 Greater sciatic notch. Incisura ischiadica

(ischialis)major.Large notchbetween thepost-

eriorinferior iliacspine and theischial spine.B

7 Lesser sciatic notch. Incisura ischiadica

(ischialis) minor. Notch between the ischial

spineand the ischialtuberosity. B

8 Pubis.Os pubis.Bone whichforms theanterior

andinferior borders of theobturator foramen.

9 Bodyof the pubis.Corpus ossis pubis.A B

Pubic tubercle. Tuberculum pubicum. Pro-

tuberancelocated anterolateralto thesymphy-

sis.A B

Symphysealsurface. Facies symphysialis.The

median surface of the symphysisfacing the

contralateralpubis. B

Pubic crest. Crista pubica. Ridge extending

mediallyfrom the pubic tubercle to the sym-

physis.Attachmentsite ofthe rectusabdominis

muscle.A B

13 Superior ramus ofthe pubis. Ramus superior

ossispubis. Thepart ofthepubis situatedabove

theobturator foramen. AB

Iliopubic (iliopectineal) eminence. Eminen-

tiailiopubica [e. iliopectinea].Flat prominence

atthe proximal portionof the pubis.A B

Pecten (pectineal line) of the pubis. Pecten

ossispubis. Sharp, bony ridgewhich passes to

thepubic tubercle as acontinuation of thear-

cuateline. Origin ofthe pectineus muscle.A B

Obturatorcrest. Crista obturatoria.It extends

from the pubic tubercle tothe acetabulum.

Originof the pubofemoralligament. A

Obturatorgroove. Sulcusobturatorius. Sulcus

abovethe obturator foramen.A B

Anteriorobturator tubercle. Tuberculumob-

turatoriumanterius. Small protuberance ante-

riorto the obturatorgroove. A B

Posterior obturator tubercle. [Tuberculum

obturatoriumposterius]. Prominenceoccasion-

allypresent behind theobturator groove.A B

20 Inferiorramus of pubis. Ramus inferior ossis

pubis.The portion of the pubis locatedanter-

oinferior the obturator foramen between the

symphysis and the suture line with the

ischium.A B

21 PELVIS.Portionof thebody locatedbetween the

stomachand lowerextremities, i.e.,a bonyring

comprised of the sacrum, ilium, pubis and

ischium.C D EF

21a Pelvic cavity.Cavitas pelvis (pelvica).

22 Pubic arch. Arcus pubis. The arch below the

symphysisformed by the right and left pubic

bones.D

Subpubic angle. Angulus subpubicus. The

anglebetween theright andleft inferior ramus

ofthe pubis (average of 75° in men and90°−

100°in women). C

24 Greater pelvis. Pelvis major.The space be-

tweenthe twoalae ofthe ilium above the linea

terminalis.

25 Lesser pelvis. Pelvis minor. The space below

thelinea terminalis.

26 Terminalline. Lineaterminalis. Line extending

alongthe arcuate linefrom the promontoryto

the upper margin of the symphysis.It marks

the boundarybetween the greater pelvis and

lesserpelvis as well asthe plane of the pelvic

inlet.C D E

27 Upperpelvic aperture (pelvic inlet).Apertura

pelvis(pelvica) superior. Upperopening of the

lesserpelvis inthe planeofthe lineaterminalis.

28 Lower pelvic aperture (pelvic outlet). Aper-

turapelvis (pelvica) inferior.Lower openingof

the lesser pelvis between thecoccyx, pubic

archand sacrotuberous ligaments.F

29 Pelvicaxis. Axis pelvis.Imaginary line passing

throughall median connecting lines between

thesymphysis and the anterior surface ofthe

sacrum.The fetalheadfollows itscourse during

birth.F

30 Conjugatediameter. Diameter conjugata. An-

teroposteriordiameter of thepelvis, measured

from the sacral promontory to the posterior

surfaceof the symphysis(about 11 cm). EF

31 Transversediameter ofpelvis. Diametertrans-

versa.Widest part ofthe inlet (ca.13 cm). E

32 Oblique diameter. Diameter obliqua. It is

measured from the iliosacral joint obliquely

forward tothe iliopubic eminence of the op-

positeside (ca. 12.5 cm). E

33 Pelvicinclination. Inclinatio pelvis. The angle

betweenthe plane of the pelvic inlet andthe

horizontalplane. F

Bones

Lower half of right hip bone,

external surface

A Lower half of right hip bone,

internal surface

Male pelvis, anterior viewC Female pelvis, anterior viewD

Pelvis, superior view

E Pelvis, medial viewF

Bones

1 FREELOWERLIMB. Parsliberamembri inferioris.

2 Femur.Thigh bone.(Os femoris). AB

3 Headof femur.Caput femoris. AB

Pit (fovea) in the head of the femur. Fovea

capitis femoris.Depression for attachment of

theligament of thehead of thefemur. A B

5 Neckof femur. Collumfemoris. Portion of the

femur betweenthe femoral head and greater

trochanter.A B

6 Greater trochanter. Trochanter major. Large

prominenceon the superolateralaspect of the

femurshaft for attachment ofthe gluteus me-

dius,gluteus minimus, andpiriformis muscles.

Trochanteric fossa. Fossa trochanterica. De-

pressionmedial to the rootof the greater tro-

chanter. Origin of the internal obturator and

gemellimuscles. A B

8 Lesser trochanter. Trochanter minor. Small

prominenceon theposteromedial aspectof the

proximalfemur shaft for attachmentof the il-

iopsoasmuscle. A B

9 /Trochantertertius}. Process occasionallypre-

sentposteriorly at the lateral endof the linea

asperaat the level ofthe lesser trochanter for

attachmentof apart of thegluteus maximus.B

10 Intertrochanteric line. Linea intertrochanter-

ica.Rough anterior linebetween the shaft and

neckof the femur, extendingfrom the greater

tothe lesser trochanter.A

10a Quadrate tubercle. Tuberculum quadratum.

Rounded elevation on the intertrochanteric

crest.B

11 Intertrochanteric crest.Crista intertrochanter-

ica.Posterior bonyridge betweenthe shaft and

neckof the femur,running from thegreater to

thelesser trochanter. B

12 Shaft offemur. Corpus femoris.A B

Lineaaspera. Roughdouble line onthe poste-

rioraspect of thefemur for attachment of two

vastimuscles andthe short headof the biceps.

Insertion of the adductors, gluteus maximus,

andpectineus muscles. B

Laterallip of thelinea aspera. Labiumlaterale. B

Mediallip ofthe linea aspera.Labium mediale. B

Pectineal line. Linea pectinea. Bony ridgeex-

tendingdownward from the lessertrochanter,

nearlyreaching the linea aspera.Gives attach-

mentto the pectineusmuscle. B

Gluteal tuberosity. Tuberositas glutaealis.

Rough,oblong field continuous with thelinea

asperasuperolaterally. Insertion ofthe gluteus

maximus.B

18 Intercondylar fossa. Fossa intercondylaris.

Posteriornotchbetween thefemoralcondyles. B

19 Intercondylar line.Linea intercondylaris. Post-

eriorridge betweenthe rootsof thecondyles. B

Popliteal surface. Facies poplitea.Triangular

fieldon the posterior aspect of the femurbe-

tweenthe intercondylarline and thediverging

lips(supracondylar lines)of the lineaaspera. B

20a

Medial supracondylar line. Linea supracon-

dylarismedialis. Continuationof the mediallip

ofthe linea asperatoward the medialcondyle.

20b

Lateral supracondylar line. Linea supracon-

dylarislateralis. Continuation of thelateral lip

ofthe lineaaspera towardthe lateralcondyle.B

21 Medial condyle. Condylus medialis. Medial

kneejoint surface ofthe femur. AB

Medial epicondyle. Epicondylus medialis.

Bonyelevation onthe medialaspect ofthe me-

dialcondyle. A B

Adductortubercle. Tuberculum adductorium.

Small process situated abovethe medial epi-

condylefor attachmentofthe adductormagnus

muscle.A B

24 Lateral condyle. Condylus lateralis. Articular

surfaceof thefemur onthe lateralaspect ofthe

kneejoint. A B

Lateral epicondyle. Epicondylus lateralis.

Bony elevation on the lateral aspect of the

lateralcondyle. A B

25a

Groove for popliteus. Sulcus popliteus.

Groove between the lateral condyle and the

lateralepicondyle. B

26 Patellarsurface. Facies patellaris.Surface that

articulateswith the patella.A

27 Tibia. CD

28 Superior articular surface. Faciesarticularis

superior. Tibial articular surface of the knee

joint.C D

29 Medialcondyle. Condylusmedialis. Medial ex-

pansionat the proximalend of thetibia. C D

30 Lateralcondyle. Condylus lateralis.Lateral ex-

pansionat the proximalend of thetibia. C D

Articular facet for the fibula. Facies articu-

larisfibularis. Articular surfacefor the headof

the fibula on the posterolateralaspect of the

lateralcondyle. C D

32 Anteriorintercondylar area. Areaintercondy-

larisanterior. Areabetween the kneejoint sur-

facesof thetibia andin frontof theintercondy-

lareminence. C D

33 Posteriorintercondylar area.Area intercondy-

laris posterior. The region between the knee

jointsurfaces ofthe tibia andbehind the inter-

condylareminence. D

34 Intercondylar eminence. Eminentia intercon-

dylaris. Bony elevation between the articular

surfaces of the tibia,for attachment of the

cruciateligaments and menisci.C D

Medial intercondylar tubercle. Tuberculum

intercondylaremediale. Elevationofthe medial

articularsurface atthe marginfacing the inter-

condylareminence. C D

Tuberculum intercondylare laterale. Eleva-

tionof the lateralarticular surface at themar-

ginfacing the intercondylareminence. C D

Bones

10a

12 12

20a 20b

24 26 21 21 18 24

25a

Head of right tibia,

anterior view

Right femur,

anterior view

Right femur,

posterior view

Head of right tibia,

superior view

Bones

1 Shaftof tibia. Corpustibiae (tibiale). AB D

Tibial tuberosity. Tuberositas tibiae. Rough-

enedarea ontheupper endof theanterior mar-

ginof the tibia.Attachment site ofthe patellar

ligament.A

Medial surface. Facies medialis.Surface of

tibiadirected anteromedially.A D

Posteriorsur face of tibia. Facies posterior.B

Solealline of tibia.Linea musculi solei. Lineex-

tendingobliquelyfrom theupper,lateral partof

thetibia, downward and across to themedial

part,giving attachmentto the soleusmuscle. B

Facieslateralis. Lateral surface oftibia facing

anterolaterally.A D

Medial(inner) margin. Margo medialis. AB D

Anteriormargin. Margo anterior.A D

Interosseous margin. Margo interosseus.

Borderfacing the fibula and providingattach-

mentto theinterosseus membrane alongmost

ofits margin. AB D

10 Medial malleolus.Malleolus medialis. AB

Malleolar groove. Sulcus malleolaris.Small

grooveon the posterior aspect of the medial

malleolusfor the tendon of the tibialis poste-

riormuscle. B

Articularsur face of malleolus. Faciesarticu-

larismalleoli. Lateralsurfaceof themedial mal-

leolusfacing the talus.A B

13 Fibular notch.Incisura fibularis.Depression on

thelateral surfaceof the distalend of thetibia.

Articulateswith the fibula.B

14 Inferior articularsurface. Facies articularisin-

ferior.Inferior jointsurface facingthe talus.A B

15 Fibula. ABD

16 Head of fibula. Caputfibulae (fibulare). The

proximalend of thefibula. A B

Facies articularis capitis fibulae.Articular

surfacefacing the tibia atthe proximal end of

thefibula. A B

Apex (styloid process) of head of fibula.

Apexcapitis fibulae. Upward pointing process

onthe head ofthe fibula. AB

19 Neck offibula. Collum fibulae. A

20 Shaftof fibula. Corpusf ibulae.A

Facies lateralis. Lateral surface that faces

slightlyupward. A D

Facies medialis. Medial surface between the

anteriorand interosseous margins.It faces the

tibia.A B D

Facies posterior. Posterior surface between

theposterior and interosseousmargins. B D

24 Medialcrest. Crista medialis. Bonyridge on the

posterior surface at the border between the

originsof the tibialis posterior andflexor hal-

lucislongus muscles. BD

Anteriormargin. Margo anterior.A D

Interosseous margin. Margo interosseus. Os-

seousridge located betweenthe anterior mar-

gin and the medial crestfor attachment of a

portionof the interosseousmembrane. A BD

Margin posterior. Margo posterior, directed

posterolaterally.B D

28 Lateralmalleolus. Malleolus lateralis.A B

Articularsur face of malleolus. Faciesarticu-

laris malleoli. Articular surface on the lateral

malleolusfacing the talus.A B

Lateralmalleolar fossa. Fossa malleoli later-

alis.Depression onthe posteromedialaspect of

the lateral malleolus for attachment of the

posteriortalofibular ligament. B

30a

Sulcus malleolaris. Groove lateral to the

malleolarfossa.

31 Patella. The knee cap,which is embedded in

thequadriceps tendon. C

Baseof patella.Basis patellae. Broad,superior

borderof the patella.C

33 Apexof patella.Apex patellae.Inferior,pointed

borderof the patella.C

34 Facies articularis. Cartilage-covered articular

surfaceof the patellafacing the femur.

35 Faciesanterior. Anteriorsurface of thepatella.

Bones

26 22

2723

423

12 14

14 12

Patella, anterior viewC

Right tibia and fibula,

anterior view

Right tibia and fibula

in cross section

Right tibia and fibula,

posterior view

Bones

OSSAPEDIS. Bones ofthe foot.

1 TARSUS. The region of articulation extending

fromthe heel tothe metatarsals. E

2 TARSALBONES. Ossa tarsi(tarsalia). The seven

bones of the ankle, including thetalus, cal-

caneus, os cuboideum, and threecuneiform

bones.E

3 Talus. The ankle bone, which is locatedbe-

tweenthe tibia, calcaneus,navicular bone,and

fibula.A B E

4 Headof talus. Caputtali (talare). It articulates

withthe navicular bone.A B

5 Neckof talus. Collum tali. Proximal tapering

partof the headof the talus.A B

6 Bodyof talus. Corpustali. B

7 Trochleatali (talare).Cylindrical surfaceof the

talusthat articulateswiththe tibiaand fibula.A

Superior sur face. Facies superior. Upper sur-

faceof the talus thatarticulates with theinfe-

riorarticular surface ofthe tibia. A

9 Medial malleolar surface. Facies malleolaris

medialis. Almostsagittaly oriented surface of

the talus that articulates with the medial

malleolus.A

10 Lateral malleolar surface. Faciesmalleolaris

lateralis.Surface onthe lateral partof thetalus

thatarticulates with thelateral malleolus. A

Lateralprocess of the talus.Processus later-

alis tali. Bony projection below the lateral

malleolarsurface. A

12 Posterior calcanean facet. Facies articularis

calcaneaposterior. Posteroinferiorsurface that

articulateswith the calcaneus.B

Sulcusof talus. Sulcus tali.A groovebetween

themiddle andposterior articularfacets forthe

calcaneus.B

14 Middle calcanean facet. Faciesarticularis cal-

canea media. Middle articular surface of the

calcaneus.B

15 Anterior calcaneanfacet. Faciesarticularis cal-

caneaanterior. Anteriorarticular surfaceof the

calcaneusbelow the headof the talus.B

Faciesarticularis navicularis. Surface onthe

anteriorpart of the head of the talus thatar-

ticulateswith the navicularbone. A B

17 Posterior processof talus. Processusposterior

tali.Broad process belowthe posterior margin

ofthe trochlea. It bearsthe medial and lateral

tubercleswith thegroove forthe tendon ofthe

flexorhallucis longus betweenthem. A B

Sulcus tendinis m. flex. hall. longi. Groove

for the flexorhallucis longus tendon post-

eromedialto the posterior process ofthe talus.

Medial tubercle. Tuberculum mediale. Bony

process anteromedial to thegroove for the

flexorhallucis longus tendon.A B

Lateral tubercle. Tuberculum laterale. Bony

processlateral to thegroove forthe flexor hal-

lucislongus tendon. A

21 [Ostrigonum]. Independent boneoccasionally

formedby the lateraltub ercleof the posterior

process of the talus due to a separateossific

center.E

22 Calcaneus.Heel bone. CD E

23 Tuber calcanei. Tuberosity onthe posterior

aspectof the calcaneus.C D

24 Medial process of calcaneus. Processus me-

dialis tuberiscalcanei. Weak process anterior,

medialand inferiorto thetuberosity of thecal-

caneus.D

Lateralprocess ofcalcaneus. Processuslater-

alistuberis calcanei.Weak processinferolateral

tothe tuberosity ofthe calcaneus. C

26 Anterior tubercle of calcaneus. Tuberculum

calcanei. Eminence on the anterior aspect of

the inferior surface of the calcaneus. Attach-

ment site of the plantar calcaneocuboid liga-

ment.C

27 Sustentaculumtali. Medialprolongation ofthe

calcaneusbearing themedial posterior facetof

thecalcaneus. D E

Sulcus tendinis m. flex. hall. longi. Bony

groovefor theflexor hallucislongus tendon lo-

catedbelow the sustentaculumtali. D

29 Sulcus calcanei. Groove between the middle

andposterior articular facets.C D

30 Sinus tarsi. Laterally opening, funnel-shaped

spaceforming a continuation of the calcaneal

sulcusand the sulcus ofthe talus. Theinferior

ankle joint is palpable here. BC. See also

pp. 53C, 71AC

Bones

2827 24

4; 16

7; 8

52.16

52.10

52.9 52.7 52.12 27

Right talus, superior viewA Right talus, inferior view

Right calcaneus, lateral view

Right calcaneus, medial view

Right foot, medial view

Bones

1 Anteriorfacet for the talus. Facies articularis

talarisanterior. Smallanterior articular surface

forthe head ofthe talus. AB

2 Middle facet for the talus. Facies articularis

talarismedia. Middle articular surface for the

talusseparated from theposterior facet bythe

sulcuscalcanei. A B

3 Posteriorfacet for thetalus. Facies articularis

talarisposterior. Largeposterior surface forar-

ticulationwith the talus.A B

4 Sulcus tendinis m. peronei (fibularis) longi.

Groovefor the tendon of theperoneus longus

muscle onthe lateral aspect of the calcaneus

belowthe peroneal trochlea.B

5 Peronealtroc hlea. Trochlea peronealis (fibu-

laris).Bony eminence abovethe groovefor the

tendonof theperoneus longus.It functionslike

apulley for thismuscle and attaches apart of

theperoneal retinaculum. The peronealbrevis

runscranial to thetrochlea. B

6 Facies articularis cuboidea. Cuboid articular

surfaceforming the anterior aspectof the cal-

caneus.A B

7 Navicularbone. Os naviculare.Bone medial to

thehead of the talus andthe three cuneiform

bones.C D

8 Tuberosity of navicular bone. Tuberositas

ossisnavicularis. Rough area onthe inferome-

dial aspect of the navicular bone, for attach-

mentof the tibialis posteriormuscle. It is pal-

pablethrough the skin.D

9 Medial cuneiform. Os cuneiforme mediale.

Most medial of the cuneiform bones, located

between the navicularand the 1

metatarsal

bones. Its wedge-shaped base is directed

downward.C D

10 Intermediate cuneiform.Os cuneiforme inter-

medium. Middle cuneiform bone located be-

tweenthe navicular and 2

metatarsalbones.

Itswedge-shaped base isdirected upward.C D

11 Lateral cuneiform. Os cuneiforme laterale.

Mostlateral cuneiform bone located between

the navicular and 3

metatarsal bones. Its

wedge-shapedbase is directedupward. C D

12 Cuboid bone. Os cuboideum. Bone found be-

tween thecalcaneus and the fourth and fifth

metatarsals.C D

13 Groove fortendon ofperoneus longus. Sulcus

tendinis musculi peronei (fibularis) longi.

