ESSENTI AL
MATH
and
CALCULATIONS
for
PHARM ACY
TECHNICI A NS
Pharmacoethics: A Problem-Based Approach
David A. Gettman and Dean Arneson
Pharmaceutical Care: Insights from Community Pharmacists
William N. Tindall and Marsha K. Millonig
Essentials of Law and Ethics for Pharmacy Technicians
Kenneth M. Strandberg
Essentials of Pharmacy Law
Douglas J. Pisano
Essentials of Pathophysiology for Pharmacy
Martin M. Zdanowicz
Pharmacy: What It Is and How It Works
William N. Kelly
Pharmacokinetic Principles of Dosing Adjustments: Understanding the Basics
Ronald Schoenwald
Strauss’s Federal Drug Laws and Examination Review, Fifth Edition
Steven Strauss
Pharmaceutical and Clinical Calculations, Second Edition
Mansoor Khan and Indra Reddy
Inside Pharmacy: Anatomy of a Profession
Ray Gosselin, Jack Robbins, and Joseph Cupolo
Understanding Medical Terms: A Guide for Pharmacy Practice,
Second Edition
Mary Stanaszek, Walter Stanaszek, and Robert Holt
Pharmacokinetic Analysis: A Practical Approach
Peter Lee and Gordon Amidon
Guidebook for Patient Counseling
Harvey Rappaport, Tracey Hunter, Joseph Roy, and Kelly Straker
CRC PRESS
PHARMACY
EDUCATION
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CRC PRESS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
INDRA K. REDDY
MANSOOR A. KHAN
ESSENTIAL
MATH
and
CALCULATIONS
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PHARMACY
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This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
ISBN 0-203-49534-9Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-59488-6(Adobe eReader Format)
Preface
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Table of Contents
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3UDFWLFH3UREOHPV 
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&KDSWHU :RUNLQJZLWK6ROLG'RVDJH )RUPV
3UDFWLFH3UREOHPV 
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&KDSWHU $GMXVWLQJ,VRWRQLFLW\ 
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,VRWRQLFLW\$GMXVWPHQWVE\6RGLXP&KORULGH (TXLYDOHQW0HWKRG
3UDFWLFH3UREOHPV 
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3UDFWLFH3UREOHPV 
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&KDSWHU :RUNLQJZLWK S+DQG%XIIHUV 
S+&DOFXODWLRQV 
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3UDFWLFH3UREOHPV 
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S+9DOXHRID%XIIHU 
0RODU5DWLRRI%XIIHU&RPSRQHQWV 
3UDFWLFH3UREOHPV 
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&KDSWHU 'HDOLQJ ZLWK5HFRQVWLWXWLRQV
3UDFWLFH3UREOHPV 
$QVZHUV
&KDSWHU 'HWHUPLQLQJ 0LOOLHTXLYDOHQW6WUHQJWKV
'RVDJH&DOFXODWLRQV,QYROYLQJ0LOOLHTXLYDOHQWV 
3UDFWLFH3UREOHPV 
$QVZHUV
&KDSWHU 'HDOLQJ ZLWK&DORULHV
3UDFWLFH3UREOHPV 
&DOFXODWLRQV,QYROYLQJ1LWURJHQ&DORULH1LWURJHQ5DWLR DQG3URWHLQ²&DORULH
3HUFHQWDJHRI7313URGXFWV 
1LWURJHQ
&DORULH1LWURJHQ5DWLR 
3URWHLQ²&DORULH3HUFHQWDJH
3UDFWLFH3UREOHPV 
$QVZHUV
&KDSWHU 'HWHUPLQLQJ ,QWUDYHQRXV)ORZ5DWHV
3UDFWLFH3UREOHPV 
$QVZHUV
&KDSWHU :RUNLQJZLWK ,QVXOLQDQG+HSDULQ3URGXFWV 
,QVXOLQ 
:RUNLQJZLWK,QVXOLQ6WUHQJWK 
3UDFWLFH3UREOHPV 
+HSDULQ'RVDJH 
3UDFWLFH3UREOHPV 
$QVZHUV
,QVXOLQ
+HSDULQ
$SSHQGL[$ :RUNLQJZLWK7HPSHUDWXUH&RQYHUVLRQV 
&RQYHUVLRQIURPÝ)WRÝ& 
&RQYHUVLRQIURPÝ&WRÝ) 
3UDFWLFH3UREOHPV 
&RQYHUVLRQIURPÝ)WRÝ& 
&RQYHUVLRQIURPÝ&WRÝ) 
$QVZHUV
$SSHQGL[% :RUNLQJZLWK&DSVXOH'RVDJH)RUPV 
&RPSRXQGLQJ7LSVDQG&DOFXODWLRQVIRU )LOOLQJ&DSVXOHV
3UDFWLFH3UREOHPV 
$SSHQGL[& 'HDOLQJZLWK3HGLDWULF'RVDJHV 
%DVHGRQ%RG\:HLJKW 
%DVHGRQ+HLJKW 
%DVHGRQ%RG\6XUIDFH$UHD%6$ 
%DVHGRQ$JH
2WKHU)RUPXODV8VHG
3UDFWLFH3UREOHPV 
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$SSHQGL[' 3KDUPDF\%XVLQHVV0DWK 
3UDFWLFH3UREOHPV 
$QVZHUV
,QGH[ 
1
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ROMAN NUMERALS
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RULES
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 7KHQXPEHUVDUHZULWWHQVWDUWLQJIURPWKHODUJHVWQXPEHURQ WKHOHIWDQG
DGGLQJVPDOOHUQXPEHUV WRWKHULJKW:KHQ 5RPDQQXPHUDOVRIOHVVHU
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;9,  
&/;  
 :KHQD5RPDQ QXPHUDORIOHVVHUYDOXHSUHFHGHVRQHRI DJUHDWHUYDOXH
LWLVVXEWUDFWHG IURPWKHJUHDWHUYDOXH QXPHUDO+RZHYHUWKLVUXOHRQO\
ZRUNVIRURQHVPDOOQXPHUDOEHIRUHRQHODUJHUQXPHUDO)RUH[DPSOH,;
LVEXW,,;LV QRWLWLVQRWD UHFRJQL]HG5RPDQQXPHUDO