Grooveon theinferolateralaspect ofthe cuboid

thatserves as aguide for thetendon. D

14 Tuberosity of cuboid. Tuberositas ossis

cuboidei.Bony elevation on the inferior aspect

ofthe cuboid bone proximalto the groove for

theperoneus longus. D

15 Calcanean process. Processuscalcaneus. Plan-

tarprocess ofthe cuboidbone. Theinferiorseg-

mentof the proximalarticular surfaceprojects

upwardly and obliquely to supportthe cal-

caneus.D

16 METATARSUS.The part ofthe foot situated be-

tweenthe tarsusand thetoes. Itcomprises five

metatarsalbones. C D

17 METATARSALBONES. Ossa metatarsi (metatar-

salia)[I−V]. The fivemetatarsal bones. D

18 Base of metatarsal bone. Basismetatarsalis.

Thethickened proximal end of themetatarsal

bones.D

19 Shaft ofmetatarsal bone. Corpusmetatarsale.

20 Headof metatarsalbone. Caputmetatarsale. C

21 Tuberosity of first metatarsal. Tuberositas

ossismetatarsalis primi (I). Protuberance pro-

jectingdownward andlaterally fromthe proxi-

malpart of thefirst metatarsal bone.D

22 Tuberosity of fifth metatarsal. Tuberositas

ossismetatarsalis quinti(V). Protuberancepro-

jectinglaterally from the proximal partof the

fifth metatarsal bone. Attachment site of the

peroneusbrevis muscle. CD

23 PHALANGESOF TOES. Ossa digitorum pedis.C

24 PHALANGES. Osseoussegments or bones that

comprisethe toes. CD

25 Proximalphalanx. Phalanxproximalis. First or

proximalphalanx of thetoes. D

26 Middle phalanx. Phalanx media. Middle seg-

mentof the toes.D

27 Distal phalanx.Phalanx distalis. Distal or ter-

minalnail-bearing bone ofthe toe. D

Distaltuberosity of toes.Tuberositas phalan-

gis distalis. Roughened arealocated on the

plantar aspect of the distal end of the distal

phalanxfor attachment ofthe tactile pads.D

29 Baseof phalanx.Basis phalangis. Proximalend

of each phalanx with an acetabular articular

surface.D

30 Shaftof phalanx. Corpusphalangis. D

31 Headof phalanx.Caput phalangis.Distal, artic-

ularend of thephalanx. D

32 Sesamoid bones. Ossa sesamoidea. Wormian

bonesembedded intendons orligaments. They

regularly occur below the head of the first

metatarsalon both sides of the tendon of the

flexorhallucis longus muscle.D

Bones

50.27

50.7; 8

50.30

Right calcaneus,

superior view

A Right calcaneus,

lateral view

Skeleton of right foot,

superior view

Skeleton of right

foot, inferior view

Bones

ARTICULARSYSTEM

1 SUTURES OF THE SKULL. Suturae cranii

(craniales).

2 Coronal suture. Sutura coronalis. It liesbe-

tween the frontal bone and the two parietal

bones.A C D

3 Sagittalsuture. Sutura sagittalis. The median

suture situated betweenthe right and left

parietalbones. C

4 Lambdoidalsuture. Sutura lamboidea.It is lo-

catedbetween the occipital boneand the two

parietalbones. A D

5 Occipitomastoid suture. Sutura occipitomas-

toidea.Continuation of the lambdoidal suture

thatextends to thebase of theskull. A D

6 Sphenofrontalsuture. Sutura sphenofrontalis.

Smoothsuture that extends flatlyupward and

backwardlateral tothe skullto jointhe greater

wing of the sphenoid bone and the frontal

bone.In the skull,it joins thefrontal bone and

thelesser wing ofthe sphenoid bone.A B D

7 Sphenoethmoidal suture. Sutura sphenoeth-

moidalis.Short linein frontof the jugumsphe-

noidalethat connectsthe body ofthe sphenoid

andthe ethmoid. D

8 Sphenosquamosalsuture. Suturasphenosqua-

mosa.Line of junction between thesquamous

portionof the temporal bone and the greater

wingof the sphenoid.A C D

9 Sphenoparietal suture. Sutura spheno-

parietalis.Line ofjunction between thegreater

wingofthe sphenoidandtheparietal bone.AC D

10 Squamous suture. Sutura squamosa. Lineof

junctionbetween the squamous temporaland

parietalbones. AC D

11 Frontal (metopic)suture. [Suturafrontalis (su-

tura metopical)]. Suture connecting the right

andleft halves ofthe frontal bone.It generally

fuseswithin 2to 3yearsafter birth,but persists

in7−8% ofall CentralEuropeans. C

12 Parietomastoid suture. Sutura parietomas-

toidea.Posterior sutureconnecting theparietal

boneand the mastoid processof the temporal

bone.A

13 Squamosomastoid suture. [Sutura squamo-

somastoidea]. Line of junction between the

squamousandmastoid portionsof thetemporal

bonethat generallyfuses earlyinlife. A

14 Frontonasal suture.Suturafrontonasalis. Ante-

rior line of junction between the frontal and

nasalbones. C

15 Frontoethmoidal suture. Sutura frontoeth-

moidalis.Internal line ofjunction between the

ethmoidand frontalbones. BD

16 Frontomaxillary suture. Suturafrontomaxil-

laris.Suture lateral tothe nasal bonethat con-

nectsthe nasal portionof the frontalbone and

thefrontal processof themaxilla. AB C

17 Frontolacrimal suture.Sutura frontolacrimalis.

Lineofjunctionb etweenthefrontaland lacrimal

bones.A BC

18 Frontozygomatic suture. Suturafrontozygo-

matica.Suture atthe lateralmargin ofthe orbit

betweenthe frontalandzygomatic bones.A BC

19 Zygomaticomaxillary suture.Sutura zygomat-

icomaxillaris.Suturein thefloorof theorbitcon-

nectingthezygomatic boneand themaxilla. AB

20 Ethmoidomaxillary suture. Sutura ethmoi-

domaxillaris.Suture in the medial wall of the

orbitconnectingthe orbitalplateof theethmoid

boneand themaxilla. BC

21 Ethmoidolacrimal suture. Sutura eth-

moidolacrimalis.Suturein themedialwallof the

orbitbetweenthe ethmoidandlacrimalbones. B

22 Sphenovomerinesuture.Sutura sphenovomer-

iana.Suture atthe nasalseptum connectingthe

sphenoidbone andthe vomer.

23 Sphenozygomaticsuture. Sutura sphenozygo-

matica.Suturein thelateralwallof theorbitcon-

nectingthegreater wingofthe sphenoidandzy-

gomaticbone. BC

24 Sphenomaxillarysuture. Sutura sphenomaxil-

laris. Inconstant sutureconnecting the ptery-

goid process and the maxillae lateral to the

palatinebone. A

25 Temporozygomaticsuture. Suturatemporozy-

gomatica. Suture connecting the zygomatic

processofthe temporalbone andthezygomatic

boneonthe lateralaspect ofthezygomatic arch.

26 Internasal suture. Sutura internasalis. Suture

connectingthe rightand leftnasal bones.C

27 Nasomaxillary suture. Sutura nasomaxillaris.

Sutureconnectingthe nasalboneand thefrontal

processof themaxilla. AC

28 Lacrimomaxillarysuture. Sutura lacrimomax-

illaris.Sutureconnecting theanterior marginof

thelacrimal boneand themaxilla. AB C

29 Lacrimoconchal suture. Sutura lacrimo-

conchalis.Suture within the nasal cavity con-

nectingthe lacrimalbone andthe inferiornasal

concha.

30 Intermaxillary suture. Sutura intermaxillaris.

Mediallineofjunction betweentherightand left

maxillarybones,located justbelow theanterior

nasalspine. C

31 Palatomaxillary suture. Suturapalatomaxil-

laris.Lineof junctionbetween thepalatinebone

andthe maxillasituated posteriorlyin theorbit

andon thelateral wallofthe nasalcavity. B

32 Palatoethmoidal suture. Sutura palatoeth-

moidalis.Suturein thebackof theorbitconnect-

ingthe palatineand ethmoidbones. B

33 Medianpalatine suture.Sutura palatiname di-

ana. Suturewithin the oral cavity connecting

bothhalves ofthe palatinebone. E

34 Transverse palatine suture.Sutura palatina

transversa.Lineofjunction betweenthepalatine

processofthe maxillaand thepalatine bone.E

Sutures,joints andligaments

1714 16

17 18

Base of skull, superior viewD

Hard palate,

inferior view

Skull from leftA Right orbit, anterior viewB

Skull, anterior view

Sutures,joints andligaments

1 CRANIAL SYNCHONDROSES. Synchondroses

cranii(craniales). Cartilaginous jointsbetween

skull bones.Most are temporary and become

ossified.

2 Spheno-occipitalsynchondrosis. Synchondro-

sis spheno-occipitalis. Developmental car-

tilaginousjoint postero-inferiortothe sellatur-

cicabetweenthesphenoid andoccipitalbones.A

3 Sphenopetrosalsynchondrosis.Synchondrosis

sphenopetrosa. Cartilaginous union between

thesphenoid and petrous bones in thelateral

continuationof theforamen lacerum,for trans-

missionof thelesser petrosalnerve. A

4 Petro-occipital synchondrosis.Synchondrosis

petro-occipitalis. Anteromedial cartilaginous

continuationof thejugular foramen.A

4aIntraoccipital synchondroses. Synchondroses

intraoccipitalis. Cartilaginous joints between

developmentalparts ofthe occipitalbone.

5 Posterior intraoccipital synchondrosis. [Syn-

chondrosisintra-occipitalisposterior].Develop-

mental synchondrosis between the posterior

andlateralossific centersofthe occipitalbone.It

usuallydisappearswithin 1−2 years afterbirth.

6 Anterior intraoccipital synchondrosis. [Syn-

chondrosisintra-occipitalis anterior]. Develop-

mentalcartilaginous jointbetweenthe anterior

andlateral ossific centersof the occipitalbone

beginningat the anteriorcircumference of the

foramen magnum. Disappears during the 6

yearof life.A

7 Sphenoethmoidal synchondrosis. Synchon-

drosis spheno-ethmoidalis. Cartilaginous pre-

cursor of the spheno-ethmoidal suture. See

page 54.7.

8 JOINTS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN. THORAX

AND SKULL. Articulationes columnae verte-

bralis.Thoracis etcranii. Theconnections ofthe

vertebralcolumn, thoraxandsk ull.

9 Intervertebral symphysis. Symphysis inter-

vertebralis.Union between adjacent vertebral

bodies.

10 Intervertebral disc.Discus intervertebralis. An

elasticplate consisting of ring-shaped fibrous

lamellae,fibrocartilage,and acentral gelatinous

nucleus located on either side of a vertebral

body,betweenthe adjacentvertebrae. BC

Anulus fibrosus. Annular fibrous connection

betweenadjacentvertebral bodiesconsistingof

obliquelyoriented connective tissue fibers ar-

rangedin alternatingdirections. B

Nucleus pulposus. Gelatinous, semifluidmass

forming the central core of an intervertebral

disc.B

13 Ligamenta flava.Yellow ligaments.Elastic net-

works of roughly parallel fibers between the

vertebralarches.B

14 Zygapophysial joints. Articulationes zy-

gapophysiales. Joints between articular

processesof vertebrae.C

15 Intertransverse ligaments.Ligg. intertransver-

saria. Narrow ligaments betweentransverse

processesof vertebrae.C

16 Interspinal ligaments.Ligg.interspinalia.Broad

ligamentsbetween adjacentspinous processes.

17 Supraspinal ligaments. Ligg. supraspinalia.

Longitudinalligaments connecting the tips of

thespinous processes.C

18 Ligamentum nuchae. Sagittalextension ofthe

supraspinalligamentsintheupper neckregion.B

19 Anterior longitudinal ligament.Lig.longitudi-

naleanterius.Longitudinal ligamentattached to

theventralsurface ofthe vertebralbodies.B

20 Posteriorlongitudinal ligament.Lig.longitudi-

naleposterius. Longitudinal ligamentconnect-

ingthe intervertebraldiscs. Itis attachedto the

dorsalsurface of thevertebral bodies andthus

liesonthe anteriorwall ofthe vertebralcanal.It

fuseswith thetectorial membranefrom the 3

cervicalvertebraeupward. B

21 Sacrococcygeal joint. Articulatio sacrococcy-

gea.Connection between the sacrumand coc-

cyx;itis frequentlya truejoint, butoftenoccurs

asa synchondrosis.D

22 Superficial dorsal sacrococcygealligament.

Lig.sacrococcygeumposterius(dorsale) superfi-

ciale.D

23 Deep dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament. Lig.

sacrococcygeum posterius (dorsale) profun-

dum.D

24 Ventral sacrococcygeal ligament. Lig. sacro-

coccygeumanterius(ventrale).

25 Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament. Lig. sacro-

coccygeumlaterale.D

26 Atlanto-occipital joint. Articulatio atlanto-

occipitalis.Jointbetweenthe atlasandthe occip-

italbone.See page 59 AB

27 Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane. Mem-

branaatlanto-occipitalis anterior.Membranous

connectionbetweenthe archofthe atlasandthe

occipitalbone. It liesin frontof the apicalliga-

mentof thedens.B

Anterior atlanto-occipital ligament. [Lig.

atlanto-occipitaleanterius]. Thickened portion

of the atlanto-occipitalmembrane emanating

fromtheanterior tubercle.

29 Posterior atlanto-occipitalmembrane. Mem-

branaatlanto-occipitalis posterior. Connection

betweenthe arch ofthe atlas andthe occipital

bonesituated inthe posteriorwall ofthe verte-

bralcanal.B

30 Lateral atlanto-occipital membrane. Lig.

atlanto-occipitalelaterale.Obliquetract offibers

extending fromthe transverse process of the

atlastothe jugularprocess oftheoccipital bone.

Sutures,joints andligaments

58.6

8.22

58.8

Skull of newborn,

inferior view

Ligaments of cervical vertebral column,

medial view

Ligaments of vertebral column

and ribs, lateral view

Coccygeal ligaments, posterior view

Sutures,joints andligaments

1 Lateralatlanto-axial joint. Articulatioatlanto-

axialislateralis.Jointbetweenthe inferiorarticu-

larfacet of theatlas and the superiorarticular

facetofthe axis.A B

2 Medianatlanto-axial joint.Articulatio atlanto-

axialismediana. Articulationbetween the atlas

andthe densofthe axis.C

3 Alarligaments.Ligg. alaria.Pairedligamentsex-

tendingfrom thedens of theaxis to thelateral

marginofthe foramenmagnum. AB

4 Apicalligament of the dens.Lig. apicisdentis.

Unpairedligament extendingfrom the apexof

thedens tothe anterior marginof theforamen

magnum.A C

5 Cruciform ligament of atlas. Lig. cruciforme

atlantis.Cruciateligament consistingof thetwo

followingligamentous bands (6,7) located be-

tweenthedens andthe tectorialmembrane. B

Longitudinal fasciculi of cruciform liga-

ment.

Fasciculi longitudinales. Connective

tissuetractsfromthe bodyoftheaxis totheante-

riormarginofthe foramenmagnum.Theyaresit-

uatedbehindthedens anditsapicalligament. BC

Transverse ligament of atlas. Lig. transver-

sumatlantis. Part ofthe cruciform ligamentof

theatlaspassing behindthe densandextending

transverselyfrom one side of the atlas to the

other.Itholds thedens inposition. BC

8 Tectorial membrane. Membrana tectoria.

Bilayeredcontinuation of the posterior longi-

tudinalligament. It passesfrom the axis to the

anteriormargin ofthe foramenmagnum andis

continuouswiththe dura-periosteallayerof the

skullbase. C

9 JOINTSOF THORAX.Articulationesthoracis.Ar-

ticularconnectionsof theskeletonof thethorax.

10 COSTOVERTEBRAL JOINTS. Articulationes cos-

tovertebrales.Jointsbetween theribsand verte-

brae.D

11 Joints of rib heads.Articulatio capitis costae

(costalis). Articular unions thatconnect the

headsoftheribs withthevertebralbodiesand in-

tervertebraldiscs.D

12 Radiate ligament of head of rib.Lig. capitis

costaeradiatum. Ligament radiating predomi-

nantlyfromtheanteriorside oftheheadof aribto

theadjacent vertebral body andintervertebral

disc.D E

13 Intra-articular ligament of headof rib.Lig.

capitiscostaeintra-articulare. Ligamentextend-

ingfromthe crestof theheadof therib tothein-

tervertebraldisc.Itliesbetweenthe twoarticular

facetsofthe headof therib. E

14 Costotransverse joint. Articulatio costotrans-

versaria.Joint between thearticular surface of

thetubercleof theriband thetransverseprocess

ofthecorresponding vertebra.D

15 Costotransverse ligament. Lig. costotransver-

sarium.Ligament betweenthe neckof arib and

the transverse process of thecorresponding

vertebra.D

16 Superior costotransverseligament. Lig.co-

stotransversariumsuperius. Ligament extend-

ing from a rib to the next higher transverse

process.E

17 Lateral costotransverse ligament.Lig. costotr-

ansversariumlaterale.Ligamentextending from

the end of a transverseprocess to the corre-

spondingrib. D

18 Lumbocostal ligament.Lig.lumbocostale. Deep

layerof the thoracolumbarfascia. Fibrous con-

nectionbetweenthecostal processofthelumbar

vertebrae,thetwelfthrib,and theedgeofthe pel-

vis.

19 Costotransverse foramen.Foramencostotrans-

versarium.Openingfortheintercostal nervesbe-

tween the superior costotransverse ligament

andthe neckofthe rib.E

20 Sternocostal joint. Articulationes sterno-

costales.Articulations between the costal car-

tilageandsternum. F

21 Intra-articularsternocostal ligament.Lig. ster-

nocostaleintra-articulare. Ligamentwithin the

articularcavitybetween thecostal cartilageand

sternum,especiallypronounced atthe 2

rib.F

22 Radiate sternocostal ligaments. Ligg. sterno-

costaliaradiata.Fibertractslocated infrontofthe

sternocostaljoint andradiatingfrom theend of

thecostalcartilage tothe sternum.F

23 Sternal membrane. Membrana sterni. Mem-

branouscovering of theanterior surface ofthe

sternumformedby thefibers oftheradiate ster-

nocostalligaments.F

24 Costoxiphoid ligaments.Ligg. costoxiphoidea.

Fibertracts extending downward fromthe 7

costalcartilageto thexiphoid process.

25 Externalintercostal membrane.Membranain-

tercostalisexterna.Continuation ofthe external

intercostalmuscles atthe sternalend ofthe in-

tercostalspace.F

26 Internalintercostal membrane.Membrana in-

tercostalisinterna. Continuationof theinternal

intercostalmusclesnear thevertebralend ofthe

intercostalspace.E

26a Sternocostal synchondrosis of thefirst rib.

Synchondrosissternocostaliscostae primae.

27 Interchondraljoints. Articulationes interchon-

drales. Articulations between the costal car-

tilages,usually between those ofribs 6−9. See

page 7D

28 Costochondral joints. Articulationes costoch-

ondrales. Unions between the bony and car-

tilaginousparts ofribswithout anarticular cav-

ity.

Sutures,joints andligaments

17 15 15 14

343

Ligaments between atlas,

axis and occipital bone

C Ligaments of vertebral column and ribs,

on right in cross section

Ligaments of vertebral column and ribs

E Sternocostal articulationsF

Dens of axis with ligaments,

posterior view

A Atlanto-occipital articulation,

posterior view

Sutures,joints andligaments

1 SYNOVIALJOINTS OFTHE SKULL.Articulationes

synovialescranii.Cf. pp.56.26, 58.1,58.2

2 Temporomandibular joint. Articulatio tem-

poromandibularis.AB C

3 Articulardisc. Discusarticularis.Biconcave disc

of fibroustissue and fibrocartilage positioned

betweentheheadofthe mandibleandthearticu-

larfossa. Sinceitis connectedwith thearticular

capsuleon allsides, itdivides thejoint intotwo

compartments, both of which are functional

unitsofthe discocapsularsystem. C

4 Lateral (temporomandibular) ligament. Lig.

laterale.A strongfibrousband occasionallypre-

senton thelateral surfaceof the joint.It passes

obliquelyupwardand forwardfrom theneck of

themandible. A

5 Medialligament.Lig.mediale.Reinforcement of

themedial wallofthe capsule.B

6 Superiorsynovial membrane.Membrana syn-

ovialissuperior. Synoviallining of thesuperior

articularcavity.C

7 Inferior synovial membrane.Membrana syn-

ovialisinferior.Synovial liningofthe inferiorar-

ticularcavity.C

8 Sphenomandibular ligament. Lig. spheno-

mandibulare.Flatligamentonthe inneraspectof

themandibularramus extendingfromthe man-

dibular foramento the spine of the sphenoid

bonelateralto theforamen spinosum.B

9 Stylomandibularligament. Lig.stylomandibu-

lare.Ligamentpassing fromthe anteriorsurface

of the styloidprocess to the angle of the

mandible.A B

10 Pterygospinal ligament.Lig. pterygospinale.

Broadconnectivetissuebandextending fromthe

upperpart of thelateral plate ofthe pterygoid

processtothe spineof thesphenoid. B

11 Stylohyoid ligament. Lig.stylohyoideum.Liga-

mentrunning between thestyloid processand

thelesser hornof thehyoid bone.Vestigeof the

secondpharyngealarch. B

12 JOINTS OF THESHOULDER GIRDLE.Articula-

tionescingulipectoralis. DE FG

13 Coracoacromial ligament. Lig. cora-

coacromiale. Strongband extending from the

coracoidprocess to the acromion.It forms the

roofofthe shoulderjoint. D

14 Superior transverse scapular ligament. Lig.

transversumscapulae superius.Ligament lying

medialto thecoracoid processand bridgingthe

scapularnotch.D

15 Inferior transverse scapular ligament. [Lig.

transversum scapulae inferius]. Weak fibrous

bandpassing from theroot of the spineof the

scapulato the posterior marginof the glenoid

cavity.F

16 Acromioclavicular joint. Articulatio acromio-

clavicularis.Jointbetween theacromionand the

clavicle.D

17 Acromioclavicular ligament. Lig. acromio-

claviculare. Strong fibrous band within and

abovethearticularcapsuleserving toprotectand

holdtogetherthe clavicleand acromion.D

18 Articular disc. Discus articularis. Fibrocar-

tilaginousinterarticulardisc. D

19 Coracoclavicular ligament. Lig.coracoclavicu-

lare. Two-part band connecting the coracoid

processandthe clavicle.D

Trapezoid ligament. Lig. trapezoideum. The

portionof thecoracoclavicular ligament taking

anupward andlateral coursefrom thecoracoid

processtothe clavicle.Itlies betweentheconoid

andcoraco-acromialligaments. D

Conoid ligament. Lig.conoideum. Theportion

ofthe coraco-clavicularligament medial tothe

trapezoidligament.It arisesfrom theroot ofthe

coracoidprocess.D

22 Sternoclavicularjoint. Articulatiosternoclavic-

ularis.Two-chambered joint betweenthe ster-

numand clavicle.G

23 Articular disc.Discus articularis.Interarticular

discanchoredbelow tothe firstrib andaboveto

theclavicle.G

24 Anterior sternoclavicular ligament. Lig. ster-

noclaviculareanterius. Bandthat reinforcesthe

anteriorwallof thejoint capsule.G

25 Posteriorsternoclavicular ligament. Lig. ster-

noclaviculareposterius.Band thatreinforcesthe

posteriorwallof thejoint capsule.

26 Costoclavicularligament. Lig.costoclaviculare.

Ligamentousunionbetween thefirstrib andthe

claviclelateralto thesternoclavicular joint.G

27 Interclavicular ligament. Lig. interclaviculare.

Ligamentpassing acrossthe suprasternalnotch

anduniting both clavicles.G

28 JOINTSOF THEFREE UPPERLIMB. Articulationes

membrisuperioris liberi.

29 Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint. Articulatio

humeri(glenohumeralis).D EF

30 Glenoid lip. Labrum glenoidale. The fibrocar-

tilaginousmarginof thebony glenoidcavity.E

31 Coracohumeralligament. Lig.coracohumerale.

Thickenedportion of thecapsule passing from

therootofthe coracoidprocesstotheupper mar-

ginofthe greaterand lessertubercles. DE

32 Glenohumeral ligaments. Ligg. glenohumer-

alia.Threethickenedbands(superior, middle,in-

ferior)withintheanterior wallofthecapsule. DE

Sutures,joints andligaments

34.24

31 32 34.10

Temporomandibular joint,

lateral viewl

Temporomandibular

joint, medial view

Temporomandibular joint,

sagittal section

Lateral ligaments of shoulder, anterior view

D Shoulder joint, disarticulated,

lateral view

Shoulder joint, posterior view

F Sternoclavicular jointsG

Sutures,joints andligaments

1 Elbowjoint. Articulatiocubiti (cubitalis).Artic-

ular connection between the upper arm and

forearm.A

2 Humeroulnar joint. Articulatio humero-ul-

naris.Jointb etween thehumerus andulna.

3 Humeroradial joint. Articulatio humero-

radialis.Jointbetween thehumerus andradius.

4 Proximalradioulnar joint.Articulatioradio-ul-

narisproximalis. Joint formed bythe articular

circumferenceofthe radiusand theradialnotch

ofthe ulna.

5 Ulnar collateral ligament. Lig. collaterale ul-

nare.Collateral ligament onthe medial partof

thearmb etweentheulna andhumerus. A

6 Radial collateral ligament. Lig. collaterale

radiale.Ligamentwhich spreadsfromthe lateral

epicondyletothe annularligament oftheradius

andthe ulna.A

7 Annular ligament of the radius. Lig. anulare

radii.Circularband embracingapartof theartic-

ularcircumferenceof theradius.It isattached to

theanterior andposterior marginsof theradial

notchofthe ulna.A

8 Quadrateligament. Lig.quadratum. Thinband

offibers passing from thedistal margin of the

radialnotchof theulna totheneck ofthe radius.

9 Radioulnarsyndesmosis (joint). Syndesmosis

[articulatio]radioulnaris. Fibrousjointb etween

theradiusand ulna.

10 Interosseous membrane of forearm. Mem-

brana interossea antebrachii. Membranous

sheetwhich spreads betweenthe interosseous

marginsofthe radiusand ulna.A

11 Oblique cord. Chorda obliqua. Ligamentous

bandextending obliquely downwardfrom the

ulnartuberosity tothe radius. Itruns in anop-

positedirection to most fibers of the interos-

seousmembrane.A

12 Distal radioulnarjoint. Articulatioradioulnaris

distalis.B

13 Articular disc. Discusarticularis. Interarticular

discbetweentheulna andcarpus.Itisattached at

theradiusand styloidprocess oftheulna and,as

an intra-articular ligament, it connects the

radiusandulna. B

14 Recessus sacciformis.Proximalextensionof the

flaccidarticular capsule.B

15 Radiocarpal joint. Articulatio radiocarpalis.

Proximalwrist jointbetween theproximal row

ofcarpal bonesand theradius includingthe ar-

ticulardisc. B

15a Carpaljoints.Articulationes carpi.

16 Intercarpal joints.Articulationes intercarpales.

Jointsbetweenthe carpalbonespermitting only

slightmovement.B

17 Midcarpal joint.Articulatio mediocarpalis.The

distalwristjointbetweenthe proximalanddistal

rowsofcarpal bones.B

18 Dorsal radiocarpal ligament.Lig. radiocarpale

dorsale.Ligamenton thedorsumof thewristex-

tendingfromtheradiusto thetriquetrumbone.C

19 Palmar radiocarpalligament. Lig.radiocarpale

palmare.Ligament on theflexor side radiating

fromtheradius tothelunate andcapitatebones.

20 Palmar ulnocarpal ligament.Lig. ulnocarpale

palmare. Ligament extending from the flexor

sideofthehead oftheulnarchiefly tothecapitate

bone.It often unites withfibers of the palmar

radiocarpalligament.D

21 Radiate carpal ligament. Lig. carpi radiatum.

Groupsof fibers radiating to bothsides of the

wristmainlyfrom thehead ofthecapitate bone.

22 Ulnar carpal collateral ligament. Lig. col-

lateralecarpiulnare.Collateral ligamentextend-

ingfrom the styloid processof the ulnato the

triquetrumandpisiform bones.C D

23 Radial carpal collateral ligament. Lig. col-

laterale carpi radiale. External collateral liga-

ment passing fromthe styloid process of the

radiustothe scaphoidbone. CD

24 Dorsal intercarpal ligaments. Ligg. intercar-

paliadorsalia.Ligamentous bandsextendingbe-

tweenthe proximal and distal rows of carpal

bonesonthe dorsumof thewrist. C

25 Palmar intercarpal ligaments. Ligg. intercar-

paliapalmaria.Groups ofligamentsbetweenthe

carpal boneson the palmar aspect below the

radiatecarpalligament. D

Sutures,joints andligaments

88.12

Elbow joint, anterior viewA Carpal joints in horizontal

section

Carpal ligaments, dorsal view

C Carpal ligaments, palmar viewD

Sutures,joints andligaments

1 JOINTSOF THEHAND. Articulationesmanus.AB

2 Interosseous intercarpal ligaments. Ligg. in-

tercarpalia interossea. Ligaments penetrating

directlythroughthejoint cleftsbetweenthe car-

palbones withinarow. A

3 Pisotriquetraljoint.Articulatio ossispisiformis.

Articulation between the pisiform and

triquetrumbones.A

4 Pisohamateligament. Lig. pisohamatum. Me-

dialcontinuationofthe tendonofthe flexorcarpi

ulnaristothe hookof thehamate bone.B

5 Pisometacarpal ligament. Lig. pisometacar-

pale.Lateral continuation of thetendon of the

flexorcarpiulnaris tothe baseof thefifth meta-

carpal.B

6 Carpalcanal or tunnel.Canaliscarpi (carpalis).

Palmarcanal located betweenthe tubercles of

thescaphoidand trapeziumon theone sideand

thepisiformboneandthe hookofthehamuluson

theotherside.It isbridgedover bytheflexorreti-

naculum(93.26). B

7 Metacarpal articulations. Articulationes car-

pometacarpales. Slightly movable joints be-

tweenthe distalcarpal bonesand the metacar-

pals.A

8 Dorsalcarpomet acarpal ligaments.Ligg. car-

pometacarpaliadorsalia. Rigidligamentson the

dorsumof the hand between thedistal carpal

bonesandthe metacarpalbones. C

9 Palmarcarpometacarpal ligaments. Ligg.car-

pometacarpaliapalmaria.Ligaments onthe pal-

marside of thehand between thedistal carpal

bonesandthe metacarpalbones. B

10 Carpometacarpal jointof thethumb. Articula-

tiocarpometacarpalis pollicis. Saddle jointbe-

tweenthefirstmetacarpaland thetrapezium.AB

11 Intermetacarpal joints. Articulationes inter-

metacarpales.Joints between the bases of the

metacarpalbones.A

12 Dorsal metacarpal ligaments. Ligg. metacar-

paliadorsalia. Ligamentsbetween theproximal

endsofthe metacarpalson theextensor side.C

13 Palmar metacarpal ligaments. Ligg. metacar-

paliapalmaria. Ligamentsbetween thebases of

themetacarpalbones onthe palmarside. B

14 Interosseous metacarpal ligaments. Ligg.

metacarpaliainterossea. Short,tense ligaments

atthe basesof themetacarpalbones. Theylie in

theintracapsularspaces betweenthedorsal and

palmarmetacarpalligaments. A

15 Interosseous spaces ofmetacarpus. Spatiain-

terosseametacarpi. Spaces betweenthe meta-

carpalbones. AC

16 Metacarpophalangeal joints. Articulationes

metacarpophalangeales. Joints between the

headsof themetacarpal bonesand thebases of

theproximalphalanges. B

17 Collateral ligaments. Ligg. collateralia. Col-

lateral ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal

joints.They slackenduring extensionof thefin-

gersand become tense whenmaking a closed

first.B

18 Palmar ligaments.Ligg. palmaria. Fib ersin the

floorof thetendon sheaths extendingfrom the

rootof the collateral ligaments to the palmar

side.Theyshouldnot beconfusedwith theannu-

larpartsofthe fibroussheaths.Seepage 92.28.B

19 Deep transverse metacarpal ligament. Lig.

metacarpale transversum profundum. Trans-

verselyorientedfibroustracts onthepalmarside

oftheheads ofthe metacarpalbonesat thelevel

ofthe jointspaces. Theyhold thedistal partsof

themetacarpustogether. B

20 Interphalangeal joints. Articulationes inter-

phalangealesmanus.Middleand distaljointsbe-

tweenthephalanges. B

21 Collateral ligaments of theinterphalangeal

joints.Ligg. collateralia.B

22 Palmarligaments. Ligg.palmaria. Fiberswhich

passinto thefloor of thetendon sheathsabove

theinterphalangealjoints. B

Sutures,joints andligaments

15 15

19 19 19

15 15

Carpal joints in horizontal

section

Carpal joints of right hand,

dorsal view

Carpal joints, palmar view

Sutures,joints andligaments

1 JOINTS OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE. Articulationes

cingulipelvici.

2 Obturatormembrane. Membrana obturatoria.

Membranewhich closesoff the obturatorfora-

menexceptfor theobturator canal.It iscovered

bytheobturator externusandinternus muscles.

ABCD

3 Obturatorcanal. Canalisobturatorius.Opening

inthe supralateral partof the obturator mem-

brane.Itcorresponds totheobturatorgroove be-

tween the two obturator tubercles and is

traversedbytheobturatorartery, veinandnerve.

ACD

4 Lumbosacral joint. Articulatio lumbosacralis.

Articulation betweenthe sacrum and lumbar

vertebra5(4). A

5 Iliolumbar ligament. Lig. iliolumbale. Strong

ligamentthatpassesto theiliummainlyfrom the

transverseprocessesof L4and 5.A B

6 Sacrotuberous ligament. Lig. sacrotuberale.

Strongligament that extends fromthe medial

marginof the ischial tuberosityto the sacrum

andilium. BD

Falciform process. Processus falciformis.

Slender extension of fibersfrom the sacro-

tuberous ligament to the inner aspect of the

ischium.B D

8 Sacrospinous ligament. Lig. sacrospinale.

Fibrousband medial tothe sacrotuberousliga-

ment. It passes from the ischial spine to the

sacrum andcoccyx and separates the greater

fromthelesser sciaticforamen. BD

9 Greater sciatic foramen. Foramen sciaticum

(ischiadicum) majus. Foramen between the

greatersciaticnotch, sacrum,sacrospinous liga-

mentand the upper part ofthe sacrotuberous

ligament.Itistraversed bythepiriformismuscle,

superiorand inferiorgluteal arteries, veinsand

nerves, the internal pudendal vein, pudendal

nerve,sciatic nerve and posterior femoral cu-

taneousnerve.A BD

10 Lesser sciatic foramen. Foramen sciaticum

(ischiadicum) minus. Foramen between the

lesser sciatic notchand the sacrospinous and

sacrotuberousligaments. Ittransmits theobtu-

ratorinternusmuscle aswell asthe internalpu-

dendalarteryandvein andthepudendalnerve to

theischiorectalfossa. BD

11 Sacroiliac joint. Articulatio sacroiliaca. Joint

connectedby fibers that permits littlemotion

[[amphiarthrosis]].It islocated between the

sacrum and the ilium and may become syn-

osteotic.A

12 Ventral sacroiliac ligaments. Ligg. sacroiliaca

anteriora (ventralia). Thin but broadfibrous

bandsthatextendfromtheanterior surfaceofthe

firstandsecond sacralvertebraetothe ilium.AD

13 Interosseous sacroiliac ligaments. Ligg.

sacroiliacainterossea. Dorsalmass ofligaments

thatpassfromthe tuberosityofthesacrum tothe

tuberosityofthe ilium.B

14 Dorsal sacroiliac ligaments.Ligg. sacroiliaca

posteriora(dorsalia). Superficialbundle ofliga-

ments attached dorsally to theinterosseous

sacroiliac ligaments betweenthe sacrum and

ilium.B

15 Pubic symphsis. Symphysis pubica. Synchon-

drosisthatarticulates withtheinterpubicdisc. A

16 Superior pubic ligament. Lig. pubicum su-

perius. Fibrous connection between the two

halvesofthesymphysis emanating fromthepec-

tenossispubis oneither side.A

17 Arcuate pubic ligament. Lig. arcuatum pubis.

Strong,curvedligament belowthesymphysis. A

18 Interpubic disc. Discusinterpubicus. Fibrocar-

tilageplatewith asynovia-filledmedian groove,

locatedbetween thearticular surfacesmade of

hyaline cartilage on the right and left pubic

bones.A

19 JOINTS OF THEFREE LOWER LIMB. Articula-

tionesmembriinferioris liberi.

20 HIPJOINT.Articulatio coxae(iliofemoralis).Joint

formedby the acetabulumand the headof the

femur.AB C

21 Joint capsule.Capsula articularis.It isattached

anteriorlyto theintertrochanteric line,posteri-

orlyabove tothe intertrochantericcrest.A frac-

tureofthe neckofthe femurcan thereforebein-

tracapsularwhenin theanteriorregion orextra-

capsularwhenin theposterior region.A

22 Orbicular zone.Zona orbicularis. Ligamentous

fibersencirclingthe neckof thefemur.B

23 Iliofemoral ligament.Lig. iliofemorale. Strong

anteriorligamentofthe hipjointcapsuleextend-

ingfromtheilium totheintertrochanteric line.A

24 Ischiofemoral ligament.Lig. ischiofemorale.It

radiatesinto theorbicular zonefrom theposte-

rior marginof the acetabulum and is also at-

tachedtothe anteriormargin ofthe greatertro-

chanterandto theintertrochantericline. B

25 Pubofemoral ligament. Lig. pubofemorale.

Ligamentthatarisesme diallyfromthejoint cap-

suleofthe pubicboneand extendstothe orbicu-

larzoneand tothe partof thefemurproximal to

thelessertrochanter. A

26 Acetabularlip. Labrumacetabulare.A ringof fi-

brocartilage and connective tissue that

completesanddeepens thebonyacetabulum. C

Transverse acetabular ligament. Lig. trans-

versumacetabuli.Itbridgestheacetabular notch.

28 Ligamentof headof femur.Lig.capitis femoris.

Asmoothligament extendingfromthe acetabu-

larnotch tothe pit onthe head ofthe femur.It

transmitsblood vessels and hasno direct me-

chanicalaction.C

Sutures,joints andligaments

13 5

20; 21

107

86.10

20; 21

163

Pelvic ligaments, anterior viewA

Pelvic ligaments,

posterior view

Hip joint, opened

Pelvic ligaments,

medial view

Sutures,joints andligaments

1 Kneejoint.Articulatiogenus [genualis].AB CDE

2 Lateralmeniscus. Meniscus lateralis. Roughly

circular ring,the superficial layer of which is

madeoffibrocartilage, whereasthedeep layeris

moretendinous. It is locatedbelow the lateral

femoralcondyle and has close-set bases. It is

relativelymobilebecause itisnot fusedwith the

lateralcollateral ligament. BD E

Anterior meniscofemoral ligament. Lig.

meniscofemorale anterius. Fibrous band oc-

casionallyfoundconnectingthe posteriorpartof

thelateral meniscus withthe anterior cruciate

ligament. It passes in front ofthe posterior

cruciateligament. DE

Posterior meniscofemoral ligament. Lig.

meniscofemoraleposterius. It passesposterior

tothe lateralmeniscus tothe fibular surfaceof

themedialfemoralcondyle behindtheposterior

cruciateligament. DE

5 Medial meniscus. Meniscus medialis. A cres-

cent-shaped ring segment located below the

medialfemoralcondyle. Itisnot verymobile be-

causeit isfused withthe medial collateralliga-

ment.Its histologicalstructureis likethat ofthe

lateralmeniscus. BD E

6 Transverseligament ofknee. Lig.transversum

genus [genuale]. Transverse ligament joining

the anterior ends of thelateral andmedial

menisci.B D

7 Cruciate ligaments of knee. Ligg. cruciata

genus[geniualia].They preventdisplacementof

thetibia andfemur inthe sagittalplane. BE

Anteriorcruciate ligament.Lig. cruciatuman-

terius.It passes from the inner surface of the

lateralfemoral condyle obliquely forward and

inferomedially to the anterior intercondylar

area.It prevents inward rotation and forward

displacementofthe tibiatowardthefemur. BDE

Posterior cruciate ligament. Lig. cruciatum

posterius.Itpasses fromthe innersurface ofthe

medialfemoral condyleto theposterior condy-

lararea,stabilizesthe jointwhenflexed,and pre-

ventsbackward displacementof thetibia away

fromthe femur.B DE

10 Infrapatellar synovial fold.Plica synovialisin-

frapatellaris.Connective tissue that oftencon-

tains fat. It extends from the infrapatellar

adiposebody tothe intercondylarfossa.B

Alar folds. Plicae alares. Deformable, paired

bulgesofthe adiposebodythat fillemptyspaces

inthe anteriorpart ofthe jointcavity.B

12 Fibular collateral ligament. Lig. collaterale

fibulare.Lateralcollateral ligamentthatextends

fromthe lateral epicondyle tothe head of the

fibulaindependentof thecapsuleand meniscus.