2 Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians
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,;  
;/  
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YDOXHVLWLVÀUVW VXEWUDFWHGIURPWKHJUHDWHUQXPHUDOSODFHG DIWHULWDQG
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DSSOLHVÀUVWWKHQWKHDGGLWLRQ UXOH
([DPSOHV
;;,;  
;,9  
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DQGQRW$OVRZKHQD5RPDQQXPHUDOLVUHSHDWHGLWGRXEOHVLWVYDOXH
ZKHQD5RPDQQXPHUDOLV UHSHDWHGWKUHHWLPHVLWWULSOHVLWV YDOXH
([DPSOHV
, ,, ,,, 
; ;; ;;; 
1RWH5RPDQQXPHUDOVPD\QRWEHUHSHDWHGPRUHWKDQWKUHHWLPHVLQVXF
FHVVLRQ)RUH[DPSOHLVZULWWHQDV,9EXWQRWDV,,,,DQGLVZULWWHQ
DV;/EXWQRW;;;;
 :KHQSRVVLEOHODUJHVWYDOXHQXPHUDOVDUHXVHG)RUH[DPSOHLVZULWWHQ
DV;9EXWQRWDV999
 5RPDQQXPHUDOVDUH VRPHWLPHVFRPELQHGZLWKWKHDEEUHYLDWLRQIRU RQH
KDOIVV7KHDEEUHYLDWLRQVKRXOGDOZD\VEHDWWKHHQGRID5RPDQQXPHUDO
*HQHUDOO\5RPDQQXPHUDOVDUHZULWWHQLQ ORZHUFDVHZKHQXVHGZLWKVV
VXFKDVLVVWR LQGLFDWH½
6HOHFWHG5RPDQQXPHUDOVDQGWKHLU$UDELF HTXLYDOHQWVDUHVKRZQLQ7DEOH
ARABIC NUMERALS
$UDELFQXPHUDOVDUHWKH PRVWFRPPRQV\PEROVXVHGWRUHSUHVHQW QXPEHUV(YHU\
QXPEHUFDQEH H[SUHVVHGLQ$UDELFQXPHUDOVE\XVLQJ EDVLFV\PEROVDORQHRU
LQFRPELQDWLRQ7KHEDVLFV\PEROVFDOOHGGLJLWVDUH DQG
7KHSRVLWLRQRID GLJLWLQDQ$UDELFQXPHUDOGHWHUPLQHVLWVYDOXH
([DPSOHV
7KH$UDELFQXPHUDOIRU WKHQXPEHUWZRKXQGUHGDQG WKLUW\VHYHQLVWKH
VHTXHQFHRIGLJLWV,QWKLV QXPHUDOWKHGLJLWKDVDYDOXHRIWZR
KXQGUHGWKHGLJLWKDVDYDOXHRIWKLUW\DQGWKHGLJLWKDVDYDOXHRI
VHYHQ
Working with Roman and Arabic Numerals 3
TABLE 1.1
Roman and Arabic Numerals
Units Tens Hundreds Thousands Tens of Thousands Hundreds of Thousands
Arabic # Roman # Arabic # Roman # Arabic # Roman # Arabic # Roman # Arabic # Roman # Arabic # Roman #
BB
,  ;  &  0  ;  &
BBBB
,,  ;;  &&  00  ;;  &&
BBBBBB
,,,  ;;;  &&&  000  ;;;  &&&
 BBBB
,9  ;/  &'  09
 ;/  &'
 BB
9  /  '  9  /  '
 BBBB
9,  /;  '&  90  /;  '&
 BBBBBB
9,,  /;;  '&&  900  /;;  '&&
 BBBBBBBB
9,,,  /;;;  '&&&  9000  /;;;  '&&&
BBBBB
,;  ;&  &0  0;  ;&  &0
1RWH5RPDQQXPHUDOVFDQEH ZULWWHQLQELJRUVPDOOOHWWHUVLH ,RUL9RUYHWF$OVRQRWH WKDWWHQVDQGKXQGUHGVRIWKRXVDQGVDUHZULWWHQ VLPLODUWRWHQV
DQGKXQGUHGVUHVSHFWLYHO\H[FHSWWKDWWKH\KDYHD EDURQHDFKOHWWHU
4 Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians
7KH$UDELFQXPHUDOIRUWKHQXPEHUVHYHQWKRXVDQGDQGWKUHH LV,Q
WKLVFDVHWKHGLJLWKDVDYDOXHRIVHYHQWKRXVDQGDQGWKHGLJLW KDV
DYDOXHRIWKUHH7KHGLJLW]HURÀOOVHPSW\SRVLWLRQVVRWKDWWKHRWKHU
GLJLWVKDYHWKHLUSURSHUYDOXHV
7KHQXPEHUV DQGDUHXVHGWKURXJKRXW WKHZRUOGIRUDOO
VFLHQWLÀFDQGWUDGHSXUSRVHV7KH V\VWHPZDVGHYHORSHGLQ,QGLDLQWKHWKFHQWXU\
UHDFKLQJ(XURSH DQGWKHUHVW RIWKHZRUOGWKURXJK WKH$UDEFRXQWULHVZKHUH WKH
SODFHYDOXHDVSHFWRI WKHV\VWHPZLWK DVWKHEDVHGHYHORSHG7KH XVHRI]HUR
DQGWKHSODFHYDOXHVHQDEOHGWKHV\VWHPWRUHSODFHWKH5RPDQQXPHUDOVWKHQLQXVH
$OOIRUPV RIFRPSXWDWLRQFDQ EHFDUULHGRXW HIÀFLHQWO\XVLQJ WKH$UDELFV\VWHP
ZKHUHDVFDOFXODWLRQVXVLQJ5RPDQQXPHUDOV DUHH[WUHPHO\FXPEHUVRPH
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
 ([SUHVVWKHIROORZLQJ$UDELF QXPHUDOVDV5RPDQQXPHUDOV
 &RQYHUWWKHIROORZLQJ5RPDQ QXPHUDOVLQWR$UDELFQXPHUDOV
 3HUIRUP WKHIROORZLQJ RSHUDWLRQVDQG SURYLGHWKH DQVZHUVLQ $UDELF
QXPHUDOV
D  K  R 
E  L  S 
F  M  T 
G  N  U 
H  O  V 
I  P  W 
J  Q 
D 9,,, K 0;/ R &'/,,
E ;;9 L ;&,; S 0&0/;9,
F ;;,,, M ;/, T ;&9,
G ,,; N '&/ U &;,9
H ;,; O ;;9,, V /;,9
I 0& P &;/,; W &/;;9,,
J &' Q &&;/
D 9,, /;,9 I 0& &&;/
E ;;9v&;,,, J &'&;/,;
F &'/ ;,; K 0;/;/,
G ;,,;;9,, L 000'&&&;/z&;;
H ;,; 0&0/;9, M &;9,,&/;9,
Working with Roman and Arabic Numerals 5
 &RPSOHWH WKHIROORZLQJ RSHUDWLRQVDQGSURYLGH WKHUHVXOWV LQ5RPDQ
QXPHUDOV
 ,QWHUSUHWWKHTXDQWLW\ LQHDFKRIWKHIROORZLQJ
ANSWERS
 $QVZHUVDUHSUHVHQWHG DV5RPDQQXPHUDOV
 $QVZHUVDUHSUHVHQWHG DV$UDELFQXPHUDOV
D   I 
E  J v
F   K v
G  L z
H   M z
D &DSOHWVQR [[Y
E 3LOOVQRFO[[
F 7DEOHWVQRPGFO
G &DSVXOHVQR[OY
H 7DEOHWVQRO[L[
D ;;;9,,, K &;;9,, R &/9
E ;9 L /;,; S 0'&&/;;;,,
F ;9,, M &;;;9 T &0;/,,
G ;&, N &'/;;,,, U &&&/9
H ;;,,, O '&&&/;,9 V &';;
I ;/,,, P 0&&;;,,, W &0;;9
J /,9 Q '&&&/;,,
D  N 
E  O 
F  P 
G 1RWDUHFRJQL]HG QXPEHU Q 
H  R 
I  S 
J  T 
K  U 
L  V 
M  W 
6 Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians
 $QVZHUVDUHSUHVHQWHG LQ$UDELFQXPHUDOV
 $QVZHUVDUHSUHVHQWHG DV5RPDQQXPHUDOV
 $QVZHUVDUHSUHVHQWHG LQ$UDELFQXPHUDOV
D  I 
E  J 
F  K 
G  L 
H  M 
D ;;9,,, I 0'&&;;,,
E /,; J 0;&&&/;;9
F &'/; K 000'&&/
G ;&,; L &/;;9
H 0'/ M &&;;;9,,,
D 
E 
F 
G 
H 
7
2
Using Fractions
and Decimals in
Pharmacy Math
FRACTIONS
$IUDFWLRQLQGLFDWHVD SRUWLRQRIDZKROHQXPEHU)UDFWLRQVFRQWDLQ WZRQXPEHUV
WKHERWWRPQXPEHUUHIHUUHGWRDV GHQRPLQDWRUDQGWKHWRSQXPEHUUHIHUUHGWRDV
QXPHUDWRU7KHGHQRPLQDWRULQWKHIUDFWLRQLVWKHWRWDOQXPEHU RISDUWVLQWRZKLFK
WKHZKROHLV GLYLGHG7KHWRSQXPEHURU QXPHUDWRULQGLFDWHVKRZPDQ\ RIWKRVH
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26 Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians
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ANSWERS
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ATIOS AND PROPORTIONS
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45
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of Measurements
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46 Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians
TABLE 4.1
Metric Weights
Unit Abbreviation
2QHJUDPJLVHTXDOWR NLORJUDP
KHFWRJUDP
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PLFURJUDPV
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NJ
KJ
GNJ
GJ
FJ
PJ
QJRUPFJ
QJ
TABLE 4.2
Metric Volume
Unit Abbreviation
2QHOLWHU/LVHTXDOWR NLOROLWHU
KHFWROLWHU
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GHFLOLWHUV
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N/
K/
GN/
G/
F/
P/
Q/
Q/
TABLE 4.3
Metric Length
Unit Abbreviation
2QHPHWHUPLVHTXDOWR NLORPHWHU
KHFWRPHWHU
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GHFLPHWHUV
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NP
KP
GNP
GP
FP
PP
QP
QP
Applying Systems of Measurements 47
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Apothecaries’ Liquid Measures
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Apothecaries’ Weight Measures
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Applying Systems of Measurements 53
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54 Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians
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Applying Systems of Measurements 55
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TABLE 4.6
Household Measures
Unit
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or Symbol
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in Milliliters
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TABLE 4.7
Conversion Equivalents of the Measurement Systems
Apothecary
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(precise)
Household
(approximate)
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ÁXLGRXQFH P/
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TABLE 4.8
Approximate Equivalents Used by Health Professionals
Apothecary Metric Commonly Used Equivalent
JUDLQJU PJ PJ
D
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E
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Iz P/ JDOORQ*
.J OEV
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Dr. John Doe
4301 E Markham St, Little Rock, AR 76543
Phone No. 501-555-1000
Name: Brittany Taylor Age: 72
Address: 95 Chenal Blvd, Hope Date: 5/28/03
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Dr. John Doe
__________________________
DEA #AI7973142
CHENAL PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Little Rock, AR 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 5/28/03
Taylor, Brittany
95 Chenal Blvd.
Take one tablet twice daily, as needed for
pain.
Darvocet-N 100 tablets, #30
John Doe, M.D.
Ρχ
64 Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians
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TABLE 5.1
Terms Related to Quantities
Abbreviation Term/Phrase Meaning
DD DQD RIHDFK
TVTV TXDQWXPVXIÀFLDW VXIÀFLHQWTXDQWLW\
DGOLE DGOLELWXP IUHHO\DWSOHDVXUH
z RXQFH RQHRXQFH
Iz ÁXLGRXQFH RQH ÁXLGRXQFH
2RUSW SLQW RQHSLQW
TW TXDUW RQH TXDUW
JDO JDOORQ RQHJDOORQ
m PLQLP RQHPLQLP
d GUDP RUGUDFKP RQHGUDFKP
Id ÁXLGGUDFKP RQHÁXLGGUDFKP
JU JUDLQ RQHJUDLQ
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VFUXSOH RQH VFUXSOH
HILLTON HEALTH CARE HOSPITAL
LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS
PHYSICIAN'S ORDER SHEET Goldman, Brown Admit 2/26/96
41-22 Passedena DOB 7/7/42
Little Rock, AK Dr. L. Bailey
ID# 87654 Room 107
Please Use Ball Point Pen and Press Firmly.