ABCDE

13 Tibial collateral ligament.Lig. collaterale ti-

biale.Medialcollateral ligamentextendingfrom

themedialepicondyleto thetibia.Itis fusedwith

thejoint capsuleand themeniscus. AB CD E

14 Oblique poplitealligament. Lig.popliteum ob-

liquum.Fibrousbandoriginating intheposterior

wallof thecapsule, extendingupward andout-

wardfrom thetendon ofthe semimembranous

muscle,thereby reinforcingthecapsule. C

15 Arcuate popliteal ligament.Lig. popliteumar-

cuatum.Curved band of fibersextending from

theepicondyle,across theorigin ofthepopliteal

muscletothe headofthe fibula,thusreinforcing

theposterior wallof thecapsule. C

16 Patellar ligament.Ligamentum patellae. Wide

(2−3 cm) and thick(ca. 0.5 cm)fibrous band

thatformsthe continuationof thetendon ofthe

quadricepsfemoris muscle.It extendsfrom the

apexof thepatella tothetibial tuberosity.A

17 Medial retinaculum ofpatella. Retinaculum

patellaemediale.Aponeurosis froma partofthe

vastusmedialis muscle that extends medially

fromthepatella andattachesto themedial mar-

ginofthe tibialtuberosity.Itmaintains thepath-

wayof movement of the patellavia muscular

contractionandservesas areserveextensionap-

paratus.A

18 Lateral retinaculum ofpatella. Retinaculum

patellaelaterale. Aponeurosis of a part of the

vastuslateralislateral tothepatella withattach-

mentlateral tothe tibialtuberosity. Itsaction is

comparableto thatof no.17.A

19 Infrapatellar fat pad. Corpus adiposuminfra-

patellare. Large, wedge-shaped mass of fatty

tissueinfront ofthe kneejointspace. Itincludes

theinfrapatellar alarand synovialfolds. A

20 Tibiofibularjoint. Articulatiotibiof ibularis.Ar-

ticulationbetweenthe headofthe fibulaandthe

lateralcondyle ofthe tibia.E

21 Anteriorligament ofhead off ibula.Lig.capitis

fibulaeanterius. Groupof fiberspassing anteri-

orlyfromthe headof thefibula tothe tibia,thus

holdingthe twobones together.A

22 Posterior ligament of head of fibula. Lig.

capitisfibulae posterius.Weakergroup offibers

extendingfromthe posteriorpart ofthehead of

thefibula tothe tibia.C DE

23 Tibiofibularsyndesmosis [joint]. Syndesmosis

[articulatio]tibiofibularis. Distal union of tibia

withfibula.

24 Interosseous membrane. Membrana interos-

seacruris.Membrane attachedtotheinterosser-

ousmargins ofthe tibiaand fibula.It isthe field

oforiginofthe lowerlegmusclesand ensuresthe

stabilityof themalleolar bifurcation.A CF G

25 Anterior tibiofibular ligament. Lig. tibiofibu-

lareanterius.Anterior fibrousbands connecting

thefibularincisure tothe lateralmalleolus,thus

stabilizingthe malleolarbifurcation. F

26 Posteriortibiofibular ligament. Lig. tibiofibu-

lareposterius. Posteriorfibrous bandsconnect-

ingthe fibularincisure to thelateral malleolus,

thusstabilizing themalleolar bifurcation.G

Sutures,joints andligaments

Distal area of right leg,

posterior view

Distal area of right leg,

anterior view

96.21

96.6

1111

Right knee joint,

anterior view

A Right knee joint,

opened, anterior view

Right knee joint,

posterior view

C Right knee joint, opened,

superior view

D Right knee joint, opened,

posterior view

Sutures,joints andligaments

1 Ankle(t alocrural)joint. Articulatio talocruralis.

Upper ankle joint between the talus, tibia and

fibula.D

2 Medial or deltoid ligament. Lig. mediale (del-

toideum)articulationis talocruralis. Ligamenton

themedial sideof theankle whichconsists ofthe

foursegments described below.D

Tibionavicularpart. Parstibionavicularis.Group

offibers connecting theme dialmalleolus to the

dorsalandmedial surfacesofthenavicular bone.D

Tibiocalcanealpart. Pars tibiocalcanea.Groupof

fibersconnectingthe medialmalleolus tothe sus-

tentaculumtali. BD

Anterior tibiotalar part.Pars tibiotalaris ante-

rior.Segmentofthe deltoidligamentthat connects

themedial malleolusto themedial surfaceof the

talusas faras theneckof thetalus. D

Posteriortibiotalar part.Pars tibiotalarisposte-

rior.Fibersextending posteriorlyfrom themedial

malleolusalmostas faras theposteriorprocess of

thetalus. BD

7 Anterior talofibular ligament. Lig. talofibulare

anterius.Ligamentextendingfrom thelateralmal-

leolustothelateralsurfaceof theneckofthetalus. A

8 Posterior talofibular ligament.Lig. talofibulare

posterius.Itoriginatesinthe lateralmalleolarfossa

andinserts atthe lateraltubercle ofthe posterior

processofthe talus.A B

9 Calcaneofibular ligament.Lig. calcaneofibulare.

Itpassesobliquelyand posteriorlyfromtheapexof

thealteralmalleolus tothe calcaneus.AB

10 Intertarsal joints. Articulationes intertarseae.

Jointsbetweenthe tarsalbones.

11 JOINTS OF THEFOOT. Articulationespedis.

12 Talocalcaneonavicular joint. Articulatiotalocal-

caneonavicularis.Theanteriorportion ofthelower

anklejoint inwhich thetalus articulateswith the

calcaneusandnavicular bones.A C

13 Subtalar joint. Articulatio subtalaris (talocal-

canea).Jointbetween thetalus andcalcaneusthat

representsthe posterior part ofthe lower ankle

joint.AB CD

14 Lateral talocalcaneal ligament. Lig. talocal-

caneumlaterale. Ligament that passes fromthe

trochleaofthetalus tothelateral surfaceofthecal-

caneus.Itis partiallycovered bythecalcaneofibu-

larligament.A

15 Medial talocalcaneal ligament. Lig. talocal-

caneummediale. Ligamenton the medialside of

thefoot thatextends fromthe medialtubercle of

theposterior process of thetalus to the sustan-

taculumtali.B D

15a Posteriortalocalcaneal ligament. [[Lig. talocal-

caneumposterior.]]Fibrous band extendingfrom

theposteriorprocess ofthe talusto thecalcaneus,

therebybridging the sulcusof the tendonof the

flexorhallucislongus muscle.

16 Transverse tarsal (midtarsal)joint [[Chopart’s

joint]]Articulatiotarsi transversa.Jointsituated in

frontofthe talusandcalcaneusbut proximaltothe

cuboidandnavicular bones.C

17 Calcaneocuboid joint. Articulatio calcaneo-

cuboidea.Jointbetween thecalcaneus andcuboid

bones.AC

17a Cuneocuboid joint. Articulatio cuneocuboidea.

Articulationbetween thecuboid boneand lateral

cuneiformbone.C

18 Cuneonavicular joint. Articulatio cuneonavicu-

laris. Joint between the navicular bone and

cuneiformbones.C D

18a Intercuneiform joints. Articulationes inter-

cuneiformes.Jointbetween thecuneiform bones.

19 Interosseous ligaments ofthe tarsus. Ligg.tarsi

interossea.The followingthree interosseousliga-

mentsarepresent betweenthe tarsalbones:

Interrosseous talocalcaneal ligament.Lig. ta-

localcaneum interosseum. Strong mass of liga-

mentsinthe sinustarsi. AC

Interosseous cuneocuboid ligament. Lig.

cuneocuboideum interosseum. Taut connection

betweenthelateralcuneiformbone andthecuboid

bone.AC

Interosseous intercuneiform ligaments. Ligg.

intercuneiformia interossea.Taut ligaments be-

tweenthethree cuneiformbones. C

23 Dorsal ligaments of the tarsus.Ligg. tarsi dor-

salia.Thefollowing eightdorsalligaments arepre-

sentbetweenthe tarsalbones.

Talonavicularligament.Lig. talonaviculare.Dor-

salligamentbetween theheadof thetalus andthe

navicularbone.A D

Dorsal intercuneiform ligaments. Ligg. inter-

cuneiformiadorsalia. Dorsal ligaments between

thecuneiformbones. A

Dorsal cuneocuboid ligaments. Lig. cuneocu-

boideumdorsale. Dorsal ligaments between the

lateralcuneiformbone andthe cuboidbone.A

Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament. Lig.

cuboideonaviculare dorsale. Ligament between

thecuboidand navicularbones. A

Bifurcate ligament. Lig. bifurcatum. V-shaped

doubleligament infront of thesinus tarsion the

dorsumofthefoot. Itextendsforwardfrom thecal-

caneusand consistsofthe followingtwo parts.A

Calcaneonavicular ligament. Lig. cal-

caneonaviculare.Itextendslaterally fromthehead

ofthe talusto thenavicularbone. A

Calcaneocuboid ligament. Lig. calcaneo-

cuboideum.It extendsfromthe calcaneusand at-

tachesnear themiddle of thecuboid bone.A

Dorsalcuneonavicular ligaments. Ligg.cuneo-

naviculariadorsalia. Broadgroup ofligaments on

thedorsum of thefoot connecting the navicular

bonewith thethree cuneiformbones.A

31a Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament. Lig. cal-

caneocuboideum dorsale. Moderate reinforce-

mentof the jointcapsule lateral tothe bifurcate

ligament.A

Sutures,joints andligaments

17a

31a

2930

Ligaments of right foot,

lateral view

A Ligaments of right ankle

(talocrural) joint,

posterior view

Tarsometatarsal bones of right foot,

horizontal section

Ligaments of right foot,

medial view

Sutures,joints andligaments

1 Plantar ligaments of tarsus. Ligg. tarsi

plantaria. Ligaments on thepalmar aspect of

thefoot. Theyare particularlyimportantfor the

bracingof both plantararches of thefoot.

Longplantar ligament. Lig. plantarelongum.

Stout ligament which passes from the cal-

caneusclosely infront ofits tuberto thecuboid

bone and to the bases of metatarsals II−V. It

supportsthe longitudinal arch.A

Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament or short

plantar ligament.

Lig. calcaneocuboideum

plantare. Shorter portion of the long plantar

ligament.A

Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) liga-

ment.

Lig. calcaneonaviculareplantare. It lies

medialto the above-mentionendligament and

supports, according to more traditional view,

the articular cavity forthe head of the talus.

Since the talar side of the ligament isquite

looseand contains no fibrocartilage, this con-

ceptis questionable. A

Plantar cuneonavicular ligaments. Ligg.

cuneonavicularia plantaria. Groups of liga-

mentsthat connectthe navicularbone withthe

cuneiformbones lodged infront of it.A

Plantar cuboideonavicular ligament. Lig.

cuboideonaviculare plantare. A plantar liga-

mentcoursing somewhat obliquelyto the axis

ofthe footconnecting thecuboid andnavicular

bones.Itsupports thetransverse plantararchof

thefoot. A

Plantar intercuneiform ligaments. Ligg. in-

tercuniformiaplantare. Fibrous bandslying on

the plantar aspect ofthe footbetween the

cuneiformbones. They support the transverse

plantararch of thefoot. A

Plantar cuneocuboid ligament. Lig. cuneo-

cuboideumplantare. Fibrousbrace onthe plan-

tar aspect of the foot between the lateral

cuneiformand cuboid bones.A

9 Tarsometatarsal joints. Articulationes tar-

sometatarsales. Jointsb etweenthe tarsal and

metatarsalbones of thefoot. A BC

10 Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments. Ligg.tar-

sometatarsalia dorsalia. Ligaments locatedon

thedorsum of thefoot between the tarsaland

metatarsalbones. B

11 Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments. Ligg. tar-

sometatarsaliaplantaria. Ligaments locatedon

theplantar aspect ofthe foot betweenthe tar-

saland metatarsal bones.A

12 Interosseous cuneometatarsal ligaments.

Ligg. cuneometatarsalia interossea. Ligaments

occupying the joint spaces between the

cuneiformand metatarsal bones.C

13 Intermetatarsal joints. Articulationes inter-

metatarsales. Jointsbetween the bases of the

metatarsalbones. B C

14 Interosseous metatarsal ligaments. Ligg.

metatarsalia interossea. Ligaments between

the basesof the metatarsal bones. They form

thedistal limitsof thearticular spacesbetween

themetatarsal bones. C

15 Dorsal metatarsal ligaments.Ligg. metatar-

saliadorsalia. Ligaments betweenthe bases of

themetatarsal boneson thedorsum ofthe foot.

16 Plantar metatarsal ligaments. Ligg. metatar-

salia plantaria. Ligaments found between the

bases of the metatarsalbones on the plantar

aspectof the foot.A

17 Metatarsal interosseous spaces. Spatia inter-

osseametatarsi. Spaces between the shaftsof

themetatarsal bones.They areoccupied by the

correspondingmuscles. A

18 Metatarsophalangeal joints. Articulationes

metatarsophalangeales.A

19 Collateral ligaments.Ligg. collateralia. A

20 Plantarligaments. Ligg. plantaria. Connective

tissue reinforcement of the capsule of the

metatarsophalangeal joint. It is morefirmly

fusedwith theproximal phalanx thanwith the

headof themetatarsals and formsa stromafor

theflexor tendons. A

21 Deep transverse metatarsal ligament. Lig.

metatarsale transversum profundum. Trans-

verselyorientedligament connectingthe heads

ofthe metatarsal bones.A

22 Interphalangeal joints of the foot. Articula-

tionesinterphalangeales pedis.The middleand

terminal jointsbetween the phalanges of the

foot.A

23 Collateralligaments. Ligg. collateralia.A

24 Plantar ligaments. Ligg. plantaria. Fibrous

bandsthat reinforce the plantar aspect of the

interphalangealarticular capsules.

Sutures,joints andligaments

12 13

1214

50.3

50.27

Ligaments of right foot,

plantar view

A Ligaments of foot, dorsal view

Ligaments of sectioned foot, dorsal view

Sutures,joints andligaments

MUSCULARSYSTEM

1 DORSALMUSCLES. Musculidorsi. The muscles

ofthe back. True back musclesare innervated

bythe dorsalramiof spinalnerves, whereasthe

musclesof the shouldergirdle are not.A B C

2 M.trapezius.o: Spinous processesof vertebrae

T1-T12and C1, the nuchal ligament, occipital

protuberance,and superiornuchal line.i: Spine

ofscapula, acrimonion,and clavicle.A: Rotates,

raises,lowers, andadducts the scapula;rotates

thehead. I: Accessorynerve, cervical plexus.A

3 M.transversus nuchae. (Rare,25%). Platysmal

musclesituated between the insertions ofthe

trapezius and sternocleidomastoid. It passes

transversely,either superficial or deep, to the

trapezius.A

4 M.latissimus dorsi. o: Thoracolumbar fascia,

spinousprocesses of vertebrae T7−L5,sacrum,

iliaccrest, andfour lower ribs.i: Crestof lesser

tubercleof humerus. A:Adduction and medial

rotationof the arm.I: Thoracodorsal nerve.A

5 M.rhomboideus major. o: Spinous processes

ofvertebrae T1−4. i:Medial margin ofscapula.

A:Medial and upwardmovement ofscapula. I:

Dorsalscapular nerve. A

6 M.rhomboideus minor. o: Spinous processes

ofcervical vertebrae 6−7. i: Medial margin of

scapulaabove thespine. A:Medial and upward

movementof scapula.I: Dorsal scapularnerve.

7 M.levator scapulae. o: Posterior tubercle of

transverseprocesses of cervicalvertebrae 1−4.

i:Superior angle ofscapula. A: Elevatessuper-

iorangle of scapulaand rotates neck. I:Dorsal

scapularnerve and cervicalplexus. A

8 M. serratus posterior inferior. o: Spinous

processes of vertebrae T11−L2. i: Four lower

ribs.A: Retroversionof fourlower ribs. I:Inter-

costalnerves. A

9 M. serratus posterior superior. o: Spinous

processesof vertebraeC6−T2. i: Secondto fifth

ribs.A: Raises ribs ininspiration. I: Intercostal

nerves.A B

10 M. ERECTOR SPINAE. Collectiveterm for the

musclesof the lateral andmedial tracts of the

back.I: Posterior ramiof spinal nerves.o: Iliac

crest, spinous processes of L1−S4, mamillary

processesof L1−2, transverse processesof T7−

12.i: Costaland accessory processesof lumbar

vertebrae,angle of 11 lower ribs, all thoracic

transverseprocesses. A: Lateral and backward

flexionof vertebral column.B C

10a [[Lateral tract]].[Tractus laterale].

11 M. longissimus. Itconsists ofthe following

threeparts. B

M.longissimus thoracis.o: Iliaccrest, spinous

processesof L1−S4,mamillary processes ofL1−

2,transverse processes of T7−I2. i: Costal and

accessoryprocesses oflumbar vertebrae, angle

of lower 11ribs all thoracic transverse

processes,A: Lateral and backward flexion of

vertebralcolumn. B C

M.longissimus cervicis.o: Transverseproces-

ses T1−6. i: Transverse processes of vertebrae

C2−7. It lies between the iliocostalis cervicis

andlongissimus capitis muscles.C

M. longissimus capitis. o: Transverse

processes of vertebrae C3−T3. i: Mastoid

process.It lies between thelongissimus cervi-

cisand semispinalis capitismuscles. A: Lateral

andbackward flexionof thehead. Itrotates the

facetoward the ipsilateralside. C

15 M. iliocostalis. Iliocostal muscle, which con-

sistsof the followingthree segments.

M. iliocostalis lumborum.o: Iliac crest. i:

Angleof ribs5−12. A:Extenson andlateral flex-

ionof lower vertebralcolumn. B C

M. iliocostalis thoracis. o: Medial sides of 6

lowerrib angles.i: Sixuppermost rib angles.A:

Flatteningof thoracic kyphosis, lateralflexion.

M. iliocostalis cervicis. o: Upper and middle

ribs.i: Transverse processesof middle cervical

vertebrae.C

19 M. splenius cervicis. o: Spinous processes of

T3−5. i: Posterior tubercle of transverse

processesof C1−2.A: Backward flexionand ro-

tationof head. B

20 M.spleniuscapitis. o:Spinous processesof C4−

T3.i: External half ofsuperior nuchal lineand

mastoidprocess. A:Backward flexionand rota-

tionof head. AB

21 MM. INTERTRANSVERSARII. Muscular connec-

tionof adjacenttransverse processes.A: Lateral

flexion.See p.77 C DE

22 Mm. intertransversarii laterales lumborum.

Muscles betweenadjacent costal processes. I:

Ventralrami ofspinal nerves. Seep. 77 C

23 Mm. intertransversarii mediales lumborum.

Musclesbetween themamillary processes. See

p.77 C

24 Mm. intertransversarii thoracis. Usually ab-

sent.See p.77 C

25 Mm. intertransversarii posteriores cervicis.

Musclesbetween posterior tubercles of trans-

verseprocesses of cervicalvertebrae. See p.77

Parsmedialis. Medial part of25.

Pars lateralis. Lateral part of 25.I: Ventral

ramusof spinal nerves.

28 Mm. intertransversarii anteriores cervicis.

Muscles connecting the anterior tubercles of

the cervical transverse processes. I: Ventral

ramusof spinal nerves.See p.77 E

Muscles

76.4

76.3

76.2

86.9

80.26

88.10

86.18

86.9

Superficial dorsal musclesA

Deep dorsal muscles

B Autochthonous

dorsal muscles, schematic view

Muscles

1 [[Medialtract]].[Tractus mediale].

2 M.spinalis. Muscular system attached to the

spinousprocesses andconsisting ofthe follow-

ingthree segments: Seep. 75B

M. spinalis thoracis. o: Transverse processes

of T11−L2. i: Spinous processes of T2−11. A:

Backflexion. See p.75 C

M.spinalis cervicis.o: Transverseprocessesof

C6−T2. i: Spinous processes of C2−4. A: Back

flexion.See p.75 C

M.spinalis capitis.Inconstant partof semispi-

nalis capitis with additional origins from the

upper thoracic and lower cervical spinous

processes.

6 MM.INTERSPINALES.Unlike thespinal muscles,

these muscles extend only between the

spinous processesof continuous vertebrae. A:

Dorsiflexion.C D

7 Mm. interspinales cervicis. These are paired

becauseof thebifid cervical spinousprocesses.

8 Mm.interspinales thoracis. Usuallyabsent. C

9 Mm. interspinales lumborum. Especially

strongmuscle bands. C

10 MM.TRANSVERSOSPINALES. Collectiveterm for

thefollowing nine muscles.A B C

11 M. semispinalis. The longest superficial por-

tionof the transversospinales. Itspans four or

more vertebrae and comprises the following

threesegments: A B

M. semispinalis thoracis. o: Transverse

processesof T7−I2. i:Spinous processes ofC6−

T6.A: Primarily dorsiflexion.A

M. semispinalis cervicis. o: Transverse

processesof T1−6.i: Spinousprocesses ofC2−5.

A:Mainly dorsiflexion. A

M. semispinalis capitis. o: Transverse

processesof C4−T6. i: Occipital bone between

superiorand inferiornuchal lines.A: Dorsiflex-

ionof headand rotation,depending onstarting

position.A

15 Mm. multifidi.Portion of the transversospinal

system spanning 2−4vertebrae. A: Dor-

solateralflexion and slightrotation. B

16 Mm. rotatores. Deepestlayer of the transver-

sospinal system with short fiberstaking an

especiallytransverse course,thereby providing

strongerrotation. Theyattach toan adjacentor

superiorvertebra. A BC

Mm. rotatores cervicis. o: Inferior articular

process. i:Arch or root of spinous process of

cervicalvertebrae. A

Mm.rotatores thoracis.o: Transverseprocess

ofthoracic vertebrae. i:Spinous process. AC

Mm. rotatores lumborum. o: Mamillary

process.i: Roots of spinous processof lumbar

vertebrae.A C

20 Thoracolumbarfascia. Fascia thoracolumbalis.

Encasingfascia of theerector spinae muscle.It

isattached to thespinous processeswith a su-

perficial layer,to the costal processes with a

deep layer,both layers being united laterally.

Associated muscles: transversus abdominis,

serrati posteriores, latissimus dorsi and, in

somecases, the internaloblique muscle of the

abdomen.F

21 Nuchalfascia. Fascia nuchae(nuchalis). Dorsal

continuationof the superficiallayer ofthe cer-

vical fascia.(Investing fascia of the true neck

musculature.)

22 HEADMUSCLES. Musculi capitis.

23 MM. SUBOCCIPITALES. The following seven

muscles:

24 M. rectuscapitis anterior. o: Lateral mass of

theatlas. i:Basilarpart ofoccipital bone.A: For-

wardflexion ofhead. I: Anteriorrami of spinal

nerves.E

25 M.rectus capitis posterior major. o: Spinous

processof axis.i: Middleof inferiornuchal line.

A:Outward rotationand dorsiflexionof head.I:

Suboccipitalnerve. D. Seealso p.79 A

26 M.rectus capitis posteriorminor. o:Posterior

tubercleof atlas.i:Inner thirdof inferiornuchal

line. A: Mainly dorsiflexion of head.I: Sub-

occipitalnerve. D. Seealso p.79 A

Muscles

74.10

94.4

86.32

78.1

74.28

78.3

74.25

7; 6

78.2

74.22

74.23

74.21

74.24

12;11

Systems of mm.

transversospinales

A Transversospinal

system

B Short muscles of the

vertebral column

Deep neck muscles, anterior view

Thoracolumbar fascia

Short neck musclesD

Muscles

1 M. rectus capitis lateralis. o: Transverse

processof atlas. i: Jugular process of occipital

bone.A: Lateralflexionof head.I: Anteriorrami

ofspinal nerves C1−2.A B, seealso p.77 E

2 M. obliquus capitis superior.o: Transverse

process ofatlas. i: Field above attachment of

rectuscapitis posteriormajor. A:Backward and

lateralflexion of head.I: Posterior ramiof spi-

nalnerves C1−2. A,see also p.77 D

3 M.obliquusinferior. o:Spinous processof axis.

i:Transverseprocess ofatlas. A:Lateral rotation

ofatlas andface towardthe sameside. I:Poste-

riorrami ofspinal nervesC1−2. A,see alsop. 77

4 M.longuscapitis. o: Anteriortubercleof trans-

verseprocesses ofC3−6. i: Basalpart of occipi-

talbone. A:Forward andlateral flexion ofhead

andcervical vertebral column.I: Anterior rami

ofspinal nerves C1−2.B

5 FACIALAND MASTICATORY MUSCLES. Musculi

facialeset masticatorii.

6 M.epicranius. Collective termfor the muscles

attaching to the galea aponeurotica. I: Facial

nerve.C

M. occipitofrontalis. Muscle extending ante-

riorly and posteriorly into the galea

aponeurotica.C

Frontalbelly. Venterfrontalis.The portion ofthe

occipitofrontalis whichpasses from the galea

aponeuroticato the eyebrows. A:Moves scalp

forwardand raises theeyebrows. C

Occipitalbelly. Venteroccipitalis. Theportion of

theoccipitofrontalis whichpasses from thesu-

premenuchal lineto thegalea aponeurotica.A:

Movesgalea aponeurotica backward.C

M. temporoparietalis. o. Region of superior

auricularmuscle. i: Galeaaponeurotica. C

Galeaaponeurotica (aponeurosis epicrania-

lis).

Displaceable,helmet-like, superficial ten-

donfor the two parts ofthe epicranius. It lies

againstthe periosteum and is attached tothe

supremenuchal lineand tothe externaloccipi-

talprotuberance. C

12 M. procerus.o: Dorsum of nose.i: Skin above

thenose. A:Depression of frontalskin. I:Facial

nerve.C

13 M.nasalis. Commonterm forthe followingtwo

nasalmuscles: I: Facialnerve. D

Transverse part of nasalis. Parstransversa

[[compressornaris]].o: Fieldover root ofcanine

tooth.i: Superficial tendonon dorsum ofnose.

Alar part of nasalis. Parsalaris [[dilatator

naris]]. o: Above the lateral incisor tooth.i:

Marginsof thenasal openingsand theadjacent

region.D

16 M.depressor septi.o: Abovethe medialincisor

tooth. i: Cartilaginous nasal septum. A:

Depressestip of nose.I: Facial nerve.D

17 M. orbicularisoculi. Circular sphinctermuscle

ofthe eye. Comprisesthree segments. Itcloses

theeyelids andassists theflow oftears intothe

lacrimalsac andinto thenose. i: Facialnerve. C

Palpebral part. Pars palpebralis.Fibers sit-

uated in the eyelids passing from the medial

palpebralligament and the adjacent bones to

thelateral palpebral ligament.C

Orbital part. Pars orbitalis. Arises fromthe

medialpalpebral ligament andadjacent bones,

thusencircling the eye.C

Lacrimal part. Parslacrimalis. o: Posterior

lacrimal crest. It curves around the lacrimal

canaliculus,extends partially behindthe lacri-

malsac and radiatesinto the palpebralpart of

theorbicularis oculi muscle below themedial

palpebralligament. D

21 M.corrugator supercilii. o:Nasal part offron-

talbone. i:Skin overthemiddle ofthe eyebrow.

Located belowthe orbicularis oculi muscle. I:

Facialnerve. D

22 M.depressor supercilii. Muscle medial tothe

corrugator supercilii that radiates from the

orbicularoculi into theskin of themedial part

ofthe eyebrow.I: Facial nerve.D

23 M.auricularis anterior. Musclein front of the

ear.o:Temporal fascia.i: Spineof helix.I: Facial

nerve.C

24 M.auricularis superior.o: Galea aponeurotica.

i:Root of pinna.I: Facial nerve.C

25 M.auricularis posterior.o: Mastoid process.i:

Rootof pinna. I:Facial nerve. C

26 M.orbicularis oris. Encirclesthe mouth open-

ingand consistsof twoparts (seenos. 27,28).It

assistsin closing the lips and helps to empty

thevestibule ofthe mouth.I: Facialnerve.C DE

Marginalpart. Parsmarginalis. Theperipheral

marginradiating intothe neighboringmuscles.

Labialpart. Pars labialis.The main partof the

orbicularis oris including the portion which

takesa hook-likebendexternally belowthe red

portionof the lips.C D E

Muscles

22 21

76.24

82.1

76.26

76.25

Deep suboccipital muscles, lateral viewA

Neck, anterior view

Superficial muscles of head

Deep mimic muscles

Sagittal section

through the lips

Muscles

1 M. depressor anguli oris. [[Triangularis]]. o:

Anteriorand lateral part ofmandible. i: Angle

ofmouth. I: Facialnerve. A

2 M. transversus menti. Transversemuscular

connectionbetween the right andleft depres-

soranguli orismuscles below thechin. I:Facial

nerve.A

3 M.risorius. o:Parotid fascia andbuccal skin. i:

Angleof mouth. I:Facial nerve. A

4 M.zygomaticus major.o: Lateralside of zygo-

maticbone. i:Angle ofmouth. I:Facial nerve.A

5 M.zygomaticus minor.o: Anterior side ofzy-

gomaticbone. i: Upperlip. I: Facialnerve. A

6 M. levator labii superioris [[quadratuslabii

sup.,M. levator nasi etlabii maxillaris lat.]].o:

Abovethe infra-orbital foramen. Radiatesinto

orbicularisoris. I: Facialnerve. A

7 M.levatorlabii superiorisalaeque nasi[[quad-

ratuslabii sup., M. lev. nasi et labiimaxillaris

med]].o:Medial to orbit.i: Nasalala andupper

lip.I: Facial nerve.A

8 M.depressor labiiinferioris [[quadr.labii inf.]].

Locatedbelow thedepressor angulioris. o:Pla-

tysmaandmandible.i:Lower lip.I:Facialnerve.A

9 M. levator anguli oris [[Caninus]]. o: Canine

fossa.i:Angle ofmouth. I:Facial nerve.A

9aModiolus. Palpablemuscularmass lateraltothe

angleofthe mouth.Pointofconvergence ofadja-

centmuscles radiatinginto theorbicularis oris.

10 M. buccinator. Cheekmuscle. o: Pterygoman-

dibularraphe andadjoining parts ofupper and

lowerjaw.i:Angle ofmouth andorbicularisoris.

I:Facial nerve.A B

11 M. mentalis. Arisesover theroots ofthe lower

incisors.i: Skin of chin (chindimple). I: Facial

nerve.A

12 M. masseter. Most prominent masticatory

muscle.Closes jawand, togetherwith the tem-

poralandmedial pterygoidmuscles,determines

thedegreeof masticatorypower.It iscomprised

of a superficial and deep part. I: Mandibular

nerve.A C

Superficial part. Pars superficialis.o: Anterior

two-thirds of zygomatic arch. i: Angle of

mandible. It courses obliquely backward and

downward.It also draws the mandible some-

whatforward. C

Deep part. Pars profunda. Size varies. Arises

fromthe zygomatic archproximal tothe man-

dibular joint and discocapsular system. i:

Mandible. Action:Together with fibers of the

temporalmuscles,itensures lateralstabilization

ofthe discocapsularsystem during laterotrusal

movement.C

15 M. temporalis. o: Temporalfossa. i: Coronoid

processthat extendsdownward tothe occlusal

planeand tothe regionofthe pterygomandibu-

larraphe.Action: Elevationand retractionofthe

mandible,fixation of the pharynx whenswal-

lowing;cf. pp.12,14. I:Mandibular nerve.B

16 Lateral pterygoid muscle. M. pterygoideus

lateralis.o: Lateral surface oflateral pterygoid

plateand lowersurfaceof greaterwing ofsphe-

noid.Arisesby twoheads (variant:threeheads),

one fromthe discocapsular system, the other

fromthepterygoid fossa.The inferiorheadpulls

themandibleanddiscocapsular systemforward.

The superiorhead determines the velocity at

whichthe discocapsular systemis pulled back

intoplace. I:Mandibular nerve.B

17 Medial pterygoidmuscle. M.pterygoideusme-

dialis.o: Pterygoidfossa andtuber ofmaxilla. i:

Pterygoidtuberosityandinner aspectofangle of

mandible.It courses obliquely downward and

backwardand is a synergist tothe temporalis

andmasseter muscles.I: Mandibularnerve. B

18 Buccopharyngeal fascia. Fascia buccopharyn-

gea.Itlies onthebuccinator muscleand extends

fromthe angleof the mouthdeeply asfar asthe

pharyngealconstrictor muscle.C

19 Masseteric fascia. Fasciamasseterica. Fascia

coveringthe massetermuscle,part ofwhich at-

tachesbelowthe parotidat theupper endofthe

zygomaticarch. D

20 Parotidfascia.Fascia parotidea.Fascialcovering

ofthe parotid,partly identical withthe masse-

tericfascia. D

21 Temporal fascia. Fasciatemporalis. External

connectivetissue investmentof the temporalis

musclebetween thesuperior temporalline and

thezygomatic arch.It consists ofthe following

twolayers. D

Superficiallayer. Lamina superficialis.Layerof

thetemporalfascia attachedtothe outermargin

ofthe zygomaticarch. D

Deeplayer. Lamina profunda.Layer ofthe tem-

poralfascia attachedto theinner margin ofthe

zygomaticarch. D

24 NECKMUSCLES. Musculicolli (cervicis).A C

25 Platysma.Cutaneous muscle occupyingan ex-

tensivearea of the neck. It extends from the

lowerpart ofthe faceto theupper thorax.I: Fa-

cialnerve. AD

26 Sternocleidomastoid muscle. M. sternoclei-

domastoideus.o: Sternumund clavicle. i:Mas-

toidprocessand superiornuchal line.Itelevates

thechinand rotatesit totheopposite side.I: Ac-

cesorynerve, cervicalplexus. C

Muscles

Facial muscles, anterior viewA

Masticatory

muscles

Muscles of head and neck,

right inferior view

Fasciae of the head

Muscles

1 M.longus colli.Arches toconnect the2

to5

cervicalvertebrae with the lowercervical and

upperthoracic vertebrae. Itsfibers also extend

from the vertebral bodies tothe transverse

processeswith theC6 transverseprocess asthe

centralpoint. A: Lateraland forwardflexion of

theneck. I:Ventralramus ofspinal nerve.D

2 M.scalenusanterior. o:Transverseprocessesof

C3−6.i:Scalenetubercle on1

rib.A:Elevationof

rib,lateralflexion androtationof neck.It sep-

arates the anterior and posterior or scalenus

gaps.I: seep. 1.D

3 M.scalenus medius.o: Transverseprocessesof

C2−7. i: 1

rib behind groove for subclavian

artery.A:Elevationof 1

ribandlateralflexion of

neck.I: seep. 1.D

4 M.scalenus posterior.o: Transverse processes

ofC4−6.i:Upper marginof2

rib.A:Elevatesthe

rib,laterally flexestheneck. I:see p.1. D

5 [M.scalenus minimus].Extra muscleoccasion-

allypresent betweenscalenusanterior andme-

dius.o: Transverseprocesses ofC6 or7.i: 1

rib

andpleural cupola.

6 SUPRAHYOID MUSCLES M. suprahyoidei. The

followingmuscles abovethehyoid bone.A

7 M.digastricus. o:Notch medial tothe mastoid

process.i:Inner sideofmandible. Ithas aninter-

mediatetendonwhich actson thelesserhorn of

thehyoid boneby meansof aconnective tissue

sling.A: Elevationof hyoid.A

Anteriorbelly. Venteranterior. Itextendsfrom

the mandible to the intermediate tendon. A:

Pullsmandibleforwardand depressesit.I:Mylo-

hyoidnerve.A E

Posteriorbelly. Venter posterior.Itpasses from

themastoidprocess totheintermediate tendon.

A:Itdraws backthehyoid bone.I:Facial nerve.A

10 M. stylohyoideus. o:Styloid process. i: Lesser

hornofhyoid bone.Itaccompanies theposterior

belly of the digastric muscle and can pass

throughitvia afissure.A: Itpullsthe hyoidback-

wardand upward.I:Facial nerve.A E

11 M. mylohyoideus. Muscle of the floor of the

mouth.o:Mylohyoid lineofmandible. i:Bodyof

hyoidbone.A: Drawsthe hyoidforwardand up-

wardandforms thediaphragma oris.I:Mylohy-

oidnerve. AB

12 M. geniohyoideus.o: Mental spine.i: Body of

hyoidbone.A: Drawsthe hyoidforwardand up-

ward.I: C1via thehypoglossalnerve. B

13 Infrahyoid muscles. Mm. infrahyoidei. The

musclesbelowthe hyoidbone (infrahyoidm.).I:

Ansacervicalis. A

14 M. sternohyoideus.o: Posteriorsurface of ma-

nubriumsterni. i:Body ofhyoid bone.A: Draws

thehyoiddownward. I:see p.13. A

15 M. omohyoideus. o:Upper margin of scapula

medialto scapularnotch. i:Body ofhyoid bone.

An intermediate tendon situated above the

jugularvein dividesitinto twobellies. A:Draws

thehyoiddownwardand tensesthe cervicalfas-

cia.I: seep. 13.AC

Superiorbelly.Venter superior.Uppersegment

ofomohyoid between the hyoid andinterme-

diatetendon. A

Inferior belly. Venter inferior. Lower half of

omohyoidfrom theintermediate tendonto the

scapularnotch. A

18 M. sternothyroideus. o: Posterior surface of

manubriumand1

rib.i:Oblique lineof thyroid

cartilage.A:Drawslarynx downward.I:seep. 13.

19 M. thyrohyoideus. o: Oblique line of thyroid

cartilage.i:Greater hornofhyoid bone.A:Brings

hoyidand thyroidcartilagecloser together.I: C1

viahypoglossal nerve.A

20 [M.levator glandulae thyroideae].Part of the

thyrohyoidmuscle that extendsto the thyroid

gland.

21 CERVICAL FASCIA. Fascia cervicalis. Collective

termforthe connectivetissuelayers ofthe neck.

22 Superficial (investing) layer. Lamina superfi-

cialis.Superficiallayer ofcervicalfascia thatsur-

roundsthe sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

muscles.It isattached tothe anteriormargin of

themanubrium,the clavicleandthe mandible.C

23 Pretracheal layer.Lamina pretrachealis. Layer

that spreads between the two omohyoid

musclesand isattached totheposterior margin

ofthe manubriumand clavicle.Itsurrounds the

infrahyoidmuscles.C

24 Prevertebral layer. Lamina prevertebralis.

Layerthatliesbetween thevertebralcolumnand

pharyngeal constrictors as well as the

esophagus,covers thescaleni musclesand con-

tainsthesympathetictrunk andphrenicnerve. C

25 Carotid sheath. Vaginacarotica. Connective

tissue investing the neurovascular bundle

(carotidartery, jugular vein and vagus nerve)

andcontinuous withthe pretracheallayer.C

Muscles

2223

80.26

910

Muscles of hyoid boneA Muscles of floor of mouth

from above and behind

Fasciae of the neck

Deep neck muscles,

anterior view

Segment of AE

Muscles

1 MUSCLESOF THORAX.Musculi thoracis.A−F

2 [M. sternalis]. Muscle that occasionally (4%)

crossesthepectoralis majormuscle paralleland

proximaltothe sternum.A

3 M.pectoralis major.Consists ofthe threeparts

listedbelow(nos. 4−6).o:Clavicle, sternum,first

4−6costalcartilagesand rectussheath.i:Crest of

greatertubercleand humerus.A:Adduction and

medialrotationof arm.I:Medial andlateralpec-

toralnerves. A

Clavicular part.Pars clavicularis. The portion

originatingfrom theclavicle. A

Sternocostalpart. Parsstenocostalis. Thepor-

tionarising fromthe sternumand ribs.A

Abdominalpart. Parsabdominalis.The portion

arisingfrom therectus sheath.A

7 M. pectoralis minor.It lies beneath the pec-

toralismajor.o: Ribs3−5. i:Coracoid process.A:

Drawsscapula forwardand downwardand ribs

upward. Accessory respiratory muscle. I: see

p.3. A

8 M. subclavius. o: 1

costalcartilage. i: Lower

surfaceof clavicle.A:Stabilizes sternoclavicular

jointagainst tension.I: Subclaviannerve.A

9 Pectoralfascia. Fascia pectoralis. Itcovers the

pectoralis major muscle, is attached to the

clavicleandsternum andis continuouswith the

axillaryfascia.

10 Clavipectoral fascia.Fascia clavipectoralis.Fas-

cia attached to the coracoid process and the

clavicle.It coversthe pectoralisminor andsub-

claviusmuscles. A

11 M. serratusanterior.o: Ribs1−9. i:Medialmar-

ginof scapula. A:Supports, lowers and rotates

thescapula and draws it forward.It assists in

raisingthearm highabove thehorizontal plane.

I:Long thoracicnerve. A

12 Mm. levatorescost arum.Muscles behindand

belowthe longback muscles.o: Thoracictrans-

verseprocesses.i: Ribs.I:Posterior ramusofspi-

nalnerve. B

Mm.levatores costarum longi. o: Transverse

processes.i:Passesover aribtoinsert onthenext

lowerrib. A:Elevatesthe ribs.B

14 Mm. levatorescostarum breves.o: Transverse

process.i: Nextlowerrib. B

15 External intercostal muscles. Mm. inter-

costalesexterni. Theyextend obliquelyforward

anddownwardbetween theribs. A:Inspiration,

bracingof theribs. I:Intercostalnerves. AE F

16 External intercostalmembrane.Membrana in-

tercostalisexterna.Membrane thatreplaces the

externalintercostalmuscles anteriorlybetween

thecostal cartilages.A

17 Internal intercostalmuscles. Mm.intercostales

interni. They pass obliquely backward and

downwardbetweenthe ribs.A: Partiallyexpira-

tory,bracingof theribs. I:Intercostal nerves.EF

18 Internal intercostalmembrane. Membranain-

tercostalisinterna. Continuationof theinternal

intercostal musclesfrom the rib angle to the

vertebrae.E

19 Innermost intercostal muscles. Mm. inter-

costalesintimi. Internal portionof the internal

intercostalmusclesseparated bythe intercostal

vessels.F

20 Subcostal muscles. Mm. subcostales.Internal

intercostalmuscles that pass over 1−2 ribs. I:

seep. 17.E

21 M. transversusthoracis. Situatedon the inner

surfaceof theanterior thoracic wall,it radiates

obliquelyupward from the sternum to costal

cartilages2−6. I:see p.17.C

22 Thoracicfascia. Fasciathoracica. Epimysiumof

theinner thoracicmusculature.