You are making more than one copy
ORDERED PHYSICIAN'S ORDERS
START A NEW SECTION WITH EACH
SET OF ORDERS
NURSE NOTED
DATE TIME HOUR NAME
2/26 0900 Dynapen 250 mg. PO q6h
2/26 0900 Darvon Compound 65 PO q4h prn pain
2/26 0900 Vibramycin 0.2 g po stat 0940 L. Ito
L. Bailey, M.D.
Interpreting Medication Orders 65
TABLE 5.2
Terms Related to Administration Times/Dosage Frequency
Abbreviation Term/Phrase Meaning
TGRUTG TXDTXHGLH RQFHGDLO\
ELGRUELG ELVLQGLH WZLFHGDLO\
WLGRUWLG WHULQGLH WKUHHWLPHVGDLO\
TLGRUTLG TXDUWHULQGLH IRXUWLPHV GDLO\
DPRU$0 DQWHPHULGLXP LQ WKHPRUQLQJ
SPRU30 SRVWPHULGLXP LQWKHHYHQLQJ
KV KRUDVRPQL DWEHG WLPH
DF DQWHFLERV EHIRUHPHDOV
SF SRVWFLERV DIWHUPHDOV
LF LQWHUFLERV EHWZHHQ PHDOV
RP RPQH PDQH HYHU\PRUQLQJ
RQ RPQHQRFWH HYHU\QLJKW
SUQ SURUH QDWD ZKHQQHFHVVDU\
TK TXDTXHKRUD HYHU\KRXU
TK TXDTXHVHFXQGDKRUD HYHU\ WZRKRXUV
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TK TXDTXHVH[KRUD HYHU\VL[KRXUV
TK TXDTXHRFWRKRUD HYHU\HLJKWKRXUV
TABLE 5.3
Terms Related to Formulations or Products
Abbreviation Term/Phrase Meaning
DPS DPSXO DPSXO
DXURURWR DXULVWLOODH HDU GURSV
FDS &DSVXOD DFDSVXOH
FRPS FRPSRVLWXV FRPSRXQGHG
FPRUFUHP FUHPRU D FUHDP
JDUJ JDUJDULVPD JDUJOH
JWW JXWWDH GURSV
LQM LQMHFWLR DQ LQMHFWLRQ
OLT OLTXRU DVROXWLRQ
PLVW PLVWXUD D PL[WXUH
1HE QHEXOD D QHEXOL]HU
SLO SLOXOD D SLOO
SXOY SXOYLV DSRZGHU
VXSSRV VXSSRVLWRULXP DVXSSRVLWRU\
WURFK WURFKLVFXV DOR]HQJH
WDE WDEOHW DWDEOHW
66 Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians
TABLE 5.4
Instructions for Preparations
Abbreviation Term/Phrase Meaning
GLY GLYLGH GLYLGH
IW ÀDW OHWLWEHPDGH
PIW PLVFHÀDW PL[WRPDNH
GWG GHQWXUWDOHVGRVHV VXFK GRVHVEHJLYHQ
HPS H[PRGRSUHVFULSWLR LQWKHPDQQHUSUHVFULEHG
VV
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TABLE 5.5
Method of Application
Abbreviation Term/Phrase Meaning
RGRU2' RFXOXVGH[WHU ULJKWH\H
RORU2/ RFXOXV/YXV OHIW H\H
RXRU2
RFXORXWUR HDFKH\HRUERWKH\HV
RVRU26 RFXORVLQLVWHU OHIWH\H
DGRU$' DXULR GH[WUD ULJKWHDU
DORU$/ DXULR /YD OHIWHDU
HPS H[PRGR SUHVFULSWLR DVGLUHFWHG
XG XWGLFWXP DVGLUHFWHG
FÈ FXP ZLWK
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V~ VLQH ZLWKRXW
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TABLE 5.6
Vehicles/IV Solutions
Abbreviation Meaning
DT ZDWHU
DTEXOO ERLOLQJZDWHU
':RUDT'LVW GLVWLOOHGZDWHU
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5/ ULQJHU·V ODFWDWH
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Interpreting Medication Orders 67
EXAMPLES
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TABLE 5.7
Miscellaneous Abbreviations
Abbrev. Meaning Abbreviation Meaning
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EXAMPLE 1
E
RRORS IN EXAMPLE 1
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Chris Ferell, M.D.
911 Hollywood Avenue
Detroit, MI-71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : John Doe Age: 70
Address: 96 Havana Blvd., MI-71208 Date: 2/28/03
Flagyl 500 mg
Sig: i tab tid, 7 days
REFILL None
DAW
C. Ferell
DEA # AD 7973142
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
P # 123456 Date: 2/28/03
Doe, John
911 Hollywood Ave
Take one tablet three times a day for
seven days
Metronidazole 500 mg #40
Refill 1 C. Ferell, M.D.
x
P
x
Identifying Prescription Errors and Omissions 75
EXAMPLE 2
E
RRORS IN
E
XAMPLE
2
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EXAMPLE 3
FIGURE 6.2 3UHVFULSWLRQDQGODEHO IRU([DPSOH
FIGURE 6.3 3UHVFULSWLRQIRU([DPSOH 
Pat Reno
96 Alonzo Drive
Miami, FL-71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Baby Starks Age: 6 mo.
Address: 96 Havana Blvd., FL-71208 Date: 2/29/02
Vantin 100 mg
Sig: d-ss bid, 7 days
REFILL None
DAW
PReno
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 2/29/01
Starks, Baby
96 Havana Blvd.
Take one-half tablet twice daily for seven days
Vantin 100 mg tablets
Refill 1 P. Reno
P
x
P
x
Doc Rogers, M.D.
12 Progress Drive
Amarillo, TX-79106
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Jackie Bushnell Age: 58 yrs
Address: 20 Main Street, Amarillo Date: 7/9/01
Fiorinal with Codeine
# 40
Sig: ii caps, q4h daily
REFILL 1
DAW _
DRogers
DEA # DR1234567
P
x
76 Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians
ERRORS IN EXAMPLE 3
 -DFNLH%XVKQHOO LVDOOHUJLFWRDVSLULQ7KHUHIRUH)LRULQDO
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VKRXOGEHLQIRUPHG
PRACTICE PRESCRIPTIONS FOR ERRORS
AND OMISSIONS
Howard Huxtable, M.D.
20 Sheldon Street
Amarillo, TX-79119
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : John Doe Age: 30
Address: 96 Progress Drive, TX-79119 Date: 2/28/02
Zantac 300 mg
Sig: i bid, 15 days
REFILL None
DAW
HHuxtable
DEA # AD 7973142
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
822 Coulter Street
Amarillo, TX-79106 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 2/28/02
Doe, John
96 Progress Dr.
Take one tablet at bed time
Ranitidine 300 mg # 40
H. Huxtable, M.D.
1.
Howard Huxtable, M.D.
20 Sheldon Street
Amarillo, TX-79119
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Alice Smith Age: 8 mo.
Address: 96 Progress Drive, TX-79119 Date:1/18/02
Amoxil 250 mg/tablet
Disp. # 28
Sig: i tab q6h until finished
REFILL
DAW
HHuxtable
DEA # AD 7973142
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
822 Coulter Street
Amarillo, TX-79106 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 1/18/02
Smith, Alice
96 Progress Dr.
Take one tablet every six hours until Friday
Amoxicillin 250 mg
H. Huxtable, M.D.
2.
Identifying Prescription Errors and Omissions 77
Howard Huxtable, M.D.
20 Sheldon Street
Amarillo, TX-79119
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Pat O'Neal Age: 23
Address: 96 Progress Drive, TX-79119 Date: 2/28/03
Miacalcin
2 mL
Sig: i spray in the nose daily
REFILL
DAW
HHuxtable
DEA # AD 7973142
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
822 Coulter Street
Amarillo, TX-79106 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 2/28/02
O'Neal, Pat
96 Progress Dr.
Take one puff by mouth daily
Miacalcin
H. Huxtable, M.D.
3.
Howard Huxtable, M.D.
20 Sheldon Street
Amarillo, TX-79119
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Robert Gordon Age: 36
Address: 96 Progress Drive, TX-79119 Date: 2/28/02
Xanax 0.25
#30
Sig: ss tab qd
REFILL
DAW
HHuxtable
DEA # AL5052841
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
822 Coulter Street
Amarillo, TX-79106 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 2/28/02
Gordon, Robert
96 Progress Dr.
Take one-half tablet daily
Zantac 0.25
H. Huxtable, M.D.
4.
78 Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians
Howard Huxtable, M.D.
20 Sheldon Street
Amarillo, TX-79119
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Diana Wu Age: 2 yrs
Address: 96 Progress Drive, TX-79119 Date: 1/28/03
Ampicillin 250 mg/tsp
V
Sig: tsptid, 10 days
REFILL
DAW
HHuxtable
DEA # AD 7973142
f -
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
822 Coulter Street
Amarillo, TX-79106 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 1/28/03
Wu, Diana
96 Progress Dr.
Take one tablespoonful three times daily
for 10 days
Amoxicillin 250 mg/5 mL
H. Huxtable, M.D.
5.
Howard Huxtable, M.D.
20 Sheldon Street
Amarillo, TX-79119
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Jason Boyd Age: 34
Address: 96 Progress Drive, TX-79119 Date : 1/28/03
Bactrim DS
#20
Sig: i bid, 7 days
REFILL
DAW
HHuxtable
DEA # AD 7973142
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
822 Coulter Street
Amarillo, TX-79106 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 1/28/03
Boyd, Jason
96 Progress Dr.
Take one tablet twice daily for seven days
Sulfameth/TMP 400/80 mg # 20
H. Huxtable, M.D.
6.
Identifying Prescription Errors and Omissions 79
Howard Huxtable, M.D.
20 Sheldon Street
Amarillo, TX-79119
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Alicia Bedell Age: 4 mo.
Address: 96 Progress Drive, TX-79119 Date : 1/25/03
ASA Suppositories 2 gr
#10
Sig: In. rect q4h, prn fever over 101
r
REFILL
DAW
HHuxtable
DEA # AD 7973142
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
822 Coulter Street
Amarillo, TX-79106 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 1/25/03
Bedell, Alicia
96 Progress Dr.
Insert one suppository rectally four times
daily for fever over 101r
APAP Suppositories 2 gr #10
H. Huxtable, M.D.
7.
Medication profile and a prescription
Evelyn Bradley
20 Main Street
Monroe, LA 71201 Allergy: Penicillin, Sulfa, Cephalosporins
Date Dr. _ # Patient Drug
3/1/02 Quinn 12340 Evelyn Baycol 0.2 mg #100, 1 daily
5/6/02 Quinn 12350 Evelyn Amaryl 2 mg #60, 1 qd
7/7/02 Quinn 12369 Evelyn Tylenol #3 # 30, ii tid, prn
Doc Rogers, M.D.
12 Desiard Street
Amarillo, TX-79119
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Evelyn Bradley Age: 18 yrs
Address: 20 Main Street, Monroe Date: 7/9/02
Omnicef 300 mg
Sig: ibid, 7 days
REFILL 1
DAW DRogers
DEA #DR1234567
8.
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
822 Coulter Street
Amarillo, TX-79106 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 7/9/02
Bradley, Evelyn
20 Main St
Take one tablet twice daily for seven days
Omniceff 300 mg # 18
D. Rogers, M.D.
80 Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians
Howard Huxtable, M.D.
20 Sheldon Street
Amarillo, TX-79119
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Elvis Jackson Age: 52
Address: 96 Progress Drive, TX-79119 : 2/28/03
Cortisporin otic solution
10 mL
Sig: iv gtt ad qid
REFILL
DAW √ HHuxtable
DEA # AD 0510323
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
822 Coulter Street
Amarillo, TX-79106 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 2/28/03
Jackson, Elvis
96 Progress Dr.
Instill six drops in the right eye every four
hours
Cortisporin otic suspension #100 cc
H. Huxtable, M.D.
9.
Howard Huxtable, M.D.
20 Sheldon Street
Amarillo, TX-79119
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Beverly Sharp Age : 36
Address: 96 Progress Drive, TX-79119 Date : 1/05/03
Cozaar Tablets 50 mg
# 100
Sig: i qd
REFILL
DAW HHuxtable
DEA # AD 0510323
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
822 Coulter Street
Amarillo, TX-79106 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 1/05/03
Sharp, Beverly
96 Progress Dr.
Cozaar 100 mg #50
H. Huxtable, M.D.
10.
Identifying Prescription Errors and Omissions 81
Henry Huxtable, M.D.
61-40 Flushing Avenue
Monroe, LA 71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : John Doe Age: 30
Address: 96 Havana Blvd., FL 31207 Date: 2/28/02
Zantac 300 mg
Sig: i bid, 15 days
REFILL None
DAW
HHuxtable
DEA # AD 7973142
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 2/28/02
Doe, John
96 Havana Blvd.
Take one tablet at bed time
Ranitidine 300 mg # 40
H. Huxtable, M.D.
11.
Henry Huxtable, M.D.
61-40 Flushing Avenue
Monroe, LA 71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Baby Gore Age: 8 mo.
Address: 96 Havana Blvd., FL 31207 Date:1/18/02
V-Cillin K 250 mg/tablet
Disp. # 28
Sig: i QID until finished
REFILL
DAW
HHuxtable
DEA # AD 7973142
NORTHEAST
PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 1/18/02
Gore, Baby
96 Havana Blvd.
Take one tablet every six hours until Friday
Pen-VK 250 mg
H. Huxtable, M.D.
12.
82 Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians
Henry Huxtable, M.D.