23 Diaphragm. Diaphragma [thoraco-abdomi-

nale]. Dome-shaped, muscular partition be-

tween thethoracic and abdominal cavities. I:

Phrenicnerve. CD

24 Lumbarpart of diaphragm.Pars lumbalis dia-

phragmatis.Medial partof the diaphragmaris-

ing from the lumbar vertebral bodies, inter-

vertebraldiscs andfibrous arches.D

Right crus of lumbar part. Crus dextrum. o:

L1−3(4).D

26 Left crus of lumbar part. Crus sinistrum. o:

L1−2(3).D

27 Costal part of diaphragm. Parscostalis dia-

phragmatis.Thepart ofthe diaphragmoriginat-

ingfrom ribs7−12. CD

28 Sternalpar tof diaphragm. Pars sternalisdia-

phragmatis.The part of thediaphragm arising

fromthe sternum.C D

29 Aortic (opening) hiatus.Hiatus aorticus. Pas-

sagewayforthe aortabetween therightand left

crusof thelumbar part.D

30 Esophageal (opening) hiatus. Hiatus oe-

sophageus.Passageway for the esophagusand

thevagus nervesabovethe aorticopening. D

31 Central tendon. Centrum tendineum. Clover-

leaf-shaped,tendinous central area ofthe dia-

phragm.D

32 Foramenfor the inferior vena cava.Foramen

venaecavae. Openingin the centraltendon for

theinferior venacava. D

33 Medialarcuate ligament. Lig.arcuatum medi-

ale.Tendinousarchbetween thebodyand trans-

verseprocessofL1 orL2formingthe passageway

forthe psoasmuscle. D

34 Lateral arcuate ligament. Lig. arcuatum

laterale.Tendinousarchover thequadratuslum-

borummuscle between thetransverse process

ofL1 andthe 12

rib.D

35 Medianarcuate ligament.Lig. arcuatummedi-

anum.Tendinousarch overthe aortichiatus. D

Muscles

32 30

27 28

10 8

Muscles of thorax, anterior viewA

Levator muscles of ribs

Anterior thoracic wall,

posterior view

Diaphragm, inferior view

Posterior thoracic wall,

anterior view

Intercostal muscles

Muscles

1 ABDOMINALMUSCLES. Musculiabdominis.

2 M.rectus abdominis.o: Costalcartilages 5−7.i:

Pubis and symphysis. A: Forward flexionof

trunk,lowering ofthorax, elevation ofpelvis. I:

Intercostalnerves 7−12.AE

Tendinous intersections. Intersectiones ten-

dineae.The3−4 intermediatetendonsof therec-

tusabdominis muscle.They fusewith theante-

riorwall ofthe rectussheath. A

Rectus sheath. Vagina m. recti abdominis.

Coveringoftherectus abdominismuscleformed

by the aponeuroses of the flat abdominal

muscles.A

Anteriorlayer ofrectus sheath.Laminaanterior. A

Posteriorlayer ofrectus sheath.Laminaposterior.

Arcuate line. Lineaarcuata. Caudal end of the

posteriorlayerof therectus sheath.A

8 M. pyramidalis. Muscle enclosed within the

splitanteriorlayer ofthe rectussheath.It passes

fromthepubis andsymphysisto thelineaalba. I:

Subcostalnerve. A

9 External abdominal oblique muscle. M. ob-

liquusexternus abdominis. o:Outer surface of

ribs5−12. i:Iliac crest,rectus sheath,linea alba.

A:Lowering ofthorax, rotationof trunk, lateral

flexion.I: Intercostalnerves5−12. AB D

Inguinalligament. Lig.inguinale (Arcusingui-

nalis).The lower edge of the external oblique

aponeurosis. It passes from anterior superior

iliacspine tothe pubictubercle. DE

Lacunar ligament. Lig. lacunare. Connective

tissuefibers arching downwardto thepubis at

themedialattachment ofthe inguinalligament.

Pectineal ligament. Lig. pectineale. Continua-

tionof the lacunar ligament along the pecten

pubis.D

Reflectedligament.Lig. reflexum.Curvedband of

fiberspassing upward fromthe medial attach-

mentof the inguinalligament andforming the

mediallining ofthe superficialinguinal ring.D

14 Superficial inguinalring. Anulusinguinalis su-

perficialis. External opening of the inguinal

canal.A D

Medialcrus.Crus mediale.Groupof fibersofthe

external oblique aponeurosis ascending ob-

liquelymedial tothesuperficial inguinalring. D

Lateralcrus.Crus laterale.Groupof fibersofthe

externaloblique aponeurosis ascendinglateral

tothe superficialinguinal ring.D

Intercruralfibers. Fibraeintercrurales. Curved

fibersbetween themedial andlateral crura.D

18 Internal abdominal oblique muscle. M. ob-

liquus internus abdominis. o: Thoracolumbar

fascia,iliaccrest, inguinalligament.i: Ribs10−12

andrectus sheath.A: Lowering ofribs, forward

andlateral flexion.I:Intercostal nerves8−12, il-

iohypogastricandilio-inguinal nerves.A B

M. cremaster. Musclefibers derived primarily

fromthe internaloblique abdominal muscle.It

invests the spermatic cord and elevatesthe

testis.A

20 M.transversus abdominis. o:Inner surface of

ribs7− 12, thoracolumbarfascia, iliaccrest, in-

guinalligament. i: Rectussheath. I: Intercostal

nerves7−12,iliohypogastric, ilio-inguinal,geni-

tofemoralnerves. A

Conjoined tendon. Falxinguinalis (tendo con-

junctivus).Fibers archingfrom theaponeurosis

ofthetransversus muscleintothepectineal liga-

ment.A E

22 Linea alba. The white tendinous line (raphe)

formedby theabdominal aponeuroses.It issit-

uatedbetween theright andleft rectusabdom-

inismuscles. AE

Umbilicalring. Anulus umbilicalis.Fibrousring

aroundthe umbilicusin thelinea alba.A

Adminiculum lineae albae.Inferior attach-

mentof thelinea albaat thesymphysis.A E

25 Suspensory ligament of penis (clitoris). Lig.

suspensoriumpenis/clitoridis. It radiates from

thepubis into thedeep fascia ofthe penis (cli-

toris).A

26 Fundiformligament of penis. Lig. fundiforme

penis.Elastic band arisingfrom the abdominal

fascia andlinea alba and extending sling-like

ontothe penis.A

27 Lumbartriangle. Trigonumlumbale.Weak area

ofthe backborderedby thelatissimus dorsi,ex-

ternalabdominal obliquem. andiliac crest.B

28 Transversalisfascia. Fasciatransversalis.Fascia

between the peritoneum and abdominal

musculature.A E

Deepinguinal ring. Anulusinguinalis profun-

dus.Inner inguinal ringat the transitionof the

transversalisfascia into theinternal spermatic

fascia.A E

30 Inguinalcanal. Canalisinguinalis. Walls:Ingui-

nalligament, external obliqueaponeurosis, in-

ternal oblique and transversus abdominis

muscles,interfoveolar ligament.It containsthe

spermaticcord. E

31 Interfoveolar ligament. Lig. interfoveolare.

Thickenedportionof thetransversalis fasciabe-

hindthe inguinalcanal. AE

32 M. quadratus lumborum. o:Iliac crest and

processesof lumbarvertebrae. i:12

rib,trans-

verseprocesses oflumbar vertebrae.A: Lowers

ribs,lateralflexion.I: 12

intercostalnerve,lum-

barplexus. C

33 Linea semilunaris. Arched musculotendinous

marginof thetransversus abdominismuscle.

Muscles

XII

III

19 25 26 31 29

Abdominal muscles, anterior viewA

Lumbar triangleB

Musculus quadratus lumborum,

anterior view

Inguinal region, anterior view

D Inguinal region, posterior viewE

Muscles

1 COCCYGEALMUSCLES. Musculicoccygei.

2 M.coccygeus.o: Ischialspine. i:Coccyxand ad-

joiningsacrum.It liesmedialtothe sacrospinous

ligament.I: Spinalnerve. A.See alsop. 174.13.

3 [[Ventral(anterior) sacrococcygeus muscle]].

M. sacrococcygeus ventralis. Occasional rudi-

ment of the primitive coccygeal musculature

passinganteriorly from thesacrum to thecoc-

cyx.A

4 [[Dorsal(posterior) sacrococcygeus muscle]].

M.sacrococcygeus dorsalis. Rudimentaryrem-

nantof coccygealmusculature passing posteri-

orlyfrom thesacrum tothe coccyx.A

5 MUSCLESOF THE UPPERLIMB. Musculi mem-

brisuperioris.

6 M. deltoideus. o: Spineof scapula, acromion

clavicle. i: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus. A:

Lateraland medial rotation,abduction, adduc-

tion,forward and backwardflexion. I: Axillary

nerve.B EF G

7 M. supraspinatus. o: Supraspinous fossa. i:

Greatertubercleof humerus.A: Abduction,me-

dialand lateralrotation.I: Suprascapularnerve.

BEFG

8 M. infraspinatus. o: Infraspinous fossa. i:

Greatertubercleof humerus.A: Lateralrotation.

I:Suprascapular nerve.B FG

9 M. teres minor. o: Beside theinfraspinatus

muscle.i: Greater tubercle. A: Lateralrotation

andweak adduction.I: Axillarynerve. BF G

10 M. teres major. o: Lateralmargin of scapula. i:

Crestof lesser tubercle.A: Medial rotationand

adductionwithdorsiflexion ofarm.I: Subscapu-

larnerve. BD EG

11 M. subscapularis.o:Subscapular fossa.i: Lesser

tubercle.Medial rotationof arm.I: Subscapular

nerve.C DE

12 M. biceps brachii. Two-headed upper arm

muscle with the threeparts described below

(nos.13−15).i:Radial tuberosityandulna viathe

bicipitalaponeurosis. A:Flexionand supination

oftheelbow joint.I:Musculocutaneous nerve.D

13 Long head ofbiceps. Caput longum.o: Su-

praglenoid tubercle. i: Radial tuberosity and

ulna. A: Flexion and supination of the elbow

joint,weak abductionof theshoulder joint.C D

Intertubercular tendon sheath. Vagina tendinis

intertubercularis.Synovial sheath for the ten-

donof the long head ofthe biceps inthe inter-

tuberculargroove. D

Shorthead of biceps.Caputbreve. o:Coracoid

process.i:Radial tuberosityofulna. A:Flexionof

theelbow jointand supination,forward flexion

ofthe armat theshoulder joint.C D

Bicipital aponeurosis. Aponeurosis m. bici-

pitisbrachii (aponeurosis bicipitalis) [[lacertus

fibrosus]].Medial expansion ofthe biceps ten-

donthatattaches totheforearm fascia.A:Trans-

mitsthe pullof thebiceps tothe ulnawhen the

armis supinated.D

M. coracobrachialis. o: Coracoid process. i:

Middlethird ofhumerus anteriorly.A: Forward

flexion,weak adductionand medialrotation of

thearm. I:Musculocutaneous nerve.C DE

18 M. brachialis.o:Lower2/3 ofanterior surfaceof

humerus.i: Ulnar tuberosity. A:Flexion of the

elbowjoint. I:Musculocutaneous nerve.D EF

19 M. triceps brachii. Three-headedupper arm

muscle with common attachment to the

olecranon.G

Long head of triceps. Caput longum. o: In-

fraglenoidtubercle.i:Olecranon. A:Extensionof

theelbowjoint, adductionof theshoulder joint.

It separates the medial (triangular) from the

lateral(quadrangular) space.B CD G

Lateralhead oftriceps. Caputlaterale.o: Post-

eriorsurfaceof humeruslateral andproximal to

groovefor radialnerve. i: Olecranon.A: Exten-

sionof theelbow joint.F G

Medialhead of triceps.Caput mediale.o: Me-

dial and distal to groove for radialnerve. i:

Olecranon.A: Extensionof theelbow joint.F G

23 Superior and inferior apertures. [[Aperturae

superioret inferior]].Medialand lateralends of

the fascial cone for thelarge neurovascular

bundlesin theaxilla.

24 M. anconaeus.o: Lateral humeral epicondyle.

Continuationofmedial headof triceps.i:Lateral

margin of olecranon andposterior surface of

ulna.A: Extension of theelbow joint. I: Radial

nerve.G

25 M.articularis cubiti.Articular muscleof elbow.

Itsfibers passfrom thetriceps brachiito thear-

ticularcapsule. A: Tensesthe capsule. I:Radial

nerve.

26 M. pronator teres. o: Medialepicondyle of

humerusandcoronoid processofulna. i:Middle

oflateralsurface ofradius.A:Pronation andflex-

ionof theelbow joint.I: Mediannerve. D

Humeral head of pronator teres. Caput

humerale.The portion arisingfrom the medial

epicondyle.D E

Ulnar head ofpronator teres. Caputulnare.

Thepart arisingfrom thecoronoid process.D

Muscles

711

13 15

Right half of pelvis, medial viewA

Scapula, posterior viewB

Scapula, anterior view

Upper arm, anterior view

Upper arm, posterior viewG

Humerus,

anterior view

E Humerus,

posterior view

Muscles

1 M.flexorcarpi radialis.o: Medialepicondyleof

humerus.i: Baseof2

metacarpalbone.A: Pro-

nation,flexion andradialabduction ofthe wrist

joint.I. Mediannerve. A

2 M. palmaris longus. o:Medial epicondyle of

humerus. i: Palmar aponeurosis. A: Tenses

aponeurosisand flexes thewrist joint and fin-

gers2−5 atthe metacarpophalangeal joints.Its

tendonlies abovetheflexor retinaculum.I: Me-

diannerve. A

3 M.flexor carpiulnaris. o:Medialepicondyle of

humerus,olecranonand ulna.i:Pisiformbone as

wellasthe hamateand 5

metacarpalbonesvia

thepisohamate and pisometacarpalligaments.

A:Ulnarabduction andflexionof thewrist joint.

I:Ulnar nerve.A

Humeralhead of flexor carpi ulnaris.Caput

humerale.The partarising fromthe epicondyle

ofthe humerus.

Ulnarhead of flexor carpi ulnaris.Caput ul-

nare.The portionoriginating fromthe ulna.E

6 M. flexor digitorum superficialis. o: Medial

epicondyleofhumerus, coronoidprocessofulna

andanteriorsurface ofradius. i:Middlephalanx

offingers 2−5.A: Flexion ofall jointsit crosses.

Eachtendon isperforated bythecorresponding

tendonfrom the flexordigitorum profundus. I.

Mediannerve. AB

Humeroulnar head of flexor digitorum su-

perficialis.

Caput humeroulnare.The portion

arisingfrom thehumerus andulna. AE F

Radial head of flexor digitorum superfi-

cialis.

Caputradiale. The portion arising from

theradius. AE

9 M.flexor digitorum profundus.o: Upper half

ofulna.i: Baseof distalphalangesof fingers2−5.

A:Flexion ofall jointscrossed. Thetendon per-

foratesthecorresponding superficialflexor ten-

don.I: Medianand ulnarnerves. BE F

10 M. flexorpollicis longus. o:Middle ofanterior

surfaceofradius andusually themedial epicon-

dyle.i: Distal phalanx of thumb.A: Flexion of

jointscrossed. I:Median nerve.B E

11 M. pronator quadratus.o: Lowerfourth of

anteriorsurface ofulna. i:Lowerfourth ofante-

riorsurface of radius. A: Pronation. I: Median

nerve.A BE

12 M. brachioradialis. o: Intermuscular septum

andlateralmargin ofhumerus.i: Styloidprocess

ofradius. A:Flexion ofthe elbowjoint. Itbrings

thearmfrom theextremepronationand supina-

tion position to the intermediate position. I:

Radialnerve. AC E

13 M.extensor carpi radialislongus. o: Lateralin-

termuscularseptum, lateral epicondyle. i: Ex-

tensorsideof metacarpal 2.A:Radial abduction

anddorsiflexionof thewrist joint.Flexionof the

elbowjoint. I:Radial nerve.A C

14 M.extensor carpiradialis brevis.o:Lateral epi-

condyleofhumerus. i:Proximalextensor sideof

thirdmetacarpal.A: Extensionandradialabduc-

tionof wristjoint. I:Radial nerve.C

15 M.extensor digitorum.o: Lateralepicondyleof

humerus.i:Distal phalanges2−5via theirdorsal

aponeurosis. A:Extension of fingers and dor-

siflexionof thewrist joint.I: Radialnerve. C

Intertendinous connections. Connexus inter-

tendineus[[juncturaetendineum]].Obliqueten-

dinousconnections between theextensor ten-

donsof thefingerson thedorsum ofthe hand.C

17 M. extensor digiti minimi. o: Lateral epicon-

dyleofhumerus. i:Dorsal aponeurosisof5

fin-

ger.A: Extensionof little finger,abduction and

dorsiflexionof thewrist joint.I: Radialnerve. C

18 M. extensorcarpi ulnaris.o:Lateral epicondyle

ofhumerus,radial collateralligament, posterior

surfaceofulna. i:Base of5

metacarpal.A:Dor-

siflexion,ulnar abduction.I. Radialnerve. CD

Humeral head of extensor carpi ulnaris.

Caput humerale. The part arising from the

humerus.

Ulnar head of extensor carpi ulnaris. Caput

ulnare.The portionarising fromthe ulna.F

21 M. supinator.o: Lateralepicondyle, radial col-

lateralligament,supinator crestof ulna.i: Ante-

rior surfaceof radius. A: Supination. I: Radial

nerve.D EF

22 M.abductor pollicis longus. o: Dorsalside of

interosseousmembrane and adjacent surfaces

ofradius and ulna.i: Base of1

metacarpal.A:

Radialabduction and dorsiflexionof the meta-

carpophalangealjointof thethumb. Supination.

I:Radial nerve.C DF

23 M.extensor pollicisbrevis. o:Radius(extensor

side)andinterosseous membrane.i:Baseof pro-

ximalphalanx of thumb.A: Abduction andex-

tensionof thumb at the metacarpophalangeal

joint.I: Radialnerve. CD F

24 M. extensor pollicis longus. o: Interosseous

membraneand dorsal surface ofulna. i: Distal

phalanxof thumb. A:Adducts and extendsthe

thumb.Supinator. I:Radial nerve.C DF

25 M.extensor indicis.o: Interosseousmembrane

anddorsal surfaceofulna. i:Dorsal aponeurosis

ofindex finger.A: Extendsthe indexfinger and

wristjoint. I:Radial nerve.D F

26 M. palmaris brevis. o: Ulnar side of palmar

aponeurosis.i: Skin of ulnar aspectof hand. I.

Ulnarnerve. A

Muscles

20 23

792425

21 8

88.19

88.24

88.26

88.16

88.12

88.26

88.18

Superficial muscles

of forearm,

anterior view

Deep muscles

of forearm,

anterior view

B Superficial extensor

muscles of forearm

Deep extensor muscles

of forearm

Radius and ulna with

interosseous membrane,

anterior view

Radius and ulna with

interosseous membrane,

posterior view

Muscles

1 M. abductor pollicis brevis. o: Scaphoid bone

andflexor retinaculum. i:Lateral sesamoid bone

and,radially, theproximal phalanxof thethumb.

A:Abduction andflexion ofthe thumb.I: Median

nerve.B

2 M.flexor pollicisbrevis. o: Carpalbones,base of

metacarpaland flexor retinaculum. i: Lateral

sesamoid bone, radially aspect of proximal

phalanxofthumb. A:Adducts andflexesthumb. B

Superficial head of flexor pollicis brevis.