61-40 Flushing Avenue
Monroe, LA 71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Pat O'Neal Age: 23
Address: 96 Havana Blvd., FL 31207 Date: 2/28/03
Neosynephrine 2.5%
10 mL
Sig: i gtt os tid
REFILL 1
DAW
HHuxtable
DEA # AD 7973142
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 2/28/03
O'Neal, Pat
96 Havana Blvd.
Instill one drop in each nostril three times
daily
Miacalcin
H. Huxtable, M.D.
13.
Henry Huxtable, M.D.
61-40 Flushing Avenue
Monroe, LA 71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Magic Jordan Age: 36
Address: 96 Havana Blvd., FL 31207 Date: 2/28/02
Xanax 0.25
#30
Sig: ss tab qd
REFILL
DAW
HHuxtable
DEA # AL5052841
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 2/28/02
Jordan, Magic
96 Havana Blvd.
Take one-half tablet daily
Xanax 0.25
H. Huxtable, M.D.
14.
Identifying Prescription Errors and Omissions 83
Henry Huxtable, M.D.
61-40 Flushing Avenue
Monroe, LA 71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Gill Bates Age: 2 yrs
Address: 96 Havana Blvd., FL 31207 Date: 1/28/03
Ampicillin 250 mg/tsp
f - V
Sig: tsptid, 10 days
REFILL
DAW HHuxtable
DEA# AD 7973142
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 1/28/03
Khan, Adnan
96 Havana Blvd.
Take one tablespoonful three times daily
for 10 days
Amoxicillin 250 mg/5 mL
H. Huxtable, M.D.
15.
Henry Huxtable, M.D.
61-40 Flushing Avenue
Monroe, LA 71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Robin Williams Age: 34
Address: 96 Havana Blvd., FL 31207 Date: 1/28/03
Septra DS
#20
Sig: i bid, 7 days
REFILL 1
DAW
HHuxtable
DEA # AD 7973142
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 1/28/03
Williams, Robin
96 Havana Blvd.
Take one tablet twice daily for seven days
Sulfameth/TMP 400/80 mg # 20
H. Huxtable, M.D.
16.
84 Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians
Henry Huxtable, M.D.
61-40 Flushing Avenue
Monroe, LA 71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Mary Green Age: 4 mo.
Address: 96 Havana Blvd., FL 31207 Date: 1/25/03
APAP Suppositories 1 gr
#10
Sig: In. rect q4h, prn fever over 101
r
REFILL
DAW
HHuxtable
DEA # AD7973142
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 1/25/03
Green, Mary
96 Havana Blvd.
Insert one suppository rectally four times
daily for fever over 101r
ASA Suppositories 2 gr #10
H. Huxtable, M.D.
17.
Medication profile and a prescription
Evelyn Monroe
20 Main Street
Monroe, LA 71201 Allergy: Penicillin, Sulfa
Date Dr. _ # Patient Drug
3/1/02 Quinn 12340 Evelyn Synthroid 0.2 mg #100, 1 daily
5/6/02 Quinn 12350 Evelyn Hygroton 2.5 mg #70, 1 qd
7/8/02 Quinn 12369 Evelyn Tylenol #3 # 30, ii tid, prn
Doc Rogers, M.D.
12 Desiard Street
Monroe, LA-71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Evelyn Monroe Age: 18 yrs
Address: 20 Main Street, Monroe Date: 7/9/02
Fiorinal with Codeine # 40
Sig: iqid, 7 days
REFILL 1
DAW DRogers
DEA # DR1234567
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 7/9/02
Monroe, Evelyn
20 Main St
Take one tablet four times daily for seven
days
Fiorinal with Codeine # 28
D. Rogers, M.D.
18.
Identifying Prescription Errors and Omissions 85
Henry Huxtable, M.D.
61-40 Flushing Avenue
Monroe, LA 71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Elvis Jackson Age: 52
Address: 96 Havana Blvd., FL 31207 Date: 2/28/03
Cortisporin otic solution
10 mL
Sig: VI gtt ad qid
REFILL
DAW √
HHuxtable
DEA # AD 0510323
19.
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 2/28/03
Jackson, Elvis
96 Havana Blvd.
Instill six drops in the right eye every four
hours
Cortisporin otic suspension #100 cc
H. Huxtable, M.D.
Henry Huxtable, M.D.
61-40 Flushing Avenue
Monroe, LA 71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Beverly Sharp Age : 36
Address: 96 Havana Blvd., FL 31207 Date: 1/05/03
Tenormin Tablets 50 mg
# 100
Sig: i qd
REFILL 5X
DAW √
HHuxtable
DEA # AD 0510323
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 1/05/03
Sharp, Beverly
96 Havana Blvd.
Tenormin 100 mg #50
H. Huxtable, M.D.
20.
86 Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians
Henry Huxtable, M.D.
61-40 Flushing Avenue
Monroe, LA 71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : John Doe Age: 30
Address: 96 Havana Blvd., FL 31207 Date: 2/28/02
Zantac 300 mg
Sig: i bid, 15 days
REFILL None
DAW
HHuxtable
DEA # AD 7973142
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 2/28/02
Doe, John
96 Havana Blvd.
Take one tablet twice daily for fifteen days
Ranitidine 150 mg # 80
H. Huxtable, M.D.
21.
Henry Huxtable, M.D.
61-40 Flushing Avenue
Monroe, LA 71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Baby Gore Age: 8 mo.
Address: 96 Havana Blvd., FL 31207 Date:1/18/02
V-Cillin K 250 mg/tablet
Disp. # 28
Sig: i QID until finished
REFILL
DAW
HHuxtable
DEA # AD 7973142
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 1/18/02
Gore, Baby
61-40 flushing Ave
Take one tablet every six hours until Friday
Pen-VK 250 mg
H. Huxtable, M.D.
22.
Identifying Prescription Errors and Omissions 87
Henry Huxtable, M.D.
61-40 Flushing Avenue
Monroe, LA 71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Pat O'Neal Age: 23
Address: 96 Havana Blvd., FL 31207 Date: 2/28/03
Neosynephrine 2.5%
10 mL
Sig: i gtt os tid
REFILL 1
DAW
HHuxtable
DEA # AD 7973142
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 2/28/03
O'Neal, Pat
96 Havana Blvd.
Instill one drop in each nostril three times
daily
Neosporine 1.5%
H. Huxtable, M.D.
23.
Henry Huxtable, M.D.
61-40 Flushing Avenue
Monroe, LA 71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Magic Jordan Age: 36
Address: 96 Havana Blvd., FL 31207 Date: 2/28/02
Xanax 0.25
#30
Sig: ss tab qd
REFILL
DAW
HHuxtable
DEA #AL5052841
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 2/28/02
Jordan, Magic
96 Havana Blvd.
Take one-half tablet daily
Xanax 0.5
H. Huxtable, M.D.
24.
88 Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians
Henry Huxtable, M.D.
61-40 Flushing Avenue
Monroe, LA 71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Gill Bates Age: 2 yrs
Address: 96 Havana Blvd., FL 31207 Date: 1/28/03
Ampicillin 250 mg/tsp
f - V
Sig: tsptid, 10 days
REFILL
DAW
HHuxtable
DEA # AD7973142
25.
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 1/28/03
Khan, Adnan
96 Havana Blvd.
Take one tablespoonful three times daily
for 10 days
Amoxicillin 125 mg/5 mL
H. Huxtable, M.D.
Henry Huxtable, M.D.
61-40 Flushing Avenue
Monroe, LA 71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Robin Williams Age: 34
Address: 96 Havana Blvd., FL 31207 Date: 1/28/03
Septra DS
#20
Sig: i bid, 7 days
REFILL 1
DAW
HHuxtable
DEA # AD 7973142
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 1/28/03
Williams, Robin
96 Havana Blvd.
Take one tablet twice daily for seven days
Sulfameth/TMP 400/80 mg # 40
H. Huxtable, M.D.
26.
Identifying Prescription Errors and Omissions 89
Henry Huxtable
61-40 Flushing Avenue
Monroe, LA 71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Mary Green Age: 4 mo.
Address: 96 Havana Blvd., FL 31207 Date: 1/25/03
APAP Suppositories 1 gr
#10
Sig: In. rect q4h, prn fever over 101
°
REFILL
DAW
HHuxtable
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 1/25/03
Green, Mary
96 Havana Blvd.
Insert one suppository rectally four times
daily for fever over 101°
ASA Suppositories 2 gr #10
H. Huxtable
27.
Medication profile and a prescription
Evelyn Monroe
20 Main Street
Monroe, LA 71201 Allergy: Sulfa, Codeine
Date Dr. _# Patient Drug
3/1/02 Quinn 12340 Evelyn Synthroid 0.2 mg #100, 1 daily
5/6/02 Quinn 12350 Evelyn Hygroton 2.5 mg #70, 1 qd
Doc Rogers, M.D.
12 Desiard Street
Monroe, LA-71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Evelyn Monroe Age: 18 yrs
Address: 20 Main Street, Monroe : 7/9/02
Fiorinal with Codeine # 40
Sig: iqid, 7 days
REFILL 1
DAW DRogers
DEA # DR1234567
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 7/9/02
Monroe, Evelyn
20 Main St
Take one tablet four times daily for seven
days
Fiorinal with Codeine # 28
D. Rogers, M.D.
28.
90 Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians
Henry Huxtable
61-40 Flushing Avenue
Monroe, LA 71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Elvis Jackson Age: 52
Address: 96 Havana Blvd., FL 31207 Date: 2/28/03
Cortisporin otic solution
10 mL
Sig: VI gtt ad qid
REFILL
DAW √
HHuxtable
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 2/28/03
Jackson, Elvis
96 Havana Blvd.
Instill six drops in the right eye every four
hours
Cortisporin otic suspension #100 cc
H. Huxtable
29.
Henry Huxtable, M.D.
61-40 Flushing Avenue
Monroe, LA 71208
Phone No. 555-1234
Name : Betty Sharp Age: 26
Address: 12 Main St., TX-79106 Date: 1/05/03
Tenormin Tablets 50 mg
# 100
Sig: i qd
REFILL 5X
DAW
HHuxtable
DEA # AD 0510323
NORTHEAST PHARMACY
169 Hillside Avenue
Monroe, LA 71206 555-0342
# 123456 Date: 1/05/03
Sharp, Beverly
96 Havana Blvd.
Tenormin 100 mg #50
H. Huxtable, M.D.
30.
Identifying Prescription Errors and Omissions 91
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+RZPDQ\WDEOHWVRI 27&LEXSURIHQZLOOUHPDLQDIWHUWKH ZHHNWUHDW
PHQWSHULRG"
Working with Solid Dosage Forms 117
 'RFWRU·VRUGHUUHDGV´%LD[LQPJWZLFHDGD\IRUGD\Vµ+RZPDQ\
PJWDEOHWVVKRXOGEH GLVSHQVHG"
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GLVSHQVHDVDSKDUPDFLVW"$VVXPHWKDWWKHWDEOHWVFDQEHVSOLWLQWRKDOYHV
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118 Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians
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3KHQHUJDQ
WDEOHWV PJ
'LVSHQVHWDEOHWV
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KRZPDQ\WDE
OHWVVKRXOGWKHSDWLHQWWDNHDWEHGWLPH"
 $PHGLFDWLRQRUGHUUHDGV´*LYH5HJODQPJSRTKRXUVIRUZHHNVµ
2QO\PJWDEOHWVDUHDYDLODEOH+RZPDQ\ WDEOHWVVKRXOGEHGLVSHQVHG"
 'RFWRU·VRUGHUUHDGV ´1HXSRJHQJOEµ,IWKHSDWLHQWZH LJKVOE
KRZPXFKVKRXOG\RXJLYHWRWKHSDWLHQWWR SURYLGHWKHSUHVFULEHGGRVH"
 'RFWRU·VRUGHUUHDGV´=LWKURPD[LLVWDWLTGIRUGD\Vµ+RZPDQ\=LWKUR
PD[WDEOHWVVKRXOG\RXJLYH WRWKHSDWLHQW"
 $PHGLFDWLRQRUGHU UHDGV´PJ8OWUDPWZLFHDGD\ IRUPRQWKVµ,I
8OWUDPLVDYDLODEOHLQDVWUHQJWKRIPJWDEOHWKRZPDQ\WDEOHWVVKRXOG
EHGLVSHQVHG"
 9LR[[LVDYDLODEOHDVPJWDEOHW7KHGRFWRU·VRUGHUUHDGV´WDEOHWWLPHV
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 $PJ FRUWLVRQHPHGLFDWLRQUHDGV´2QH WDEOHWWZLFHDGD\ IRUGD\V