Caput superficiale. The portion situatedon the

tendonofthe flexorpollicislongus andinnervated

bythe mediannerve. B

Deephead of flexor pollicis brevis. Caputpro-

fundum.Theportion situatedbelowthe tendonof

theflexor pollicis longus and innervatedby the

ulnarnerve. B

5 M.opponens pollicis.o:Trapeziumand flexorret-

inaculum.i: First metacarpal. A: Adduction and

oppositionof thumb.I: Mediannerve.B

6 M. adductorpollicis. o: Capitate, radiate carpal

ligament,metacarpal bone 3.i: Medialsesamoid

bone,ulnar aspectof baseof proximalphalanx of

thumb.A: Adductionand opposition ofthumb. I:

Ulnarnerve. B

Oblique head of adductor pollicis. Caputob-

liquum.The portionarising fromthe capitateand

radiatecarpal ligament.B

Transverse head of adductor pollicis.Caput

transversum.The portionoriginatingfrom the3

metcarpalbone. B

9 M.abductor digitiminimi.o: Pisoformand flexor

retinaculum.i: Base ofproximal phalanxof little

fingerand dorsalaponeurosis.A: Abduction,flex-

ionandextension ofthelittle finger.I.Ulnar nerve.

10 M. flexordigiti minimibrevis. o:Hookof hamate

and flexor retinaculum. i: Base of proximal

phalanxof littlefinger. A:Flexion of fingerat the

metacarpophalangealjoint. I:Ulnarnerve. B

11 M. opponens digiti minimi.o: Hookof hamulus

andflexor retinaculum. i: Head andshaft of 5

metacarpal.A: Drawsthe little fingertoward the

palmof thehand. I:Ulnar nerve.B

12 Mm. lumbricales.o: Tendonsof flexordigitorum

profundus.i:Dorsal aponeurosesoffingers 2−5.A:

Flexion of finger at the metacarpophalangeal

joints,extension at the interphalangealjoints. I:

Ulnarand mediannerves. BC

13 Mm. interossei dorsales.o: Arisesby two heads

fromthemetacarpals. i:Dorsalaponeurosis offin-

gers2−4. A: Spreadingof fingers 2−4 awayfrom

axisofmiddle finger,radialandulnar abductionof

middle finger,flexion of finger at the metacar-

pophalangeal joint and extension of the inter-

phalangealjoints. I.Ulnar nerve.CD E

14 Mm. interosseipalmares. o:Metacarpal bones2,

4and5. i:Dorsal aponeurosesoffingers 2,4and 5.

A: Adduction of index, ringand littlefingers

towardthe middlefinger, flexionof themetacar-

pophalangeal joints, extension of the inter-

phalangealjoints. I:Ulnar nerve.BD

15 Axillary fascia. Fascia axillaris. Situated on the

adiposebodyof theaxilla.It unitesthelateralmar-

ginsofthepectoral andlatissimusdorsi muscles.G

16 Deltoid fascia.Fasciadeltoidea. Stronglyfusedin-

vestingfascia ofthedeltoid muscle.

17 Brachial fascia. Fasciebrachii (brachialis). Fascia

enclosingthe upperarm muscles.F

18 Medial intermuscular septum ofthe arm. Sep-

tum intermuscularebrachii mediale. Tendinous

sheetfor muscleorigin betweenthe medialmar-

ginof thehumerus andthebrachial fascia.F

19 Lateral intermuscular septum ofthe arm. Sep-

tum intermusculare brachii laterale. Tendinous

sheetfor muscle attachment between thelateral

marginof thehumerusand thebrachial fascia.F

20 Antebrachialfascia. Fasciaantebrachii.Fascia en-

velopingthe forearmmuscles.A

21 Fasciaof the dorsumof thehand. Fasciadorsalis

manus.Fasciasituatedon thedorsaltendons ofthe

hand.E

22 Extensorretinaculum. Retinaculum extensorum

[[lig.carpidors.]].Transversefascial fibersover the

6conduction canalsof the10extensor tendons.E

23 Superficialtransverse metacarpalligament. Lig.

metacarpaletransversumsuperficiale. Transverse

reinforcementof thepalmar fasciaof thehand at

thelevel oftheheads ofthe metacarpals.A

24 Palmar aponeurosis. Aponeurosis palmaris.

Membranousexpansion ofthe tendonof thepal-

marislongus muscle.A

Transversefasciculi. Fasciculi transversi.Trans-

versely orientedf ibrousbundles of the palmar

aponeurosis.A

26 Flexor retinaculum.Retinaculum flexorum [[lig.

carpitransversum]]. Stoutfibrous band between

the scaphoid, trapezoid, pisiform andhamate

bones.It bindsthe flexortendons.B

27 Fibroussheaths off ingers.Vaginaefibrosae digi-

torummanus.Fibrous synovialtunnelfor thedigi-

talflexortendons. B

Annular part of fibrous sheath. Parsanularis

vaginaefibrosae. Verycompact circular fibers of

thefibrous sheathlocatedb etweenthejoints. B

Cruciate part of fibrous sheath. Pars cruci-

formisvaginae fibrosae.Crossed fibers thatrein-

forcethe joints.B

30 Synovial sheaths of the fingers. Vaginae syn-

ovialesdigitorum manus. Tendonsheaths of the

digitalflexortendons.

Vincula tendinum. Connective tissue fasciculi

(mesotendons) transporting vesselsto the ten-

dons.C

Vinculumlongum. Longerfasciculus at thelevel

ofthe proximalphalanx.C

Vinculum breve. Shorter fasciculus nearthe in-

sertionsof thetendons. C

34 Chiasmatendinum. Crossingofthetendons ofthe

flexordigitorumsuperficialis andprofundus. C

Muscles

13 13

90.9

90.6

90.15

90.26

90.1

90.10

Palmar aponeurosis and fasciaeA

Palm muscles

Tendons of fingerC

Interosseous muscles, schematic

D Dorsum of handE Cross section of thoraxG

Cross section of upper armF

Muscles

1 MUSCLES OF LOWER LIMB. Musculi membri

inferioris.

2 M. iliopsoas. Comprisedof two muscles, the

psoasmajor andiliacus. o:Lesser trochanter.A:

Mostimportant flexorand pre-elevatormuscle

ofthe legs;medial and lateralrotation ofthigh

atthe hip joint.B C D

M.iliacus. o:Iliac fossa.i: Lesser trochanter.A:

Flexion,medial and lateralrotation of thigh at

the hip joint. I:Femoral nerveand lumbar

plexus.C

M. psoas major.o: Bodies and transverse

processesof L1−4. i:Lesser trochanter.A: Flex-

ion,medial and lateral rotationof thigh at the

hipjoint. I: Lumbarplexus. C

5 [M.psoas minor]. o: Bodies of T12 and L1.i:

Iliacfascia. I: Lumbarplexus. C

6 M.gluteusmaximus. o:Posterior, externalsur-

face of ilium, sacrum, coccyx,sacrotuberous

ligament. i: Iliotibial tract, gluteal tuberosity,

lateralintermuscular septum, linea aspera. A:

Extension, lateralrotation, abduction and ad-

duction of thigh at the hipjoint. I:Inferior

glutealnerve. A DE

7 M. gluteus medius. o: External surface of

ilium.i: Greater trochanter.A: Abduction, me-

dialand lateral rotation,flexion and extension

of thigh at the hip joint.I: Superior gluteal

nerve.A D E

8 M. gluteus minimus. o: External surfaceof

ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal

lines.i: Greater trochanter. A: Abduction,me-

dialand lateral rotation,flexion and extension

ofthe thigh atthe hip joint.I: Superior gluteal

nerve.A D E

8aGluteal aponeurosis. Aponeurosis glutealis.

Deep,sheet-like tendonof originof the gluteus

maximuslying on thegluteus medius.

9 M.tensorfasciae latae.o: Nearthe anteriorsu-

perior iliac spine. i: Above the iliotibial tract

lateralto the tibial tuberosity. A: Flexion, ab-

ductionand medial rotationof thighat the hip

joint. Flexion, extension and final rotation at

theknee joint. I:Superior gluteal nerve.C E

10 M. piriformis.o: Anterior surfaceof sacrum. i:

Greatertrochanter, inner side of apex. A: Ab-

duction,extension andlateral rotation ofthigh

atthe hip joint.I. Sacral plexus.A D

11 M. obturator internus.o: Inner surface ofob-

turator membrane and environment. i:Tro-

chanteric fossa.A: Lateral rotation, abduction

andadduction of thigh.I: Sacral plexus.A D

12 M. gemellus superior.o: Ischial spine. i: Ten-

don of obturator internus and trochanteric

fossa.A: Lateralrotation, adductionand abduc-

tionof thigh. I:Sacral plexus. AD E

13 M. gemellus inferior. o: Ischial tuberosity. i:

Tendon of obturator internus, trochanteric

fossa.A: Lateralrotation, adductionand abduc-

tionof thigh. I:Sacral plexus. AD E

14 M. quadratus femoris.o: Ischial tuberosity. i:

Intertrochantericcrest. A: Lateral rotationand

adductionof thigh. I:Sacral plexus. AD E

15 M. sartorius.o: Anterior superioriliac spine.i:

Medial totibial tuberosity. A: Flexion, abduc-

tion, lateralrotation of thigh at the hip joint,

flexionand medial rotation of leg atthe knee

joint.I: Femoral nerve.C E

16 M. quadriceps femoris. The muscle group

comprisingthe threevasti musclesand therec-

tusfemoris. I: Femoralnerve.

M. rectus femoris. o: Anterior inferior iliac

spine = straight head andupper margin of

acetabulum.= reflected head.i: Tibial tuberos-

ity.A: Flexion of thigh atthe hip joint, exten-

sionof leg atthe knee joint.B C E

M. vastus lateralis. o: Greater trochanter,

laterallip oflinea aspera.i: Quadriceps tendon.

A:Extension of legat the kneejoint. B CD

M.vastus intermedius. o:Anterior surface of

femur.i:Quadriceps tendon.A: Extensionof leg

atthe knee joint.B D

M.vastus medialis. o: Distalto intertrochan-

tericline, medial lip oflinea aspera. i:Quadri-

ceps tendon. A: Extension of leg at the knee

joint.C D

21 M. articularis genus. o:Anterior surface of

femur.i: Kneejoint capsule. A:Tenses capsule.

I:Femoral nerve. D

22 M.pectineus. o: Pectenpubis. i: Pectinealline

belowthe lesser trochanter.A: Flexion,adduc-

tionand lateralrotationof thighat thehip joint.

I:Femoral and obturatornerves. B CD E

23 M.adductor longus. o: Nearthe symphysis. i:

Medial lip of linea aspera. A: Adduction and

flexion of thigh at the hip joint. I: Obturator

nerve.B C DE

24 M.adductor brevis.o: Inferior ramusof pubis.

i:Medial lipof linea aspera.A: Adduction,flex-

ion, extensionand lateral rotation of thigh at

thehip joint. I:Obturator nerve. BD E

25 M. adductor magnus. o: Ischial tuberosity,

ischialramus. i: Medial lipof linea asperaand

witha longtendon tothe medialepicondyle. A:

Adduction and extension of thigh at the hip

joint.I: Obturator andsciatic nerves. BC D E

25a M. adductor minimus.Uppermost part of the

adductormagnus muscle.It arises froma more

anteriorpart of thepelvis.

26 M.gracilis. o:Inferior ramusof pubismedial to

theadductor magnusmuscle. i:Medial totibial

tuberosity.A: Adduction,flexion andextension

ofthigh atthe hip joint.Flexion andmedial ro-

tationofthe kneejoint. I:Obturator nerve.A CE

Muscles

11;12; 13

98.14

96.1

98.18

98.14

96.6

96.5

96.3

Deep muscles of hip,

posterior view

Thigh, anterior view

Thigh,

anterior view

Femur, posterior and anterior viewsD Hip bone, lateral viewE

Muscles

1 M.obturator externus. o: External surface of

obturatormembrane and environment. i:Tro-

chantericfossa. A: Lateral rotationand adduc-

tionofthigh atthehip joint.I:Obturatornerve. A

2 M. biceps femoris. o: Arises from the pelvis

and femurvia two heads. i: Head of fibula. I:

Sciaticnerve, tibial part.A B EF

Longhead of biceps femoris. Caput longum.

o:Ischial tuberosity.i: Headof fibula.A: Exten-

sion,adduction and lateralrotation of thigh at

thehip joint;flexion and lateralrotation ofthe

kneejoint. I: Tibialnerve. A B

Shorthead of bicepsfemoris. Caput breve.o:

Laterallip of linea aspera.i: Head of fibula. A:

Flexionand lateralrotation of theknee joint. I:

Commonperoneal nerve. AB

5 M.semitendinosus.o: Ischialtuberosity. i:Me-

dialto tibial tuberosity [pesanserinus]. A: Ex-

tension,medial rotation and adduction at the

hip joint; flexion and medial rotation at the

kneejoint. I: Tibialnerve. A DE

6 M.semimembranosus. o: Ischial tuberosity.i:

Medial condyle of tibia and obliquepopliteal

ligament.It ispartially coveredby thesemiten-

dinosus muscle. A: Extension, adduction and

medialrotation ofthigh atthe hipjoint; flexion

and medial rotationof the knee joint. Tenses

kneejoint capsule. I:Tibial nerve. AB F

7 M.tibialis anterior. o: Lateralsurface of tibia,

interosseous membrane, fascia of leg (crural

fascia). i: Medial aspect of medial cuneiform

bone and 1

metatarsal. A: Dorsiflexion and

supinationof foot. I:Deep fibular nerve.D E

8 M.extensor digitorumlongus. o:Lateral tibial

condyle,interosseous membrane,fibula. i:Dor-

salaponeurosis oftoes 2−5.A: Dorsiflexionand

pronation of foot, extension of toes. I.Deep

fibularnerve. D E

9 M. peroneus ter tius (m. fibularis tertius).

Muscle split off from the extensor digitorum

longus and inserting into the base of the 5

metacarpal. A: Dorsiflexion and pronation of

foot.I: Deep fibularnerve. D

10 M. extensor hallicus longus. o: Interosseous

membraneand fibula. i: Distal phalanx of big

toe.A: Dorsiflexionof foot,extension ofbig toe.

I:Deep fibular nerve.D E

11 M. peroneus longus[[m. fibularis longus]].o:

Fibula and crural fascia. i: Medial cuneiform

boneand 1

metatarsalafter anoblique course

belowthe dorsumof thefoot. A:Plantar flexion

anf pronation of foot. I: Superficial fibular

nerve.C D EF

12 M. peroneus brevis [[m.fibularis brevis]]. o:

Distal2/3 offibula. i:Tuberosity of5

metatar-

sal.A: Plantarflexion andpronation. I: Superfi-

cialfibular nerve. CD E F

13 M. triceps surae. Muscle group consisting of

the gastrocnemius and soleus;it formsthe

Achilles tendon (tendo calcaneus). I: Tibial

nerve.

M.gastrocnemius. Thesuperf icial calf muscle

withtwo heads (lateral, me dial).A: Flexes the

knee joint, plantar flexes andsupinates the

anklejoint. A BC D

Lateralhead of gastrocnemius.Caput laterale.o:

Proximal to the lateral femoral condyle. i:

Achillestendon. A BC

Medialhead of gastrocnemius.Caput laterale. o:

Proximal to the medial femoral condyle. i:

Achillestendon. A BC D

M.soleus. o: Proximalends offibula andtibia.

i: Achillestendon. A: Plantar flexes and supi-

natesthe foot. BF

Tendinousarchof soleusmuscle. Arcustendineus

musculisolei. Tendinous archabove the inter-

osseous membrane. Passagewayfor the tibial

nerveand posterior tibialartery and vein.B

Tendocalcaneus [[Achillestendon]].The ten-

donof thetriceps surae atthe tuber ofthe cal-

caneus.B C

20 M.plantaris. o: Abovethe lateralfemoral con-

dyle.i: Achillestendon ortuberosity of thecal-

caneus.I: Tibial nerve.B C

21 M. popliteus. o: Lateral femoral condyle. i:

Posterior surface of tibia. A: Flexion of knee

jointand medial rotationof leg. BC F

22 M. tibialis posterior.o: Tibia, fibula, interos-

seous membrane. i: Navicular, cuneiforms,

cuboid and metatarsals 2−4. Onebundle of

fibersextends backward to thesustentaculum

taliof thecalcaneus. A:Plantar flexorand supi-

nator.I: Tibial nerve.C F

23 M.flexor digitorum longus. o: Tibia.i: Distal

phalanges of toes2−5. A: Plantar flexion and

supination of foot, flexion of toes. I: Tibial

nerve.C F

24 M. flexor hallucis longus. o: Fibula. i: Distal

phalanxof big toe.A: Plantar flexionand supi-

nationof foot,flexion of bigtoe. I:Tibial nerve.

25 M.extensor hallucis brevis. o: Dorsalsurface

ofcalcaneus. i: Proximalphalanx of big toe.A:

Extendsthe big toe.I: see p.26. D

26 M.extensor digitorum brevis. o: Dorsal sur-

faceof calcaneus.i: Dorsal aponeurosesof toes

2−4.A: Extends toes.I: Deep fibularnerve. D

Muscles

211

24 12

22 23

82 11 8 10 12

94.10

94.12

94.11

94.13

94.25

94.18

94.14

Thigh,

posterior view

A Lower leg,

posterior view

B Deep muscles of

lower leg, posterior view

C Lower leg,

anterior view

Tibia and fibula,

anterior view

Tibia and fibula,

posterior view

Muscles

1 M.abductorhallucis. Abductormuscle ofgreat

toe.o: Medial processof tuber calcanei.i: Me-

dialsesamoid and proximalphalanx ofbig toe.

A:Medial abduction,supports the longitudinal

arch.I. See 2.A B

2 M.flexorhallucis brevis.Short flexormuscleof

thegreat toe. Origin:Cuneiform I,long plantar

ligament,tendon of theposterior tibial m.and

plantaraponeurosis. Forms agroove for trans-

missionof the flexor hallucislongus m., stabi-

lizesthe longitudinal arch.A B

2aMedial head. Caput mediale.o: Tendon ofthe

abductor m. of the great toe, sesamoid bone

andproximal phalanx.

2bLateral head. Caput laterale.o: Tendon of the

adductorm. of the great toe, lateralsesamoid

boneand proximal phalanxof the greattoe.

3 M.adductor hallucis.Important musclefor the

transversearch ofthe footconsisting ofthe fol-

lowingtwo heads.

Obliquehead. Caput obliquum.o: Metatarsals

2−4, lateral cuneiform andcuboid bones. i:

Lateralsesamoid boneand proximalphalanxof

big toetogether with the transverse head. A:

Important for stabilization of transverse and

longitudinalarches. B

Transversehead. Caput transversum. o: Cap-

sules of metatarsophalangeal joints 3−5. i:

Lateralsesamoid bone. A: Primary function is

tosupport the transversearch of thefoot. A B

6 M.abductor digiti minimi. o: Calcaneus and

plantar aponeurosis. i: Laterally on proximal

phalanxof 5

toe.A: Plantarflexionand abduc-

tionof the 5

toe.I: Lateral plantarnerve. A B

7 M.flexor digiti minimi brevis. o: Base of 5

metatarsal, longplantar ligament. i: Proximal

phalanxof little toe. A:Flexion and abduction

oflittle toe. I:Lateral plantar nerve.A B

7a[M. opponensdigiti minimi].Muscle occasion-

ally split of f from the flexor digiti minimi

brevis.o: Distal halfof 5

metatarsal.

8 M.flexor digitorum brevis. o: Tubercalcanei

andplantar aponeurosis.i:Middle phalangesof

toes2−5 viadivided tendons.A: Flexestoesand

supports the longitudinal arch of the foot. I:

Medialplantar nerve. AB

9 M.quadratus plantae(m. flexor accessorius).

o:Calcaneus.i: Lateralborderof tendonofflexor

digitorumlongus. A: Flexes toes andsupports

longitudinalarchof foot.I:Lateral plantarnerve.

10 Mm. lumbricales pedis.Lumbrical muscles of

thefoot.o: Tendonsofflexordigitorum longus.i:

Basesof proximal phalanges2−5. A: Flexionat

the metatarsophalangeal joint. Brings toes

closertothe bigtoe.I: Medialand lateralplantar

nerves.A B

11 Mm. interosseidorsales pedis.o: Arisesbytwo

headsfromadjacent metatarsalbones.i: Baseof

theproximal phalanx,plantar ligament. A:Ab-

duction and flexion of toesat themetatar-

sophalangealjoints and extensionat the inter-

phalangealjoints. I:Lateralplantar nerve.C

12 Mm. interossei plantares. o: Single-headed

frommetatarsal bones 3−5.i: Base ofproximal

phalanges.A: Adduction and flexionof toes at

themetatarsophalangeal joints.I: cf.p.11. C

13 Fascia lata.Fascia of thighwhich envelops the

entirethigh musculature.D

Iliotibial tract. Tractus iliotibialis. Vertical

thickband of fascialata that extends fromthe

anteriorsegment ofthe iliac crestto thelateral

tibialcondyle andinto whichradiatethe tensor

fasciaelatae andgluteus maximus.D

15 Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh. Sep-

tumintermusculare femorislaterale. Firmcon-

nectivetissue layer extending from the fascia

latatothe laterallip ofthe lineaasperabetween

thebiceps femorisand vastuslateralismuscles.

16 Medial intermuscular septum of thigh. Sep-

tumintermuscularefemoris mediale.Stoutcon-

nectivetissue layer extending from the fascia

latatothe mediallipof thelinea asperabetween

the vastus medialis, sartorius and adductor

muscles.

17 Adductor canal. Canalis adductorius. Channel

betweenadductors, vastusmedialisand [vasto-

adductor membrane].It ends with the hiatus

tendineuswithin theadductor magnus.D

18 Hiatus tendineus (adductorius).Opening near

theattachment of theadductor magnus at the

levelof theinferior marginof theadductor lon-

gus.

19 Iliac fascia.Fasciailiaca. Fasciaoverthe iliacand

inferiorportionof thepsoas muscles.It attaches

totheiliaccrest andarcuateline aswellasthe in-

guinalligament. D

20 Muscular lacuna. Lacuna musculorum. Com-

partmentforpassageof theiliopsoasmuscle and

the femoral and lateral femoral cutaneous

nervesbetweenthe ilium, inguinalligamentand

iliopectinealarch. E

21 Iliopectineal arch.Arcus iliopectineus. Portion

oftheiliac fasciabetween theinguinal ligament

and the iliopubic [iliopectineal] eminence. It

separatesthe vascularandmuscular lacunae.E

22 Vascular lacuna. Lacuna vasorum.Compart-

mentbetween thepubis, inguinalligament and

iliopectineal arch for passage of the femoral

artery and the femoralbranch ofthe geni-

tofemoralnerve. E

23 Femoraltriangle. Trigonumfemorale. Triangle

between the sartorius and adductor longus

musclesand theinguinal ligament.D

24 Femoral canal. Canalis femoralis. Passage

within the medial segment of the vascular

lacunathat extendsfrom theinguinal ligament

tothe saphenousopening. E

Muscles

86.11

96.23

100.17

96.24

Superficial plantar musclesA Deep plantar muscles

B Interosseous muscles

Thigh, lateral and anterior medial view

D Vascular lacuna

Muscles

100

1 Femoralring. Anulus femoralis. Entrance into

thefemoral canalbordered bythefemoral vein,

inguinalligament, falxinguinalis and pectineal

ligament.A

2 Femoral septum. Septum femorale. Fibrous

membrane that closes the entrance of the

femoralcanal. A

3 Saphenous opening. Hiatus saphenus. Large

openingin thefascia latadirectly belowthe in-

guinal ligament for passage of the great

saphenousvein. B

Falciform margin. Margo falciformis. Curved,

principallateralmargin ofthe saphenousopen-

ing.B

Superior horn. Cornu superius. Upper, curved

portionof the falciformmargin. B

Inferiorhorn. Cornuinferius. Lower,curved por-

tionof the falciformmagin. B

Cribriform fascia. Fascia cribrosa. Loose,per-

foratedconnective tissue lamina covering the

saphenousopening. B

8 Fasciaof the leg (crural fascia). Fasciacruris.

Superficial investing fascia of the legwhich

serves partiallyfor muscle attachment and is

fusedto thefreebony marginsof thetibia. CD F

9 Anteriorintermuscular septumof leg.Septum

intermusculare cruris anterius. Connective

tissueseptum betweentheperoneal andexten-

sorcompartments. F

10 Posterior intermuscular septum of leg. Sep-

tum intermusculare cruris posterius. Connec-

tivetissue septum between the peroneal and

flexorcompartments. F

11 Superior extensor retinaculum. Retinaculum

mm. extensorum superius. Transverse

thickened (abouttwo finger’s breadth) of the

cruralfascia that holdthe extensor tendons in

place.C D

12 Flexor retinaculum. Retinaculum mm. flex-

orum.Fibrous band onthe long flexortendons

thatextends from themedial malleolus to the

calcaneus. It forms an osteofibrous compart-

ment for the posteriortibial m., then divides

intotwo parts. The lower portionforms com-

partmentsfor the flexordigitorum longus and

flexorhallucis longusmuscles. The tibialnerve

andposterior tibialartery andvein liebetween

thetwo membranous parts.D

13 Inferior extensor retinaculum. Retinaculum

mm. extensorum inferius. Usually cruciate

band thatsupports the extensor tendons, ex-

tendingfrom bothmalleoli to thefoot margins

ofthe oppositeside, primarilyto thecalcaneus.

14 Superior peroneal(fibular) retinaculum. Reti-

naculum mm. peroneorum (fibularium) su-

perius.Upperband thatholds peronealtendons

inplace; it extends from thelateral malleolus

tothe calcaneus. C

15 Inferior (fibular) peroneal retinaculum. Reti-

naculum mm. peroneorum (fibularium) in-

ferius.Lower bandthat holdsthe peroneal ten-

donsin place. Itpasses from theextensor reti-

naculumto the outersurface of the calcaneus.

A fibrous tract goes to the peroneal trochlea

andseparates the upper lyingperoneus brevis

fromthe peroneus longusmuscle. C

16 Fascia dorsalis pedis. Thin fascia on the dor-

sumof thefoot connected abovewith theinfe-

riorextensor retinaculum. CD

17 Plantar aponeurosis. Aponeurosis plantaris.

Tough,tendinous sheet onthe sole of thefoot

extendingfrom the tuber calcanei toas far as

themiddle phalanges.Itbraces thelongitudinal

archof the foot.E

Transverse fasciculi. Fasciculi transversi.

Transversefibrous sheets in the distalplantar

aponeurosis.E

19 Superficial transversemetatarsal ligament.

Lig. metatarsale transversum superficiale.

Transversefibrous tract in the vicinity of the

distal transverse fibers of the plantar

aponeurosis.E G

19a Synovialbursae(sacs) and sheaths. Bursaeet

vaginaesynoviales.

20 Synovial sheaths of the digitsof thefoot.

Vaginaesynoviales tendinum digitorumpedis.

Synovialportion of the tendonsheaths for the

flexorsof the toes.G

Vincula tendinum. Connective tissue tract

passingobliquely through the tendon sheaths

bearingblood vessels. G

22 Fibrous sheaths of the digits of thefoot.

Vaginae fibrosae tendinum digitorumpedis.

Toughfibroussheath thatreinforces thetendon

sheathson the flexorside of thetoes. G

Annularpart of fibrous sheath.Pars anularis

vaginaefibrosae. Circular tracts in the fibrous

sheathsbetween the joints.G

Cruciate par t of f ibrous sheath. Pars cruci-

formis vaginae fibrosae. Crucitate connective

tissue tracts in the fibrous sheaths overthe

joints.G

Muscles,synovial bursaeand sheaths

101

20 19 19

86.20

86.18

86.21

Foot, medial viewD

Toes, plantar view

GCross-section of lower legFPlantar surface of footE

Foot, lateral viewC

Fascia lata in inguinal regionB

Vascular lacuna from behind

Muscles,synovial bursaeand sheaths

102

1 Tendon sheath of superior oblique muscle.

Vaginatendinis m. obliquisuperioris. Synovial

sheathof thesuperior obliquem. ofthe eyeball,

situated at the site where its tendon passes

throughthe trochlea. Seep. 364.12

2 Synovialbursa oftensor velipalatini.Bursa m.

tensoris velipalatini. Synovial bursa between

thepterygoid hamulus and the tendon of the

tensorveli palatini muscle.See pp. 116.20,117.

3 Subcutaneousbursa of the laryngeal promi-

nence.B. subcutaneaprominentiae laryngealis.

Synovialbursa betweenthe skinand thelaryn-

gealprominence of thethyroid cartilage. A

4 Retrohyoid bursa. B. retrohyoidea.Synovial

bursabetween the bodyof thehyoid bone and

themedian thyrohyoidligament. A

5 Infrahyoid bursa. B. infrahyoidea. Synovial

bursabetween the upperend of the sternohy-

oidmuscle and thethyrohyoid membrane.A B

5aSynovial bursaeof upperlimb. Bursaemembri

superioirs.

6 Subtendinous bursa of trapezius. B. subten-

dineam. trapezii. Synovial bursa betweenthe

trapezius muscle (ascending part) and the

spineof the scapula.C

7 [B.subcutanea acromialis].Synovial bursabe-

tweenacromion and theskin. D

8 Subacromialbursa. B. subacromialis. Synovial

bursa between the acromion, coracoacromial

ligament and supraspinous tendon. It and its

tendonslie on thejoint capsule. DE

9 Subdeltoid bursa. B. subdeltoidea. Synovial

bursa between the deltoid muscle and the

greatertubercle of thehumerus. It often com-

municateswith the subacromialbursa. D

10 Coracobrachial bursa.[b. m. coracobrachialis].

Synovialbursa betweenthe tendonsofthe sub-

scapularisand coracobrachialis musclesbelow

theapex of thecoracoid process. D

11 Subtendinous bursa of infraspinatus muscle.

B.subtendinea m. infraspinati. Synovial bursa

between the tendon of the infraspinatus and

thecapsule of theshoulder joint. E

12 Subtendinous bursa ofsubscapularis muscle.

B. subtendinea m. subscapularis. Synovial

bursabetween thetendon of thesubscapularis

andthe capsule of the shoulder joint.It com-

municateswith the jointcavity. D

13 Subtendinous bursaof teres majormuscle. B.

subtendinea m. tertis majoris. Synovial bursa

betweenthe tendonof the teresmajor and the

humerus.D

14 Subtendinous bursa of latissimus dorsi

muscle.B. subtendinea m.latissimi dorsi. Syn-

ovial bursab etweenthe tendons of the teres

majorand latissimus dorsi.D

15 Subcutaneous bursa of olecranon. B. subcu-

tanea olecrani. Synovial bursa between the

olecranonand the skin.F

16 Intratendinous bur sa of olecranon. [B. in-

tratendinea olecrani]. Synovial bursa within

thetriceps tendon nearthe olecranon. F

17 Subtendinous bursa of triceps brachii.B. sub-

tendinea m. tricipitis brachii. Synovial bursa

betweenthe tricepstendon and theolecranon.

18 Bicipitoradial bursa. B.bicipitoradialis. Syn-

ovialbursa betweenthe biceps tendonand the

anteriorpart of theradial tuberosity. F

19 [B. cubitalis interossea]. Synovialbursa be-

tweenthe biceps tendon and the ulna or ob-

liquecord. F

20 Tendonsheath ofabductor pollicislongus and

extensor pollicis brevismuscles. Vag. ten-

dinum mm. abductoris longi et extensoris

brevispollicis. Commontendonsheath forming

thefirst tendoncompartmenton thedorsum of

thehand. G

21 Tendon sheathof extensor carpi radialislon-

gus and brevis muscles. Vag.tendinum mm.

extensorumcarpi radialium. Common tendon

sheath forming the second tendon compart-

menton the dorsumof the hand.G

22 Tendon sheath of extensor pollicis longus

muscle. Vag. tendinis m. extensoris pollicis

longi.Forms the thirdtendon compartment. G

23 Tendonsheath ofextensor digitorum andex-

tensorindicis muscles.Vag. tendinummm. ex-

tensorisdigitorumet extensorisindicis. Tendon

sheath forming the fourthtendon compart-

menton the dorsumof the hand.G

24 Tendon sheath of extensor digiti minimi

muscle.Vag. tendinism. extensoris digitimin-

imi. Forms the fifth tendon compartment on

thedorsum of thehand. G

25 Tendon sheath of extensor carpi ulnaris

muscle. Vag. tendinis m. extensoris carpi ul-

naris.Forms the sixthtendon compartmenton

thedorsum of thehand. G

26 Sheath of extensor carpi radialis brevis

muscle.Vag. m.extensoris carpiradialis brevis.

Synovialbursa at the attachmentbetween the

tendonand base ofthe 3

metacarpal.

Synovialbursae andsheaths

103

Sagittal section

of larynx

A Larynx,

lateral view

B Right shoulder,

posterior view

Shoulder joint, anterior view

D Shoulder joint, posterior view

Section of elbow joint sawed open

F Wrist and hand, dorsal viewG

Synovialbursae andsheaths

104

1 Tendonsheath offlexor carpi radialismuscle.

Vag. tendinis m. flexoris carpi radialis. In-

dividual tendon sheath for the flexor carpi

radialis at the insertion of the tendon to the

baseof the 2

metacarpalbone. A

2 Commonsheath of flexor muscles.Vag. com-

munismm. flexorum. Common tendonsheath

forthe two longflexors of thefingers. A

3 Tendon sheath of flexor pollicis longus

muscle.Vag. tendinis m.flexoris pollicis longi.

Separatesynovial sheath forthe long flexor of

thethumb. A

4 Tendonsheaths forflexors in region of fin-

gers.Vag. tendinum digitorummanus. A

4aSynovial bursaeof lowerlimb. Bursaemembri

inferioris.

5 Subcutaneoustrochanteric bursa. Bursa sub-

cutanea trochanterica. Synovial bursa on the

tendon of the gluteus maximus between the

skinand greater trochanter.B

6 Trochanteric bursa of gluteusmaximus. B.

trochantericam. gluteimaximi. Synovial bursa

between the tendon of the gluteus maximus

andthe greater trochanter.B

7 Trochanteric bursae of gluteus medius. Bb.

trochantericae m. glutei medii. This designa-

tioncomprises twosynovialbursae, ananterior

onebetween thetendon ofinsertion ofthe glu-

teusmedius and the greater trochanter anda

posteriorone betweenthistendon andthe piri-

formismuscle. B C

8 Trochantericbursa ofgluteus minimus.B. tro-

chantericae m. glutei minimi. Synovial bursa

betweenthe tendon ofinsertion ofthe gluteus

minimusand the greatertrochanter. BC

9 Bursa of piriformis muscle. B. m. piriformis.

Synovialbursa between thepiriformis tendon,

femurand superior gemellusmuscle. B

10 Ischial bursaof obturator internus muscle.B.

ischiadica(sciatica) m.obturatoris interni.Syn-

ovialbursa between thecartilage-covered sur-

faceof the lesser sciaticnotch and the tendon

ofthe obturator internus.B

11 Subtendinous bursa of obturator internus

muscle.B. subtendinea m. obturatoris interni.

Synovialbursa belowthe insertionof the obtu-

ratorinternus. B

12 Intermuscular bursae of glutealmuscles. Bb.

intermuscularesmm. gluteorum. 2−3 synovial

bursaethat extend inferiorly fromthe gluteus

maximusto the lineaaspera. B

13 Ischial bursa of gluteus maximus muscle. B.

ischiadica(sciatica) m. gluteimaximi. Synovial

bursa between the ischial tuberosity and the

inferiorsurface of thegluteus maximus. B

14 Iliopectineal bursa. [B. iliopectinea]. Synovial

bursa between the iliopsoas muscle and the

pelvicbone. It lies aboveand often communi-

cateswith the hipjoint. C

15 Subtendinousiliac bursa.B. subtendineailiaca.

Synovial bursa betweenthe lesser trochanter

andthe iliopsoas tendon.C

16 Superior bursaof bicepsfemoris muscle.B. m.

bicipitis femoris superior. Synovial bursa be-

tween the origins of the biceps femoris and

semimembranosusmuscles. B

17 Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa. B. subcu-

taneaprepatellaris. Synovial bursadirectly be-

tween the skinand the fascia in front of the

knee.D

18 Subfascial prepatellar bur sa. [B. subfascialis

prepatellaris].Synovial bursa between the in-

vestingfascia ofthe kneeand thetendon ofthe

quadratusfemoris muscle. D

19 Subtendinous prepatellar bursa. [B.subten-

dineaprepatellaris]. Synovial bursadirectly on

theknee jointbelow the tendonof thequadra-

tusfemoris. D

20 Suprapatellar bursa. B. suprapatellaris. Syn-

ovialbursa betweenthe quadricepstendonand

thefemur.It almostalways communicateswith

thejoint cavity. D

21 Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa. B. subcu-

tanea infrapatellaris. Synovial bursa between

theligamentum patellae andthe skin. D

22 Deepinfrapatellarbur sa.B.infrapatellaris pro-

funda.Synovial bursabetween theligamentum

patellaeand the tibia.D

23 Subcutaneous bursa of tibial tuberosity.B.

subcutanea tuberositas tibiae. Synovial bursa

betweenthe tibialtuberosity and theskin. It is

mostlyinvolved in kneeling.D

24 Subtendinousbursae of sartorius muscle.Bb.

subtendineae m. sartorii. Synovial bursae be-

tweenthe sartoriustendon and thetendons of

thegracilis andsemitendinosus situatedbelow

it.E

Synovialbursae andsheaths

105

Palmar view of handA

Deep hip region,

dorsal view

Hip joint, anterior view

Knee, sagittal section sawed open

D Knee, anterior viewE

Synovialbursae andsheaths

106

1 Anserinebursa. B. anserina.Synovial bursa on

thetibial collateralligament belowthe tendons

of the semitendinosus, gracilis and sartorius

muscles. It occasionally communicates with

thesubtendinous bursa ofthe sartorius. A

2 Inferiorsubtendinous bursaof biceps femoris

muscle.B. subtendinea m.bicipitis femoris in-

ferior.Synovial bursa located partially on the

fibularcollateral ligamentbelow the tendonof

insertionof the bicepsfemoris. B

3 Subpopliteal recess. Recessus subpopliteus

[bursa m. poplitei]. Synovial bursa on the

lateral femoral condyle below the tendon of

originof the popliteal muscle. It always com-

municates with the knee joint cavity, more

rarelywith the tibiofibularjoint. B

4 Lateralsubtendinous bursa ofgastrocnemius

muscle.B. subtendinea m. gastrocnemii later-

alis.Synovial bursabetween thelateral condyle

ofthe femurand thelateral gastrocnemiusten-

don.B

5 Medialsubtendinous bursa ofgastrocnemius

muscle.B. subtendinea m.gastrocnemii medi-

alis. Synovial bursa betweenthe medial con-

dyle of the femur and the medial gastrocne-

miustendon. A B

6 Bursa of semimembranosus muscle. B. m.

semimembranosi.Synovial bursa between the

semimembranosustendon andthe upper mar-

ginof the tibia.A

7 Subcutaneous bursa of lateral malleolus. B.

subcutanea malleoli lateralis. Synovial bursa

betweenthe skin andthe lateral malleolus.C

8 Subcutaneous bursa of medial malleolus. B.

subcutanea malleoli medialis. Synovial bursa

betweenthe skin andthe medial malleolus.D

9 Tendonsheathof tibialisanterior muscle.Vag.

tendinis m. tibialis anterioris. It b egins just

belowthe extensor retinaculum.D

10 Tendon sheath ofextensor hallucis longus

muscle. Vag. tendinis m. extensorishallucis

longi.Sheath extendingbelowthe extensorret-

inaculumand further distal.C D

11 Tendon sheath of extensordigitorum longus

muscle.Vag.tendinum m.extensoris digitorum

pedislongi. Sheathextending belowthe exten-

sorretinaculum and furtherdistal. C

12 Tendon sheath of flexor digitorum longus

muscle. Vag. tendinum m. flexoris digitorum

pedislongi. Itlies behindand belowthe medial

malleoluscovered bythe flexor retinaculum.D

13 Tendon sheath of tibialisposterior muscle.

Vag.tendinis m. tibialis posterioris. It resides

belowthe flexorretinaculum andbegins at the

pointwhere itis crossedoverby theflexor digi-

torumlongus. D

14 Tendon sheath of flexor hallucis longus

muscle.Vag. tendinism. flexoris hallucislongi.

Itextends up to the proximalend of the sole,

whereit crossesunder thetendon of theflexor

digitorumlongus. D

15 Common tendonsheathfor peronealmuscles.

Vag.tendinum mm. peroneorum (fibularium)

communis. It liesbelow the peroneal reti-

naculumand extends tothe cuboid bone.C

16 Subtendinous bursa of tibialis anterior

muscle. B. subtendinea m. tibialis anterioris.

Synovial bursa between the tibialisanterior

tendonand the medialcuneiform bone. D

17 Subcutaneous calcaneal bursa.B. sucutanea

calcanea.Synovial bursa betweenthe skin and

theposterior surface ofthe calcaneus. D

18 Bursa of calcaneal[[Achilles]] tendon. B. ten-

dinis calcanei [Achilles]. Synovial bursa be-

tweenthe calcaneusand theAchilles tendon.D

19 Tendon sheath ofperoneus longus muscle at

thesole of the foot. Vag. tendinism. peronei

(fibularis)longi plantaris. D

20 Tendon sheaths for the flexors of the toes.

Vagg.tendinum digitorumpe dis.D

Synovialbursae andsheaths

107

14121916

Right knee joint, posterior viewA

Right knee joint, posterior view

Foot, lateral view

Foot, medial view

Synovialbursae andsheaths