WKHQ½WDEOHWWZLFHDGD\IRUGD\VDQG ½WDEOHWRQFHGDLO\IRUGD\Vµ
2QO\PJWDEOHWFRUWLVRQHLVDYDLODEOH+RZPDQ\FRUWLVRQHPJWDEOHWV
VKRXOGEHGLVSHQVHG"
 $PHGLFDWLRQ RUGHUUHDGV´PJIDPRWLGLQHSHU GD\IRU GD\VWKHQ
PJSHU GD\HYHU\RWKHU GD\IRUD PRQWKµ2QO\ PJWDEOHWVDUH
DYDLODEOH+RZPDQ\WDEOHWVVKRXOGEHGLVSHQVHGIRUWKHGD\WUHDWPHQW
SHULRG"
 'H[DPHWKDVRQHLV DYDLODEOHLQ PJWDEOHWV$PHGLFDWLRQ RUGHUUHDGV
´PJWLPHVDGD\IRUZHHNWKHQPJWZLFHDGD\IRUWKHQH[WZHHN
WKHQPJRQFHGDLO\IRUDQRWKHUZHHNDQGÀQDOO\PJGD\IRUGD\Vµ
+RZPDQ\WDEOHWVVKRXOGEH GLVSHQVHG"
 $ SK\VLFLDQRUGHUV PJLEXSURIHQ WLPHV DGD\ DIWHUPHDOV IRU
ZHHNV7KHSDWLHQWKDVDERWWOHRIWDEOHWVLEXSURIHQPJWDEOHWV
7KHSK\VLFLDQ WROGKLPWKDW KHFRXOGXVH LWLQVWHDGRI WKHSUHVFULEHG
LEXSURIHQ+RZPDQ\WDEOHWVRI27&LEXSURIHQZLOOUHPDLQDIWHUWKHWKUHH
ZHHNWUHDWPHQWSHULRG"
 'RFWRU·VRUGHU UHDGV´%LD[LQ PJWZLFHD GD\IRU GD\Vµ2QO\
PJWDEOHWVDUHDYDLODEOH+RZPDQ\WDEOHWVVKRXOGEH GLVSHQVHGDQG
ZKDWLQVWUXFWLRQVKRXOGEHJLYHQ WRWKHSDWLHQW"
ANSWERS
 WDEOHWV
 PLFURJUDPV
 WDEOHWV RQÀUVWGD\DQGHDFKRQ WKHUHPDLQLQJGD\V
 v WDEOHWV
 vv  WDEOHWV
Working with Solid Dosage Forms 119
   WDEOHWV
  WDEOHWVRIPJ RUWDEOHWVRIPJ
    FDSVXOHV
 v 7KHQ² 
 
 WDEOHWVRI GLJR[LQ
 7DNHFDSVXOHVWLPHV DGD\IRUGD\V
 vv  
   WDEOHWV
 
 WDEOHWVWLG WDEOHWVGDLO\RI PJVWUHQJWK7KHQ GD\V
 WDEOHWV
 PJWLG IRUGD\V WDEOHWV RIPJRUWDEOHWV RIPJ
   WDEOHWV7KHUHIRUHv  WDEOHWV
 ¼RIWKH PJWDEOHW
 v IRUPJRU IRUPJ
 PLFURJUDPV
 WDEOHWV
 v WDEOHWV
 v WDEOHWV
 ½WDEOHWV
 v  WDEOHWVRI PJRUWDEOHWVRIPJ
    WDEOHWV
 SHUGD\ v 7KHQ²  WDEOHWVOHIW
 WDEOHWVRI PJRUWDEOHWVRI PJ
121
9
Adjusting Isotonicity
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UHIHUVWRWKHHTXDOLW\ RIRVPRWLFSUHVVXUHH[HUWHGE\ WKHIRUPXODWLRQDQGWKHERG\
ÁXLGVVXFK DVSODVPDEORRG DQGWHDUV:KHQHYHUD VROXWLRQLVVHSDUDWHGIURP D
VROYHQWE\D´VHPLSHUPHDEOH PHPEUDQHµWKHVROYHQW SDVVHVDFURVVWKHPHPEUDQH
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SDVVDJHRIVROYHQW PROHFXOHVDFURVVDVHPLSHUPHDEOH PHPEUDQHDJDLQVWWKHFRQ
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GLVFRPIRUWWR WKHSDWLHQW7KHUHIRUHLW LVLPSRUWDQWWROHDUQ WKHZD\VE\ZKLFK D
SUHSDUDWLRQFDQEHPDGH LVRWRQLF
DISSOCIATION (i) FACTOR CALCULATIONS
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RIWKHRVPRWLFSUHVVXUHDQGRWKHUFROOLJDWLYHSURSHUWLHVDUHDS SUR[LPDWHO\WKHVDPH
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122 Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians
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SDUWLFOHVEHIRUHGLVVRFLDWLRQ7DEOH
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TABLE 9.1
Number of Ions, Dissociation Factor (i), and
Molecular Weight (M.W.) of Selected Compounds
Ions i M. W.
%RULFDFLG  
&KORUREXWDQRO  
'H[WURVHDQK\GURXV  
'H[WURVH+
2  
0DQQLWRO  
%HQ]DONRQLXPFKORULGH  
&RFDLQH+&O  
&URPRO\QVRGLXP  
'LSLYHIULQ+&O  
(SKHGULQH+&O  
(SLQHSKULQHELWDUWUDWH  
(XFDWURSLQH+&O  
+RPDWURSLQH+%U  
2[\PHWD]ROLQH+&O  
2[\WHWUDF\FOLQH+&O  
3KHQ\OHSKULQH+&O  
3URFDLQH+&O  
6FRSRODPLQH+%U+
2  
6LOYHUQLWUDWH  
6RGLXPFKORULGH  
6RGLXPSKRVSKDWHPRQREDVLFDQK\GURXV  
6RGLXPSKRVSKDWHPRQREDVLF+
2  
7HWUDFDLQH+&O  
=LQFVXOIDWH+
2  
$WURSLQHVXOIDWH+
2  
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6RGLXPSKRVSKDWHGLEDVLFDQK\GURXV  
6RGLXPSKRVSKDWHGLEDVLF+
2  
LH
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Adjusting Isotonicity 123
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SODIUM CHLORIDE EQUIVALENTS
OF DRUG SUBSTANCES
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124 Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians
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TABLE 9.2
Sodium Chloride Equivalents (E) and Freezing Point
Depression (((
((
T
f
1%
) Values of Selected Compounds
Substance E ((
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f
1%
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$WURSLQHVXOIDWH  
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&KORUREXWDQRO  
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(SLQHSKULQHK\GURFKORULGH  
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)OXRUHVFHLQVRGLXP  
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3KHQRO  
3KHQ\OHSKULQHK\GURFKORULGH  
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6FRSRODPLQHK\GUREURPLGH  
6LOYHUQLWUDWH  
6RGLXPFKORULGH  
6XOIDFHWDPLGHVRGLXP  
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126 Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians
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